Evaluating Complex Interventions Using Qualitative Longitudinal Research: A Case Study of Understanding Pathways to Violence Prevention.

Evaluating social change programs requires methods that account for changes in context, implementation, and participant experience. We present a case study of a school-based partner violence prevention program with young people, where we conducted 33 repeat interviews with nine participants during and after an intervention and analyzed participant trajectories. We show how repeat interviews conducted during and after a social change program were useful in helping us understand how the intervention worked by providing rich contextual information, elucidating gradual shifts among participants, and identifying aspects of the intervention that appear to influence change. Long-term effects of social change interventions are very hard to quantify or measure directly. We argue that a qualitative longitudinal approach provides a way to measure subtle changes that can serve as proxies for longer term impacts.

The impact of a mother-infant intervention on parenting and infant response to challenge: A pilot randomized controlled trial with adolescent mothers in El Salvador.

A pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted in El Salvador of an intervention ('Thula Sana') previously shown to enhance maternal sensitivity and infant security of attachment in a South African sample. In El Salvador, trained community workers delivered the intervention from late pregnancy to 6 months postpartum as part of a home-visiting programme. The sample comprised 64 pregnant adolescent women, aged 14-19 years, living in predominantly rural settings. They were randomised to receive either the intervention or normal care. Demographic information was collected at baseline and, immediately post-intervention, blind assessments were made of parental sensitivity and infant emotion regulation. The intervention was found to have a substantial positive impact on maternal sensitivity. Further, compared to control group, infants in the intervention group showed more regulated behaviour: in a social challenge task they showed more attempts to restore communication, and in a non-social challenge task they showed more social and goal-directed behaviour. This replication and extension of the South African findings in a small El Salvador sample shows promise and justifies the conduct of a large-scale RCT in a Central or South American context.

Un ensayo piloto controlado al azar se llevó a cabo en El Salvador sobre una intervención ('Thula Sana') que previamente había mostrado en un grupo muestra sudafricano el mejoramiento de la sensibilidad materna y la seguridad de la afectividad del infante. En El Salvador, trabajadores entrenados de la comunidad llevaron la intervención como parte de un programa de visitas a casa a partir de la última etapa del embarazo hasta seis meses después del parto. El grupo muestra estuvo compuesto por 64 mujeres adolescentes embarazadas, de entre 14 y 19 años, que vivían en áreas predominantemente rurales. Ellas fueron asignadas al azar para recibir o la intervención o el cuidado normal. Al inicio, se recogió la información demográfica e, inmediatamente después de la intervención, se llevaron a cabo evaluaciones ciegas sobre la sensibilidad de la progenitora y la regulación de la emoción del infante. Se determinó que la intervención tenía un impacto positivo considerable sobre la sensibilidad materna. Es más, comparados con el grupo de control, los infantes en el grupo de intervención mostraron una conducta más regulada: en una tarea de reto social mostraron más intentos de restaurar la comunicación, y en una tarea que no era de reto social, mostraron una conducta más sociable y enfocada en el objetivo. La reproducción y extensión de los resultados sudafricanos en un pequeño grupo muestra en el Salvador es prometedora y justifica que se lleve a cabo un ensayo controlado al azar (RCT) a mayor escala dentro de un contexto centro o suramericano.

The Impact of a Mother-Infant Intervention on Parenting and Infant Response to Challenge: a pilot randomized controlled trial with Adolescent Mothers in El Salvador Un essai randomisé contrôlé pilote a été fait au Salvador, d'une intervention ('Thuna Sana') dont on avait précédemment démontré dans un échantillon Sud-Africain qu'elle améliore la sensibilité maternelle et la sécurité de l'attachement du nourrisson. Au Salvador des agents communautaires formés ont fourni l'intervention de la fin de la grossesse à six mois postpartum, comme faisant partie d'un programme de visite à domicile. L'échantillon a consisté en 64 adolescentes enceintes, âgées de 14 à 19 ans, vivant principalement en milieux ruraux. Elles ont été randomisées afin de recevoir soit l'intention soit les soins normaux. Les renseignements démographiques ont été recueillis au début de l'étude et, immédiatement après l'intervention des évaluations aveugles ont été faites de la sensibilité parentale et de la régulation de l'émotion du bébé. Nous avons trouvé que l'intervention s'est avérée avoir un impact positif important sur la sensibilité maternelle. De plus, comparés au groupe contrôle, les nourrissons du groupe d'intervention ont fait preuve de plus de comportement régulé: lors d'une tâche de défi sociale ils ont fait preuve de plus de tentatives pour restaurer la communication et durant une tâche de défi non-social ils ont fait preuve d'un comportement plus social et plus orienté vers un but. Cette réplique et extension des résultats Sud-Africains dans un petit échantillon du Salvador est prometteur et justifier un essai randomisé contrôlé à large échelle dans un contexte Sud-Américain et en Amérique Centrale.

A nurse-delivered, clinic-based intervention to address intimate partner violence among low-income women in Mexico City: findings from a cluster randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Rigorous evaluations of health sector interventions addressing intimate partner violence (IPV) in low- and middle-income countries are lacking. We aimed to assess whether an enhanced nurse-delivered intervention would reduce IPV and improve levels of safety planning behaviors, use of community resources, reproductive coercion, and mental quality of life. METHODS: We randomized 42 public health clinics in Mexico City to treatment or control arms. In treatment clinics, women received the nurse-delivered session (IPV screening, supportive referrals, health/safety risk assessments) at baseline (T1), and a booster counselling session after 3 months (T2). In control clinics, women received screening and a referral card from nurses. Surveys were conducted at T1, T2, and T3 (15 months from baseline). Our main outcome was past-year physical and sexual IPV. Intent-to-treat analyses were conducted via three-level random intercepts models to evaluate the interaction term for treatment status by time. RESULTS: Between April and October 2013, 950 women (480 in control clinics, 470 in treatment clinics) with recent IPV experiences enrolled in the study. While reductions in IPV were observed for both women enrolled in treatment (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.28-0.55; P < 0.01) and control (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.36-0.72; P < 0.01) clinics at T3 (July to December 2014), no significant treatment effects were observed (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.49-1.24; P = 0.30). At T2 (July to December 2013), women in treatment clinics reported significant improvements, compared to women in control clinics, in mental quality of life (ß, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.14-2.75; P = 0.03) and safety planning behaviors (ß, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.02-0.79; P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: While reductions in IPV levels were seen among women in both treatment and control clinics, the enhanced nurse intervention was no more effective in reducing IPV. The enhanced nursing intervention may offer short-term improvements in addressing safety planning and mental quality of life. Nurses can play a supportive role in assisting women with IPV experiences. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT01661504 ). Registration Date: August 2, 2012.

Evaluating a health care provider delivered intervention to reduce intimate partner violence and mitigate associated health risks: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial in Mexico City.

BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization is a prevalent issue among women residing in Mexico City. Comprehensive and integrated health care provider (HCP) delivered programs in clinic-settings are needed, yet few have been evaluated in Latin America, including Mexico. In addition, there has been minimal attention to interventions among lower income women presenting at settings outside of antenatal care clinics. The current randomized controlled trial seeks to increase midlevel HCPs' capacity, specifically nurses, who are often the first point of contact in this setting, to identify women presenting at health clinics with experiences of IPV and to assist these women with health risk mitigation. Specific outcomes include changes in past-year IPV (physical and/or sexual), reproductive coercion, safety planning, use of community resources, and quality of life. METHODS/DESIGN: Forty-two public health clinics in Mexico City were randomized to treatment or control clinics. Nurses meeting eligibility criteria in treatment groups received an intensive training on screening for IPV, providing supportive referrals, and assessing for health and safety risks. Nurses meeting eligibility criteria at control clinics received the standard of care which included a one-day training focused on sensitizing staff to IPV as a health issue and referral cards to give to women. Women were screened for eligibility (currently experiencing abuse in a heterosexual relationship, 18-44 years of age, non-pregnant or in first trimester) by research assistants in private areas of waiting rooms in health clinics. Consenting women completed a baseline survey and received the study protocol for that clinic. In treatment clinics, women received the nurse delivered session at baseline and received a follow-up counseling session after three months. Surveys are conducted at baseline, three months, and fifteen months from baseline. DISCUSSION: This study will provide important insight into whether a nurse-delivered program can assist women currently experiencing abuse in a Latin American context. Findings can be used to inform IPV programs and policies in Mexico City's public health clinics. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01661504.