Autonomic and hemodynamic effects of pre-anesthetic use of clonidine in healthy dogs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pre-anesthetic use of clonidine on time-domain heart rate variability (HRV) and arterial blood pressure in healthy anesthetized dogs. Six healthy adult mixed-breed dogs were administered a clonidine (clonidine group, CLG) and 30 days later, a placebo (control group, CG) preanesthetic protocol, in addition to propofol, isoflurane, and an bolus of tramadol and the continuous infusion thereafter. The total time mean values of HRV meanNN, SDNN, SDANN, SDNNI, and rMSSD were higher in the CL group, as observed in some HRV variables on tramadol bolus time (T4), tramadol continuous infusion (T8), and tracheal extubation time (T10). No significant differences in arterial blood pressure were observed, however, two dogs had a second-degree atrioventricular block (Mobitz II) at the tramadol bolus time (T4). These results led us to conclude that the clonidine anesthetic protocol resulted in sympathetic outflow block and an increase in parasympathetic tone, without significant effects on blood pressure. Notably, cardiac electrical disturbance in two dogs in the CL group. Although the pre-anesthetic use of clonidine in dogs with fear-based behavioral problems should be considered, its association with tramadol should be avoided or carried out with caution owing to the existing cardiovascular risk.

Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da administração pré-anestésica de clonidina na variabilidade da frequência cardíaca no domínio do tempo (VFC) e pressão arterial sanguínea de cães saudáveis anestesiados. Seis cães adultos hígidos, sem raça definida, foram submetidos a ambos protocolos anestésicos, com clonidina (grupo clonidina - GCL) e placebo (grupo controle - GC), associado ao propofol, isoflurano, bolus e infusão contínua de tramadol. Considerando o do tempo total de análise, os valores médios das variáveis de VFC NNmédio (GC=584.5±62.77, GCL=680.5±75.01), SDNN (GC=97.83±28.94, GCL=163.8±49.81), SDANN (GC=63.83±21.55, GCL=102.3±32.89), SDNNI (GC=60.83±28.53, GCL= 110.2±42.92) e rMSSD (GC=75.83±38.91, GCL=158.0±81.20) foram maiores no protocolo anestésico com clonidina, assim como também observado em algumas variáveis de VFC durante o tempo de administração do bolus (T4) (NNmédio: GC=643,70±123,10, GCL= 819,80±78,77) e infusão contínua (T8) (NNmédio: CG=599,20±35,66, CLG=785,00±52,13) de tramadol, assim como no tempo de extubação orotraqueal (T10) (NNmédio: GC=598,70±84,75, GCL=852,50±188,60; SDNN: GC=49,83±33,49, GCL=193,80±143,40; rMSSD: GC=43,50±33,86, GCL=314,20±294,60). Nenhuma diferença significativa na pressão arterial sanguínea foi observada, porém, dois cães apresentaram bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo grau (Mobitz II) no momento de aplicação do bolus de tramadol (T4). Assim, o protocolo anestésico com uso de clonidina resultou em bloqueio eferente simpático e aumento do tônus simpático, sem efeitos significativos sobre a pressão arterial, mas com ocorrência de distúrbio elétrico de condução cardíaco em dois cães. Embora o uso pré-anestésico de clonidina em cães com problemas comportamentais baseados no medo deva ser considerado, sua associação com tramadol deve ser evitada ou realizada com cautela devido ao risco cardiovascular existente.

Hiperplasia endometrial cística em uma coelha-doméstica (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) / Cystic endometrial hyperplasia in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus)

Background: Cystic endometrial hyperplasia is a hormone-dependent disease induced by systemic increase in progesteronethat can occur in several domestic species, such as the rabbit. This disease may be associated with sex steroid hormones,especially progesterone, and may be asymptomatic, and it is diagnosed using complementary imaging tests such as totalabdominal ultrasound. However, surgical excisional biopsy with histopathological tissue analysis is the gold standard. Thisstudy reports a case of asymptomatic cystic endometrial hyperplasia in a female Miniature Lion Lop rabbit (Oryctolaguscuniculus domesticus) treated with therapeutic ovariohysterectomy.Case: A domestic, adult, female Miniature Lion Lop rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus), aged approximately 5 yearsand weighing 3.2 kg, was referred to specialized care to undergo ovariohysterectomy, an elective procedure. The tutor onlyreported the occurrence of a single episode of vulvar secretion more than 2 years ago, treated with antibiotics, with remissionof clinical signs. In the intraoperative period after celiotomy, the uterine horn and uterine body showed a significant increasein volume, with abnormal color changes and tissue consistency; however, both changes were clinically asymptomatic. Subsequently, biopsy was performed during the ovariohysterectomy procedure. The excised uterus and ovaries were placed in 10%formalin and histopathologically analyzed. The macroscopic histopathological examination of the sectioned tissue revealed aslight amount of brownish fluid inside the uterine horns, in addition to multiple cystic areas in the uterine mucosa. Microscopicexamination revealed marked hyperplasia of well-differentiated endometrial epithelial cells, occasionally forming cystic structuresof different sizes. Moderate congestion, mild multifocal hemorrhage, and mild multifocal inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina...

Continuous infusion of dipyrone in bitches in the intraoperative period: cardiorespiratory effects / Infusão continua transoperatória de dipirona em cadelas: efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e analgésicos

Dipyrone is an effective analgesic for managing moderate or severe postoperative pain and can be used alone for mild pain or in combination with other analgesics for any type of pain. This study aimed to examine the administration of dipyrone by continuous infusion (CI) as an adjuvant analgesic in the intraoperative period for bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OH) and its effect on these patients' cardiorespiratory parameters. Twenty bitches underwent an elective OH procedure. The pre-anesthetic agent was a combination of acepromazine and morphine. Propofol was used to induce anesthesia, and isoflurane was used for maintenance. Subsequently, the animals were randomly allocated into two groups: the dipyrone group (DG) received a bolus dose of dipyrone (25 mg kg-1) by CI at a rate of 10 mg kg-1 h, and the control group (CG) received a bolus dose and a CI of 0.9% NaCl solution, both groups at a rate of 5 mL kg-1 h. The parametric variables were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test (p <0.05). The paired t-test (p <0.05) was used for comparison between the groups. Statistical differences were observed for heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, and blood glucose between the periods in both groups. There were differences only in the basal values of MAP between the groups; however, most values remained within the physiological range for the species. Using the drug as an adjuvant to anesthesia did not alter cardiorespiratory parameters, and it can be used as an adjuvant in analgesia during the intraoperative period of OH.(AU)

A dipirona é um analgésico eficaz para o manejo da dor pós-operatória moderada ou grave, podendo ser utilizada isoladamente em dores leves ou associada a outros analgésicos em qualquer tipo de dor. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de infusão contínua (IC) de dipirona no período transoperatório de cadelas submetidas à Ovariohisterectomia (OH) eletiva como adjuvante analgésico, avaliando seu efeito sobre parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios desses pacientes. Para o estudo, 20 cadelas foram submetidas ao procedimento de OH eletiva. A medicação pré-anestésica foi composta pela associação de acepromazina e morfina, seguida da indução com propofol e manutenção com isofluorano. Posteriormente, os animais foram alocados, aleatoriamente, em dois grupos: dipirona (GD), que receberam bolus de dipirona (25 mg kg-1) seguido da IC do fármaco na taxa de 10 mg kg-1 h, e grupo controle (GC), cujos animais receberam o bolus e IC de solução de NaCl 0,9%, ambos os grupos na velocidade de 5 mL kg-1 h. Variáveis paramétricas foram analisadas pela ANOVA seguida pelo teste de Tukey (p <0,05) e comparadas entre os grupos pelo teste t pareado (p <0,05). Foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os momentos em ambos os grupos em relação à FC, FR, PAS, PAM, PAD e glicemia. Entre os grupos, houve apenas diferenças nos valores basais de PAM, no entanto, a maioria dos valores manteve-se dentro da faixa considerada fisiológica para a espécie. A utilização do fármaco como adjuvante a anestesia não alterou os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios, podendo ser utilizado como adjuvante na analgesia durante o transoperatório de OH.(AU)

Skin burn by termal nattress - a therapeutic approach

Background: Burns are caused by a direct or indirect action of heat on an organism, compromising the functional integrityof the skin. Hypothermia is a common intercurrence in animals during the transoperative period; thermal mattresses areused to maintain the animals body temperature, but inappropriate use can cause the patients skin to burn. In humans, burnsare quite common; however, in veterinary medicine, they are infrequent. The aim of this study was to describe a case ofaccidental burn in a canine caused by a thermal mattress, emphasizing wound treatment and analgesia used.Case: A 12-year-old male canine without defined breed weighing 15 kg underwent an emergency exploratory laparotomydue to rupture of a spleen mass and presented with intercurrence hypothermia during the anesthesia procedure, which wascontrolled using a thermal mattress. Ten days after the surgical procedure, he developed a skin lesion with erythema, suffusion, and necrosis, evolving skin displacement along the entire back with a lot of pain which was possibly caused by theuse of a thermal mattress in the transoperative procedure. The intuited analgesic treatment involved the use of numerousand different drugs, including Methadone (0.3 mg/kg, QID, SC), Dipyrone (25 mg/kg, TID, IV), and Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg,TID, SC) (during hospitalization), as well as Tramadol (4 mg/kg, TID, PO) and Dipyrone (25 mg/kg, TID, PO) after medicalrelease as support therapy. For the wound treatment, calcium alginate was initially used daily and subsequently changedfor daily application of dermisana oil. The patient followed up weekly for approximately two months for wound monitoring as well as adjustments to the drug therapy. The would almost completely healed, but the patient showed a significantworsening in the general clinical condition correlated with the neoplasm that he had, and the owner and clinical staff ofthe veterinary hospital opted for euthanasia...(AU)

Skin burn by termal nattress - a therapeutic approach

Background: Burns are caused by a direct or indirect action of heat on an organism, compromising the functional integrityof the skin. Hypothermia is a common intercurrence in animals during the transoperative period; thermal mattresses areused to maintain the animal’s body temperature, but inappropriate use can cause the patient’s skin to burn. In humans, burnsare quite common; however, in veterinary medicine, they are infrequent. The aim of this study was to describe a case ofaccidental burn in a canine caused by a thermal mattress, emphasizing wound treatment and analgesia used.Case: A 12-year-old male canine without defined breed weighing 15 kg underwent an emergency exploratory laparotomydue to rupture of a spleen mass and presented with intercurrence hypothermia during the anesthesia procedure, which wascontrolled using a thermal mattress. Ten days after the surgical procedure, he developed a skin lesion with erythema, suffusion, and necrosis, evolving skin displacement along the entire back with a lot of pain which was possibly caused by theuse of a thermal mattress in the transoperative procedure. The intuited analgesic treatment involved the use of numerousand different drugs, including Methadone (0.3 mg/kg, QID, SC), Dipyrone (25 mg/kg, TID, IV), and Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg,TID, SC) (during hospitalization), as well as Tramadol (4 mg/kg, TID, PO) and Dipyrone (25 mg/kg, TID, PO) after medicalrelease as support therapy. For the wound treatment, calcium alginate was initially used daily and subsequently changedfor daily application of dermisana oil. The patient followed up weekly for approximately two months for wound monitoring as well as adjustments to the drug therapy. The would almost completely healed, but the patient showed a significantworsening in the general clinical condition correlated with the neoplasm that he had, and the owner and clinical staff ofthe veterinary hospital opted for euthanasia...

Anesthesia for osteosynthesis of femur in a cane toad (Rhinella marina)

Background: The taxonomic order Anura is composed of frogs and toads, with approximately 6,000 species worldwide, of which 900 species are found in Brazil. Rhinella marina, popularly known as "sapo-cururu," is the most commonly found frog in Brazil. Although most of these animals are found in research laboratories and zoos, they are increasingly being reared as pets. Therefore, sedation or anesthesia is often necessary for these animals to facilitate medical care, complementary examinations, or surgical procedures. However, there are only a few reports of anesthesia in frogs. Therefore, the present report aimed to describe the anesthetic protocol for femoral osteosynthetic surgery in an adult cane toad. Case: An adult cane toad presented with a history of difficulty in moving the left hindlimb and loss of limb movements. Radiography showed a simple, complete, transverse, and closed average shaft of the left femur and bone shaft fracture deviation. The animal was referred for an osteosynthetic surgery to stabilize the fracture. Animal restraint was performed using humidified gloves on the operating table. As premedication, ketamine, meloxicam, and morphine were administered, and general anesthesia was induced with isoflurane through a face mask. The anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane through a drip on the animal's back for cutaneous absorption. Lidocaine (2%) anesthetic gel was applied on the incision line to complement the somatic analgesia. The fracture was fixed using an intramedullary Kirschner pin. The heart rate was measured based on the beep of the arterial pulse using a Doppler ultrasonic device, respiratory rate was recorded by visual observation of the animal's respiratory motion, and body temperature was assessed using an esophageal digital thermometer - all of these remained stable during the procedure. Morphine, enrofloxacin, and meloxicam were administered postoperatively. The animal was discharged from the hospital seven days after the surgery, and 14 days later, the animal was deemed clinically stable with favorable wound healing. Discussion: Toads use their skin to breathe and maintain osmotic balance. Therefore, their skin is extremely sensitive to dehydration, requiring constant wetting. General anesthesia in amphibians is recommended for prolonged and painful procedures, as in the present case. Different anesthetics, analgesics, and associated drugs may be used. Ketamine is often used for chemical restraint in amphibians, and the induction and recovery times may vary due to sensitivity and drug resistance. Inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane may also be effective; in the present case, the anesthetic was administered using a mask placed on the frog's skin, without any irritation. Analgesia is essential for any animal, and amphibians have opioid receptors that may be used as targets of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. As indicated for all species, the animal was monitored throughout the procedure. Assessment of heartbeat is the simplest way to monitor anesthesia using Doppler (on the heart or throat); in the present case, was placed on the axillary artery for clear auscultation. In addition, other parameters, such as temperature and primary respiratory movements, were monitored. Anesthetic recovery can take hours or even days, whereas excretion depends on the metabolic rate of each animal. In the present case, recovery was observed 4 h after completion of the procedure, using fresh water on the animal's body to accelerate recovery, as indicated in the literature. This case demonstrated that anesthesia and medications used for anesthesia induction, maintenance, and recovery are safe in toads. For cane toads, during femoral osteosynthesis, this anesthetic procedure has never been described previously in the literature. Finally, such information can aid veterinarians in performing safe and adequate analgesic and anesthetic procedures for the wellbeing of animals.

Anestesia em pacientes de risco: um abordagem anestésica aos pacientes cardiopatas, nefropatas, hepatopatas, pediátricos e senis / Anesthesia in high-risk patients: an anesthetic approach to cardiac, nephropathic, hepatic, pediatric and senile patients

Este trabalho visa, por meio de levantamento de dados científicos, analisar a melhor abordagem anestésica para cada tipo de paciente de risco, mostrando um panorama geral e indicativo sobre os fármacos e sua funcionalidade para cada sistema. A revisão bibliográfica foi baseada na literatura encontrada em meios eletrônicos (plataformas PubMed, Scielo e Google Scholar) e físicos (livros de referência) nos últimos dez anos, dentro de artigos com relatos de caso, revisões de literatura e pesquisas inéditas. Dessa forma, obteve-se um levantamento amplo, abrangendo as principais classes farmacológicas utilizadas em procedimentos anestésicos em pacientes classificados como de risco, ou seja, cardiopatas, nefropatas, hepatopatas, pediátricos e senis, procurando determinar os que causam menor depressão cardiovascular e respiratória respeitando suas limitações. Sendo assim, para uma anestesia mais segura deve-se focar na prevenção de intercorrências anestésicas no transoperatório e pós-operatório. Observar, estudar, analisar o paciente e o protocolo a ser utilizado como um todo é necessário e indispensável na anestesiologia veterinária, associando a teoria com a prática.(AU)

This work aims, through research, with scientific data, to analyze the best anesthetic approach for each type of patient, showing a general and indicative overview about the drugs and their functionality for each system. The bibliographic review was based on the literature found in electronic media (PubMed, Scielo and Google Scholar platforms) and physical (reference books) in the last ten years, within articles with case reports, literature reviews and unpublished research. Thus, a broad survey was obtained, covering the main pharmacological classes used in anesthetic procedures in patients classified as at risk, that is, cardiopath, nephropath, liver disease, pediatric and senile patients, trying to determine those that cause less cardiovascular and respiratory depression respecting their limitations. Therefore, for safer anesthesia, focus must placed on preventing anesthetic complications in the intraoperative and postoperative periods. Observing, studying, analyzing the patient and the protocol to be used as a whole is necessary and indispensable in veterinary anesthesia, associating theory with practice.(AU)

Anestesia em pacientes de risco: um abordagem anestésica aos pacientes cardiopatas, nefropatas, hepatopatas, pediátricos e senis / Anesthesia in high-risk patients: an anesthetic approach to cardiac, nephropathic, hepatic, pediatric and senile patients

Este trabalho visa, por meio de levantamento de dados científicos, analisar a melhor abordagem anestésica para cada tipo de paciente de risco, mostrando um panorama geral e indicativo sobre os fármacos e sua funcionalidade para cada sistema. A revisão bibliográfica foi baseada na literatura encontrada em meios eletrônicos (plataformas PubMed, Scielo e Google Scholar) e físicos (livros de referência) nos últimos dez anos, dentro de artigos com relatos de caso, revisões de literatura e pesquisas inéditas. Dessa forma, obteve-se um levantamento amplo, abrangendo as principais classes farmacológicas utilizadas em procedimentos anestésicos em pacientes classificados como de risco, ou seja, cardiopatas, nefropatas, hepatopatas, pediátricos e senis, procurando determinar os que causam menor depressão cardiovascular e respiratória respeitando suas limitações. Sendo assim, para uma anestesia mais segura deve-se focar na prevenção de intercorrências anestésicas no transoperatório e pós-operatório. Observar, estudar, analisar o paciente e o protocolo a ser utilizado como um todo é necessário e indispensável na anestesiologia veterinária, associando a teoria com a prática.

This work aims, through research, with scientific data, to analyze the best anesthetic approach for each type of patient, showing a general and indicative overview about the drugs and their functionality for each system. The bibliographic review was based on the literature found in electronic media (PubMed, Scielo and Google Scholar platforms) and physical (reference books) in the last ten years, within articles with case reports, literature reviews and unpublished research. Thus, a broad survey was obtained, covering the main pharmacological classes used in anesthetic procedures in patients classified as at risk, that is, cardiopath, nephropath, liver disease, pediatric and senile patients, trying to determine those that cause less cardiovascular and respiratory depression respecting their limitations. Therefore, for safer anesthesia, focus must placed on preventing anesthetic complications in the intraoperative and postoperative periods. Observing, studying, analyzing the patient and the protocol to be used as a whole is necessary and indispensable in veterinary anesthesia, associating theory with practice.

Dermatophytosis due to Microsporum nanum infection in a canine / Dermatofitose por Microsporum nanum em um canino

Miscrosporum nanum is a dermatophyte found in swine that causes non-pruritic lesions with desquamation, alopecia, and circular characteristics. M. nanum infection in dogs is rare and poorly understood in terms of its epidemiological and clinical features, and its therapeutic response. The present report describes a case of dermatophytosis due to M. nanum in a Dogo Argentino breed of dog that was used for wild boar hunting. The dermatophytosis presented with hypotrichosis, erythema, and non-pruritic desquamation in the back of the neck and chest area. The dermatophytosis was responsive to systemic treatment with itraconazole and topical (miconazole 2%) for 60 days. Thus, we conclude that the practice of hunting wild boar should be considered as a possible source of infection of M. nanum in the reported dog. The M. nanum infection showed clinical features that were similar to the lesions observed in swine, except for the absence of the circular pattern, and showed a good clinical response to the therapy. Finally, M. nanum should be considered as an etiologic agent of dermatophytosis in dogs that in some manner have had direct contact with domestic or wild swine.(AU)

O Miscrosporum nanum é um dermatófito encontrado em suídeos, promovendo lesões não pruriginosas, com características descamativas, alopécicas e circulares. A infecção de cães é rara e pouco compreendida em seus aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos. O presente relato tem por objetivo descrever um caso de dermatofitose por M. nanum em um cão Dogo Argentino, utilizado na prática de caça à javali, apresentando hipotricose, eritema e descamação não pruriginosa da região dorsal do pescoço e tórax, responsivo ao tratamento sistêmico com itraconazol, associado ao tópico (miconazol 2%), durante 60 dias. Desta forma, concluímos que a prática de caça à suínos selvagens deve ser considerada a possível fonte de infecção de M. nanum no cão relatado, o qual apresentou características clínicas semelhantes às lesões observadas em suínos, exceto pela ausência do padrão circular, com boa resposta clínica à terapia empregada. Por fim, o M. nanum deve ser considerado como agente etiológico da dermatofitose em cães que, de alguma forma, possuam contato direto com suídeos domésticos ou selvagens.(AU)

Tetralogia de Fallot em cão - relato de caso / Tetralogy of Fallot in a dog - case report / Tetralogía de Fallot en perro - relato de caso

La tetralogía de Fallot es una enfermedad congénita rara, caracterizada por estenosis de la válvula pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular derecha, comunicación interventricular y dextroposición de la arteria aorta. La fisiopatología y las características clínicas con que se presenta dependen principalmente del grado de obstrucción de la arteria pulmonar. Desde el punto de vista clínico, los animales presentan cianosis, resistencia al ejercicio, disnea y síncopes. El diagnóstico definitivo y el pronóstico se obtienen mediante ecocardiografía (Doppler). Si bien la cirugía es el único método efectivo de tratamiento, en casos menos graves, existen medicamentos que actúan de manera paliativa. Este trabajo relata el caso de un perro mestizo de once meses con diagnóstico de tetralogía de Fallot, haciendo énfasis en la ecocardiografia (Doppler) como método de diagnóstico definitivo.

Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare congenital disease consisting of pulmonary valve stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect and aortic dextroposition. Pathophysiological consequences and clinical presentation depend mainly on the degree of pulmonary artery obstruction. Symptoms include cyanosis, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, and syncope. Definitive diagnosis and prognosis are obtained by Doppler echocardiography. Surgery is the only effective method of treatment, however, pharmacotherapy may be indicated as palliative treatment in mild cases of the disease. This work reports on the case of an eleven-month-old mongrel, diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot and highlights the importance of Doppler echocardiography as the definitive diagnostic tool for this disease.

A tetralogia de Fallot é urna rara doença congênita, definida por estenose da valva pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular direita, defeito do septo interventricular e dextroposição da aorta. Suas consequências fisiopatológicas, assim como a apresentação clínica, dependem principalmente do grau de obstrução da artéria pulmonar. Clinicamente, os animais apresentam cianose, intolerância ao exercício, dispneia e síncopes. O diagnóstico definitivo e o prognóstico são obtidos por meio da ecodopplercardiografia. A cirurgia é o único método efetivo para o tratamento; no entanto, em casos brandos, a terapia medicamentosa pode ser indicada como forma paliativa. O presente trabalho relata o caso de um cão de onze meses de idade, sem raça definida, diagnosticado com tetralogia de Fallot, enfatizando a ecoclopplercardiografia como método diagnóstico definitivo da doença.

Anesthesia in American alligator (Alligator mississipiensis) for a limb amputation / Anestesia em jacaré-americano (Alligator mississipiensis) para amputação de membro

Background: The knowledge of secure anesthetic protocols for reptiles is very important, especially because they are aggressive species and they have peculiar physiology, unpredictable reactions to the same drug in different environmental conditions and different physiological responses can be observed. The anesthetic protocol aims immobilization, analgesia and muscle relaxation for adequate, safe and easily reversible anesthesia. Few reports have been described on anesthesia in animals and, before that, the objective of this study is to report the anesthetic protocol that was used and vital parameters monitoring in an Alligator mississipiensis that was submitted to surgery for limb amputation. Case: A female American alligator was attended, with about 8-year-old, 2 m long and 268,964 pounds, with fight history with other animal six months ago, resulting in a wound in the right toracic limb. When the lesion occurred, it was the breeding season of the species, so we chose not to perform the treatment at that time. An X-ray of the member was performed, which showed, among other changes, osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Thus, the limb amputation was indicated. Ketamine association (10 mg/kg) and medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) were used as anestesic premedication, both administered intramuscularly. For anesthetic induction, propofol (4 mg/kg) intravenously was used. The animal was [...](AU)

Dermatophytosis due to Microsporum nanum infection in a canine / Dermatofitose por Microsporum nanum em um canino

Miscrosporum nanum is a dermatophyte found in swine that causes non-pruritic lesions with desquamation, alopecia, and circular characteristics. M. nanum infection in dogs is rare and poorly understood in terms of its epidemiological and clinical features, and its therapeutic response. The present report describes a case of dermatophytosis due to M. nanum in a Dogo Argentino breed of dog that was used for wild boar hunting. The dermatophytosis presented with hypotrichosis, erythema, and non-pruritic desquamation in the back of the neck and chest area. The dermatophytosis was responsive to systemic treatment with itraconazole and topical (miconazole 2%) for 60 days. Thus, we conclude that the practice of hunting wild boar should be considered as a possible source of infection of M. nanum in the reported dog. The M. nanum infection showed clinical features that were similar to the lesions observed in swine, except for the absence of the circular pattern, and showed a good clinical response to the therapy. Finally, M. nanum should be considered as an etiologic agent of dermatophytosis in dogs that in some manner have had direct contact with domestic or wild swine.

O Miscrosporum nanum é um dermatófito encontrado em suídeos, promovendo lesões não pruriginosas, com características descamativas, alopécicas e circulares. A infecção de cães é rara e pouco compreendida em seus aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos. O presente relato tem por objetivo descrever um caso de dermatofitose por M. nanum em um cão Dogo Argentino, utilizado na prática de caça à javali, apresentando hipotricose, eritema e descamação não pruriginosa da região dorsal do pescoço e tórax, responsivo ao tratamento sistêmico com itraconazol, associado ao tópico (miconazol 2%), durante 60 dias. Desta forma, concluímos que a prática de caça à suínos selvagens deve ser considerada a possível fonte de infecção de M. nanum no cão relatado, o qual apresentou características clínicas semelhantes às lesões observadas em suínos, exceto pela ausência do padrão circular, com boa resposta clínica à terapia empregada. Por fim, o M. nanum deve ser considerado como agente etiológico da dermatofitose em cães que, de alguma forma, possuam contato direto com suídeos domésticos ou selvagens.

Dermatophytosis due to Microsporum nanum infection in a canine / Dermatofitose por Microsporum nanum em um canino

Miscrosporum nanum is a dermatophyte found in swine that causes non-pruritic lesions with desquamation, alopecia, and circular characteristics. M. nanum infection in dogs is rare and poorly understood in terms of its epidemiological and clinical features, and its therapeutic response. The present report describes a case of dermatophytosis due to M. nanum in a Dogo Argentino breed of dog that was used for wild boar hunting. The dermatophytosis presented with hypotrichosis, erythema, and non-pruritic desquamation in the back of the neck and chest area. The dermatophytosis was responsive to systemic treatment with itraconazole and topical (miconazole 2%) for 60 days. Thus, we conclude that the practice of hunting wild boar should be considered as a possible source of infection of M. nanum in the reported dog. The M. nanum infection showed clinical features that were similar to the lesions observed in swine, except for the absence of the circular pattern, and showed a good clinical response to the therapy. Finally, M. nanum should be considered as an etiologic agent of dermatophytosis in dogs that in some manner have had direct contact with domestic or wild swine.

O Miscrosporum nanum é um dermatófito encontrado em suídeos, promovendo lesões não pruriginosas, com características descamativas, alopécicas e circulares. A infecção de cães é rara e pouco compreendida em seus aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos. O presente relato tem por objetivo descrever um caso de dermatofitose por M. nanum em um cão Dogo Argentino, utilizado na prática de caça à javali, apresentando hipotricose, eritema e descamação não pruriginosa da região dorsal do pescoço e tórax, responsivo ao tratamento sistêmico com itraconazol, associado ao tópico (miconazol 2%), durante 60 dias. Desta forma, concluímos que a prática de caça à suínos selvagens deve ser considerada a possível fonte de infecção de M. nanum no cão relatado, o qual apresentou características clínicas semelhantes às lesões observadas em suínos, exceto pela ausência do padrão circular, com boa resposta clínica à terapia empregada. Por fim, o M. nanum deve ser considerado como agente etiológico da dermatofitose em cães que, de alguma forma, possuam contato direto com suídeos domésticos ou selvagens.

Anesthesia in American alligator (Alligator mississipiensis) for a limb amputation / Anestesia em jacaré-americano (Alligator mississipiensis) para amputação de membro

Background: The knowledge of secure anesthetic protocols for reptiles is very important, especially because they are aggressive species and they have peculiar physiology, unpredictable reactions to the same drug in different environmental conditions and different physiological responses can be observed. The anesthetic protocol aims immobilization, analgesia and muscle relaxation for adequate, safe and easily reversible anesthesia. Few reports have been described on anesthesia in animals and, before that, the objective of this study is to report the anesthetic protocol that was used and vital parameters monitoring in an Alligator mississipiensis that was submitted to surgery for limb amputation. Case: A female American alligator was attended, with about 8-year-old, 2 m long and 268,964 pounds, with fight history with other animal six months ago, resulting in a wound in the right toracic limb. When the lesion occurred, it was the breeding season of the species, so we chose not to perform the treatment at that time. An X-ray of the member was performed, which showed, among other changes, osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Thus, the limb amputation was indicated. Ketamine association (10 mg/kg) and medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) were used as anestesic premedication, both administered intramuscularly. For anesthetic induction, propofol (4 mg/kg) intravenously was used. The animal was [...]

Tetralogia de Fallot em cão - relato de caso / Tetralogy of Fallot in a dog - case report / Tetralogía de Fallot en perro - relato de caso

La tetralogía de Fallot es una enfermedad congénita rara, caracterizada por estenosis de la válvula pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular derecha, comunicación interventricular y dextroposición de la arteria aorta. La fisiopatología y las características clínicas con que se presenta dependen principalmente del grado de obstrucción de la arteria pulmonar. Desde el punto de vista clínico, los animales presentan cianosis, resistencia al ejercicio, disnea y síncopes. El diagnóstico definitivo y el pronóstico se obtienen mediante ecocardiografía (Doppler). Si bien la cirugía es el único método efectivo de tratamiento, en casos menos graves, existen medicamentos que actúan de manera paliativa. Este trabajo relata el caso de un perro mestizo de once meses con diagnóstico de tetralogía de Fallot, haciendo énfasis en la ecocardiografia (Doppler) como método de diagnóstico definitivo.(AU)

Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare congenital disease consisting of pulmonary valve stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect and aortic dextroposition. Pathophysiological consequences and clinical presentation depend mainly on the degree of pulmonary artery obstruction. Symptoms include cyanosis, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, and syncope. Definitive diagnosis and prognosis are obtained by Doppler echocardiography. Surgery is the only effective method of treatment, however, pharmacotherapy may be indicated as palliative treatment in mild cases of the disease. This work reports on the case of an eleven-month-old mongrel, diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot and highlights the importance of Doppler echocardiography as the definitive diagnostic tool for this disease.(AU)

A tetralogia de Fallot é urna rara doença congênita, definida por estenose da valva pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular direita, defeito do septo interventricular e dextroposição da aorta. Suas consequências fisiopatológicas, assim como a apresentação clínica, dependem principalmente do grau de obstrução da artéria pulmonar. Clinicamente, os animais apresentam cianose, intolerância ao exercício, dispneia e síncopes. O diagnóstico definitivo e o prognóstico são obtidos por meio da ecodopplercardiografia. A cirurgia é o único método efetivo para o tratamento; no entanto, em casos brandos, a terapia medicamentosa pode ser indicada como forma paliativa. O presente trabalho relata o caso de um cão de onze meses de idade, sem raça definida, diagnosticado com tetralogia de Fallot, enfatizando a ecoclopplercardiografia como método diagnóstico definitivo da doença.(AU)

Dermatophytosis due to Microsporum nanum infection in a canine / Dermatofitose por Microsporum nanum em um canino

Miscrosporum nanum is a dermatophyte found in swine that causes non-pruritic lesions with desquamation, alopecia, and circular characteristics. M. nanum infection in dogs is rare and poorly understood in terms of its epidemiological and clinical features, and its therapeutic response. The present report describes a case of dermatophytosis due to M. nanum in a Dogo Argentino breed of dog that was used for wild boar hunting. The dermatophytosis presented with hypotrichosis, erythema, and non-pruritic desquamation in the back of the neck and chest area. The dermatophytosis was responsive to systemic treatment with itraconazole and topical (miconazole 2%) for 60 days. Thus, we conclude that the practice of hunting wild boar should be considered as a possible source of infection of M. nanum in the reported dog. The M. nanum infection showed clinical features that were similar to the lesions observed in swine, except for the absence of the circular pattern, and showed a good clinical response to the therapy. Finally, M. nanum should be considered as an etiologic agent of dermatophytosis in dogs that in some manner have had direct contact with domestic or wild swine.

O Miscrosporum nanum é um dermatófito encontrado em suídeos, promovendo lesões não pruriginosas, com características descamativas, alopécicas e circulares. A infecção de cães é rara e pouco compreendida em seus aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos. O presente relato tem por objetivo descrever um caso de dermatofitose por M. nanum em um cão Dogo Argentino, utilizado na prática de caça à javali, apresentando hipotricose, eritema e descamação não pruriginosa da região dorsal do pescoço e tórax, responsivo ao tratamento sistêmico com itraconazol, associado ao tópico (miconazol 2%), durante 60 dias. Desta forma, concluímos que a prática de caça à suínos selvagens deve ser considerada a possível fonte de infecção de M. nanum no cão relatado, o qual apresentou características clínicas semelhantes às lesões observadas em suínos, exceto pela ausência do padrão circular, com boa resposta clínica à terapia empregada. Por fim, o M. nanum deve ser considerado como agente etiológico da dermatofitose em cães que, de alguma forma, possuam contato direto com suídeos domésticos ou selvagens.

Feline demodicosis by Demodex cati / Demodiciose felina por Demodex cati

Background: Feline demodicosis is considered an uncommon dermatopathy in cats that is mainly caused by the mite Demodex cati, but in few cases D. gatoi may be involved. Although the clinical aspects and pathogeny of feline demodicosis are not completely understood, its clinical expression is believed to be associated with the presence of primary immunosuppressive agents. Thus, the aim of this study is to report the diagnosis and treatment of an infested cat by D. cati, associated with mixed intestinal parasitic infection.Case: An approximately 1-year-old male short hair cat which was grown in a rural area was presented at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Pampa (Unipampa) in Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul. The cat had alopecia, itching, excoriations on neck and head, and softened feces as clinical signs. Performed skin scrapings revealed eggs, larvae and adult forms of D. cati. In order to find possible immunosuppressive agents, exams for detection of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) were also performed. They revealed, however, negative results for FIV and FeLV infections. Moreover, coproparasitologic analysis revealed the presence of the intestinal parasites Trichuris sp., Ancylostoma sp., and Spirometra mansonoides. Thus, it was decided to proceed the treatment utilizing 0.2 mg/kg of moxidectin subcutaneously every four [...](AU)

Feline demodicosis by Demodex cati / Demodiciose felina por Demodex cati

Background: Feline demodicosis is considered an uncommon dermatopathy in cats that is mainly caused by the mite Demodex cati, but in few cases D. gatoi may be involved. Although the clinical aspects and pathogeny of feline demodicosis are not completely understood, its clinical expression is believed to be associated with the presence of primary immunosuppressive agents. Thus, the aim of this study is to report the diagnosis and treatment of an infested cat by D. cati, associated with mixed intestinal parasitic infection.Case: An approximately 1-year-old male short hair cat which was grown in a rural area was presented at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Pampa (Unipampa) in Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul. The cat had alopecia, itching, excoriations on neck and head, and softened feces as clinical signs. Performed skin scrapings revealed eggs, larvae and adult forms of D. cati. In order to find possible immunosuppressive agents, exams for detection of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) were also performed. They revealed, however, negative results for FIV and FeLV infections. Moreover, coproparasitologic analysis revealed the presence of the intestinal parasites Trichuris sp., Ancylostoma sp., and Spirometra mansonoides. Thus, it was decided to proceed the treatment utilizing 0.2 mg/kg of moxidectin subcutaneously every four [...]

Diabetes insípido em um cão / Diabetes Insipidus in a Dog

Background: Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare endocrine disorder in dogs altering the mechanism of retention and excretion of water, with concomitant polyuria and polydipsia (PU/PD), and low urine specific gravity. The water deprivation test followed by response to application of desmopressin is the diagnostic test for the disease. However, the literature is still scarce about laboratorial and clinical aspects of DI in small animals. Thus, the aim of this study is to report a case of DI in a canine, emphasizing its diagnosis through the water deprivation test. Case: A male mongrel dog, 5 years-old, not neutered, 13kg of body weight, was presented with intense PU/PD (500mL/kg/day of water consumption). Physical examination showed normal routine clinical parameters. Additional tests were asked (abdominal ultrasound, blood count, serum biochemical (creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glucose) and dexamethasone suppression test), but they showed no significant changes. Thus, it was suspected that the animal had an uncommon endocrinopathy, DI. For its confirmation, it was made the water deprivation test with application of desmopressin acetate. The patient remained without access to water and without fluidtherapy with urethral sounding and bladder emptying. The measurement of urinary gravity and volume were made every hour for 12 h. After 8 h from the start of the test, it was made the application of desmopressin acetate (three drops in the conjunctival sac), because the animal began to exhibit tremors and muscle weakness (urine specific gravity: 1005). In this period, their body weight decreased 11.6%. After application of desmopressin, urine specific gravity increased gradually every hour, ending with urine specific gravity measurements of 1023, confirming the diagnosis of central DI. Discussion: The diagnosis of DI can be a challenge to the veterinary practitioner since it is a rare disease in small animals, and often is not included in the differential diagnoses. Furthermore, additional tests such as common hematological, biochemical and electrolyte profiles usually have normal results, or secondary influences of dehydration. The water deprivation test confirms the inability of the animal to concentrate urine in DI. However, this test is potentially dangerous because of the serious consequences of dehydration, requiring constant monitoring. In DI of central origin (DIC), the urinary concentration usually starts 1 to 3 h after administration of desmopressin acetate, and tends to be within the normal reference value, as can be observed in this case. Because there were not neurological signs, the final diagnosis of the animal was acquired DIC. DIC is acquired by the destruction of cells of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, or even, loss of the ducts that carry the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary for secretion and storage. Desmopressin acetate (dDAVP), a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, was used for the initial treatment (three drops in the conjunctival sac, once a day) which controlled the PU/PD of the animal. After four months of treatment initiation, the animal has moved to a drop of the drug, twice a day. The dog of the present case has reported good prognosis, since small animals with acquired DIC become relatively asymptomatic in response to appropriate therapy.