ABSTRACT
Este artigo constitui-se em um estudo de revisão teórica baseado em artigos que abordam o estudo da falsa memória em população com desenvolvimento típico e autismo. Nas últimas décadas, o interesse pela investigação da falsa memória tem se ampliado. No entanto, são observados poucos estudos que investigam os componentes eletrofisiológicos subjacentes envolvidos no reconhecimento verdadeiro e falso, principalmente no que diz respeito a pacientes com autismo. O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar os estudos que investigam falsa memória e o processamento semântico em pessoas com desenvolvimento típico por meio do uso da eletroencefalografia, além de apresentar a restrita literatura acerca do tema em pacientes com autismo. Muito se discute sobre déficits semânticos no autismo, mas há ainda poucos estudos nessa área e com resultados contraditórios. Por fim, novas direções para o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de novos estudos são apresentadas.
In the recent decades, the interest in investigation of false memory has been amplified. However, just a few studies investigate the underlying electrophysiological components involved in true and false recognition, especially with regard to patients with autism. The aim of this article is to present the studies investigating false memory and semantic processing in people with typical development using electroencephalography in addition to (presenting) providing the restricted literature on the subject in patients with autism. There is a debate about semantic deficits in autism, but there are few studies in this area and the results are contradictory. Finally, new directions for the development and improvement of new studies are presented.
En las últimas décadas el interés por la investigación de la falsa memoria se ha ampliado. Sin embargo, se observan pocos estudios que investigan los componentes electrofisiológicos subyacentes implicados en el reconocimiento verdadero y el falso, especialmente con respecto a los pacientes con autismo. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar los estudios de investigación de la falsa memoria y procesamiento semántico en las personas con desarrollo típico a través del uso de la electroencefalografía, además de presentar la literatura restringida sobre el tema en los pacientes con autismo. Existe un debate acerca de los déficits semánticos en el autismo, pero hay pocos estudios en esta área y con resultados contradictorios. Por último, se presentan nuevas direcciones para el desarrollo y mejora de nuevos estudios.
ABSTRACT
Given the polarity dependent effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in facilitating or inhibiting neuronal processing, and tDCS effects on pitch perception, we tested the effects of tDCS on temporal aspects of auditory processing. We aimed to change baseline activity of the auditory cortex using tDCS as to modulate temporal aspects of auditory processing in healthy subjects without hearing impairment. Eleven subjects received 2mA bilateral anodal, cathodal and sham tDCS over auditory cortex in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Subjects were evaluated by the Random Gap Detection Test (RGDT), a test measuring temporal processing abilities in the auditory domain, before and during the stimulation. Statistical analysis revealed a significant interaction effect of time vs. tDCS condition for 4000 Hz and for clicks. Post-hoc tests showed significant differences according to stimulation polarity on RGDT performance: anodal improved 22.5% and cathodal decreased 54.5% subjects' performance, as compared to baseline. For clicks, anodal also increased performance in 29.4% when compared to baseline. tDCS presented polarity-dependent effects on the activity of the auditory cortex, which results in a positive or negative impact in a temporal resolution task performance. These results encourage further studies exploring tDCS in central auditory processing disorders.
Subject(s)
Auditory Perception/physiology , Electric Stimulation , Adult , Auditory Perceptual Disorders , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Male , Young AdultABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative and progressive disease related to a gradual decline in cognitive functions such as memory, attention, perceptual-spatial abilities, language, and executive functions. Recent evidence has suggested that interventions promoting neural plasticity can induce significant cognitive gains especially in subjects at risk of or with mild AD. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are non-invasive techniques that can induce significant and long-lasting changes in focal and non-focal neuroplasticity. In this review, we present initial preliminary evidence that TMS and tDCS can enhance performance in cognitive functions typically impaired in AD. Also, we reviewed the initial six studies on AD that presented early findings showing cognitive gains such as in recognition memory and language associated with TMS and tDCS treatment. In addition, we showed that TMS has also been used to assess neuroplasticity changes in AD supporting the notion that cortical excitability is changed in AD due to the neurodegenerative process. Due to the safe profile, cost of these tools, and initial clinical trials results, further studies are warranted in order to replicate and extend the initial findings of rTMS and tDCS as cognitive enhancers in AD. Further trials should explore different targets of stimulation along with different paradigms of stimulation including combination with behavioural interventions.
