Primary osteoarthritis of hip, knee, and hand in relation to occupational exposure.

AIM: To identify occupations with excess prevalence of osteoarthritis of the knee, hip, and hand in a nationwide survey and to compare occupations with and without excess prevalence with regard to biomechanical stresses and severity of osteoarthritis. METHODS: Patients presenting with osteoarthritis of the knee, hip, or hand were recruited throughout France by their treating physician who collected information on history, including age at onset, occupation, and occupational stresses to joints. Severity was assessed using joint specific functional status questionnaires: Lequesne for the hip and knee and Dreiser for the hand. The distribution of osteoarthritis patients by occupation was compared with the distribution of occupations in all workers in France to obtain prevalence rate ratios. RESULTS: Occupations with the greatest prevalence rate ratio were female cleaners (6.2; 95% CI 4.6 to 8.0), women in the clothing industry (5.0; 95% CI 3.9 to 6.3), male masons and other construction workers (2.9; 95% CI 2.6 to 3.3), and agriculture male and female workers (2.8; 95% CI 2.5 to 3.2). A twofold greater prevalence rate was observed within certain occupations between self-employed and salaried workers. Early onset of osteoarthritis was seen in the more heavy labour jobs with almost 40% of patients reporting their first symptoms before the age of 50. CONCLUSION: The early onset and severity of osteoarthritis in certain occupations warrants an urgent need for occupation specific studies for the development and evaluation of preventive strategies in this leading cause of disability in Western countries.

Measuring the contribution of pharmacological treatment to advice to stay active in patients with subacute low-back pain: a randomised controlled trial.

PURPOSE: In clinical guidelines for acute and subacute low-back pain, pharmacological treatment is recommended for short-term symptomatic relief. The objective was to study the effect of the guidelines' advise to remain active, alone and with the addition of the drug adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), in patients with subacute low-back pain. METHODS: A drug-guidelines effectiveness trial was undertaken simultaneously to an experimental drug efficacy placebo controlled trial in subacute (4-12 weeks) non-specific low-back pain patients. The 132 participating primary care physicians across France were randomised to participate to either trial. In the drug-guidelines trial, all physicians received a quick consultation card containing the key elements of the clinical guidelines and a brochure that gave their patients practical tips to remain active. Patients were then randomised to receive Atepadene, containing 90 mg of ATP by mouth daily for 30 days (guidelines plus ATP group), or nothing beside the rescue drug that was made available to all patients (guidelines alone group). The principal outcome was functional improvement on the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) at 90 days. RESULTS: In the drug-guidelines effectiveness trial, 157 patients were randomised. The rate of improvement in the RDQ over the 90 days of follow-up was superior in the group guidelines plus ATP (8.3 points, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.3-9.3) than in the group guidelines alone (6.5 points, 95%CI: 5.3-7.7) (p = 0.02). In terms of probability of improving between two to five points on the RDQ at 90 days this difference translated in a 2 to 13 times higher probability compared to the group guidelines alone (odds ratios ranging from 2.1, 95%CI: 0.9-5.0 to 12.9, 95%CI: 1.6-103.4). Patients in the group guidelines plus ATP were also three times less likely to report a condition that had worsened or remained unimproved at 90 days (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: This drug-guidelines effectiveness trial showed a modest advantage of combined specific pharmacologic and non-pharmacological treatments on absolute improvement on the RDQ. A threefold reduction in the risk of chronicity was observed, an important goal in low-back pain guidelines.

Primary osteoarthritis and occupations: a national cross sectional survey of 10 412 symptomatic patients.

AIMS: To describe the age standardised prevalence of symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) in a nationwide cross sectional survey of 10 412 patients in France, and their functional and work limitations. METHODS: Cases in the survey were compared with their expected counterpart by age, gender, and occupational groupings using data from the 1998 French National Survey on Health Impairment and Disability. RESULTS: Women represented 66.2% of the sample; mean age was 66.2 years. One third of patients had OA of the knee, 16% of the hip, and 12% of the hand; a third had multiple joint OA. Peak prevalence of symptomatic OA was in the 60-69 year category in women and in the 70-79 year category in men. Agricultural workers showed a significant excess prevalence of OA, with an observed to expected (O/E) ratio of 1.7 in women and 2.3 in men. Linear trends in prevalences between white collar, "mixed" collar, and blue collar workers were also significant, with odds ratios respectively of 1.0, 2.9, and 2.6 in women and 1.0, 1.2, and 1.7 in men. Specific excess prevalence was found in women among housekeepers (O/E 4.4), and in men among unskilled labour workers (O/E 10.3) and truck drivers (O/E 6.7). Total work disability was highest among blue collar workers and partial disability among agricultural workers. CONCLUSION: Results contribute to the mounting evidence that OA is potentially aetiologically linked to occupation in a sizeable segment of the population and that OA can no longer be considered an inevitable disease of ageing.

Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica: a randomised, double blind, controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica. METHODS: Three epidural injections (two day intervals) of 2 ml prednisolone acetate (50 mg) or 2 ml isotonic saline were administered to patients with sciatica presumably due to a disk herniation lasting 15-180 days. Self evaluation was the main judgment criterion at day 20. Patients who recovered or showed marked improvement were considered as success. Pain measured by VAS, the SLR test, Schober's test, Dallas pain questionnaire, and the Roland-Morris index were evaluated at days 0, 5, 20, and 35. Only analgesics were authorised, patients requiring non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) before day 20 were considered as failure. RESULTS: 42 patients were included in the control group (CG), 43 in the steroid group (SG). On an intention to treat analysis 15/42 (36%) in the CG and 22/43 (51%) in the SG (p=0.15) were considered as success (difference 15.5%, 95% CI (-5.4 to 36.3)). Among the 48 failures, 14 patients (6 CG, 8 SG) required NSAIDs, 3 (2 CG, 1 SG) required surgery, and 7 (3 CG, 4 SG) other treatments. On analysis according to protocol, in 74 remaining patients 12/35 (34%) in the CG and 22/39 (56%) in the SG (p=0.057) were considered as success (difference 22.1%, 95% CI (0.0 to 44.2)). For all secondary end points intragroup improvement with time was significant, but intergroup differences were not. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of isotonic saline administered epidurally for sciatica cannot be excluded, but epidural steroid injections provide no additional improvement.

Guidelines for clinical studies assessing the efficacy of drugs for the management of acute low back pain.

In this paper we propose guidelines for clinical trials aimed at assessing the efficacy of drugs for acute non-specific low back pain (LBP) with or without radicular pain, preliminary to their approval and registration. To this end, consensus statements were obtained from a group of experts in the fields of rheumatology, clinical medicine, public health and epidemiology. EBM resources were systematically used as references. Four diagnostic categories were defined: type 1--LBP with no radiation; type 2--LBP radiating no further than the knee; type 3--LBP radiating beyond the knee, but with no neurologic signs; and type 4--LBP radiating to a specific and entire leg dermatome, with or without neurologic signs. Studies should be designed on the basis of the claimed indications for the drug, but must be double-blinded whatever the indication. The duration of the study may be shorter for LBP type 1 or 2 (one week) than for LBP types 3 and 4 (up to one month), depending on the aim of the study and the indications for the drug. The comparator may be inactive (placebo) or active (for a superiority trial, e.g., versus paracetamol). Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria have been defined here for each category. An appropriate wash-out period for any drugs that could affect the pain status should be planned. Paracetamol may be allowed as rescue medication. The primary endpoint should be based on a validated pain assessment tool that may be either generic (type 1 or 2) or oriented (back and knee for types 3 and 4). Secondary endpoints could include the assessment of functional performance; the duration of any period of bed-rest; work limitation; a global assessment comprising pain at rest, standing and walking; the time elapsed before epidural injection, the prescription of other therapeutic agents, or surgery; and the use of rescue medication. Adverse events (AE) should be monitored systematically using a methodology that reflects the mode of action of the tested drug. With the application of these guidelines, LBP could serve as an appropriate disease for testing analgesic drugs. Rigorous evaluation may also help to improve the management of acute LBP.

A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of meloxicam and diclofenac in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of meloxicam compared with diclofenac in patients with osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine. SUBJECTS: 229 patients with radiologically confirmed osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine. TREATMENT AND METHODS: Once-daily meloxicam 7.5 mg tablet or diclofenac 100 mg slow release tablet. Efficacy and tolerability parameters were assessed at baseline and after 3, 7 and 14 days of treatment. RESULTS: The two drugs had equal short-term efficacy, with pain on motion of lumbar spine significantly (p<0.05) decreased at Day 3. Secondary efficacy variables were also significantly improved at Days 3, 7 and 14. There were no statistically significant differences between the two drugs, although the global tolerability of meloxicam was significantly better than for diclofenac, as assessed by the investigators (p = 0.0072) and the patients (p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: Meloxicam and diclofenac were equivalent in relieving the acute pain associated with osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine. However, meloxicam was much better tolerated.

Magnetic resonance imaging: a valuable method for the detection of synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical assessment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) based on pain and swelling and physical examination is limited by observer error and interpretation. We compared magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical examination to detect synovitis in RA. METHODS: Twelve patients with active RA were assessed according to Ritchie index, swollen joint count and score, swollen joint count of hands and wrists [2 wrists, 10 metacarpophalangeal (MCP), 10 proximal interphalangeal (PIP)], morning stiffness, pain intensity, Disease Activity Score (DAS), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein. MR images of hands and wrists were obtained with an adapted device, on T1 weighted (T1W) spin echo (SE) coronal images before and after gadolinium DTPA, TIW SE axial images with gadolinium DTPA, T2* gradient echo recall coronal and axial sequences, and assessed by 2 radiologists (O = no synovitis, 1 = synovitis). RESULTS: The swollen joint count on hands and wrists was 59 on clinical examination (mean 5.08 +/- 3.15 per patient; 20/24 wrists, 7/120 MCP, 32/120 PIP) and 162 on MRI (mean 13.50+/- 5.65; 22/24 wrists, 70/120 MCP, 70/120 PIP). Statistically significant correlations were found between MRI synovitis count and swollen joint count (p = 0.015) and score (p = 0.019), Ritchie Index (p = 0.035), DAS (p = 0.02) and morning stiffness (p = 0.07). MRI revealed synovitis significantly more often than clinical examination (162 vs 59; p = 0.00002) [2-fold in PIP (70/32) and 10-fold in MCP (70/7)]. Clinical examination and MRI were concordant for 157/264 joints (59.5%). The association of normal MRI with synovitis on clinical examination was observed in 2 cases, the opposite in 105. CONCLUSION: MRI is more sensitive than clinical examination to detect synovitis of hands and wrists in RA, especially for MCP and PIP joints, and is valuable for assessment of inflammation in hands and wrists in RA.

[Clinical elements of the diagnostic guidelines for low back pain]. / Eléments cliniques d'orientation diagnostique devant une lombalgie.

If the majority of low back pain spontaneously recover in a few weeks, the main problem is to eliminate the possibility of a specific low back pain due to a serious underlying medical condition with radically different therapeutics and consequences. Medical history and physical examination will make it possible to detect these conditions (tumor, infection, spinal fracture, spondylarthropathy) and to specify useful complementary explorations. The second objective, for which we have few reliable clinical criteria, will consist in specifying the cause of low back problem. Lastly, it will be needed to detect the factors of risk of chronic course in order to improve the medical care which must be early.

[Pericardial effusion revealing cardiac amyloidosis in the course of rheumatoid arthritis]. / Epanchement péricardique révélateur d'une amylose cardiaque au cours de l'évolution d'une polyarthrite rhumatoïde.

Pericardial effusion is common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It is essentially a sign of pericardial involvement of the rheumatoid disease, but viral, bacterial and especially tuberculous pericarditis must not be excluded. Pericardial amyloidosis of the AA type is much less common and difficult to diagnose before cardiac biopsy even in cases of myocardial amyloidosis, as in the reported case, in which the classical association of microvoltage on the ECG and myocardial hypertrophy on echocardiography was absent. The absence of myocardial uptake of technetium-labelled pyrophosphates at myocardial scintigraphy and the absence of a restrictive profile on cardiac gamma-angiography were not suggestive of the diagnosis of amyloidosis. Pericardial and endomyocardial biopsy, justified by the negativity of the preceding investigations, provided an accurate histological diagnosis, a prognostic evaluation and was also useful for guiding management.

Destructive hip disease complicating traumatic paraplegia.

Recent progress in the management of spinal cord injury has provided longer survivals, and as a result the incidence of secondary bone and joint disorders has increased. Joint lesions due to syringomyelia complicating a cervical spinal cord injury are the most common of these disorders. We report a case of destructive hip disease 7 years after an injury responsible for complete paraplegia with sensory loss. The joint lesions were painless, and there was no local evidence of inflammation. Hip radiographs disclosed atrophic osteoarthropathy with complete destruction of the femoral neck and head. This unusual case raises questions about the pathophysiology of neuropathic osteoarthropathy in paraplegics.

Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the lumbar spine.

Monostotic fibrous dysplasia is exceedingly rare. We report a case in a 61-year-old woman with a history of recurrent low back pain and sciatica since 35 years of age. While walking, she suddenly experienced pain in her right thigh. The pain spread gradually to the buttock and calf on the same side, becoming increasingly severe. The time pattern was mechanical, with exacerbation during straining. Paresthesia developed over the dorsal aspect of the right foot. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs were ineffective. Radiographs of the spine showed an expansile and heterogeneous lesion in the body of L2. Hyperactivity of L3 and L4 was seen on the bone scan. Computed tomography demonstrated heterogeneity of L2, L3, and L4, as well as hypertrophy of the neural arch of L3 and of the right posterior lamina and spinous process of L4. Alterations in L2, L3, and L4 were noted on the magnetic resonance imaging study, which showed no evidence of epidural involvement. Laboratory tests were normal. A surgical biopsy of L3 established the diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia. Since the seminal description of fibrous dysplasia in 1891, only 21 cases of monostotic spinal involvement have been published. The spinal lesions can remain clinically silent or cause spinal pain with or without neurological symptoms. Radiographic findings are variable (heterogeneity, osteolysis, expansion without cortical violation or soft tissue involvement). Calcium and phosphate levels are normal. The diagnosis depends on examination of a vertebral biopsy specimen.

Acute low back pain: predictive index of chronicity from a cohort of 2487 subjects. Spine Group of the Société Française de Rhumatologie.

UNLABELLED: Low back pain (LBP)-related disability involves patients with chronic outcome. OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors predictive of chronic evolution of acute LBP and to develop a predictive clinical index. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective investigation of 2487 employed patients referred for their first consultation with acute LBP (less than eight days). Chronic evolution defined by persistence of symptoms, unchanged or worse, at seven weeks. A predictive index was developed according to a logistic regression model. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-five patients (6.2%) were considered to have unchanged or worsened LBP at the time of final evaluation, which was carried out on average 42 +/- 15 days after the initial visit, and were thus regarded as having a chronic outcome. When comparing patients with chronic outcome and the others, there were 25 elementary characteristics for which the degree of significance of the bilateral test was less than 0.01. They were introduced into a logistic regression model. Five parameters appeared to be related to chronic outcome: characteristics of current episode (isolated acute low back pain, acute exacerbation of chronic low back pain, sciatica), two daily living activity items, duration of certificate to remain off work and taking part in a sport. They were used to develop an easily applied index providing identification, as of the initial consultation, of the risk of chronic evolution. CONCLUSION: The early recognition of patients with LBP with high risk of chronic outcome can be achieved with an easily applied clinical index.

Can an anomalous lumbo-sacral or lumbo-iliac articulation cause low back pain? A retrospective study of 12 cases.

UNLABELLED: Although anomalous lumbo-sacral articulations are present in 5 to 7% of the population at large, their clinical relevance remains a matter of debate. Articulation between the L5 transverse process and the sacrum or ilium has been implicated as a cause of low back pain. OBJECTIVE: To define symptoms and effects of steroid injections in patients with an articulation between a L5 transverse process and the sacrum or ilium. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with low back pain and an expanded L5 transverse process articulating with the sacrum or ilium were studied retrospectively. Patients with an expanded transverse process that did not articulate with the sacrum or ilium were excluded. Demographic data, symptoms, physical findings and results of investigations were recorded. Efficacy of steroid injections into the anomalous articulation performed under fluoroscopic monitoring was evaluated in the short, medium and long term. RESULTS: Twelve patients (seven men and five women) with a mean age of 41.1 years (17-90 years) and a mean time since symptom onset of 1.9 years (0.2-4 years) were studied. All 12 patients reported pain on the side of the anomalous articulation (left, n = 10), either in the low back (n = 6) or in the buttock (n = 6). Eight patients had pain radiation to all (n = 1) or part (n = 7) of the lower limb on the same side. One patient had mild motor loss (4/5) and another had paresthesia in the foot. Radiographs were obtained in all 12 patients, computed tomography in six, magnetic resonance imaging in two, myelography in two, a bone scan in two and an electromyogram in one. Three of the 11 patients treated by steroid injection experienced pain during the procedure. Ten patients were improved in the short term and nine reported a 50% decrease in their pain after one month. Of the eight patients who were reevaluated after six to 24 months, seven were improved or free of symptoms and one was unchanged. CONCLUSION: An anomalous transitional articulation should be considered as a possible factor in the genesis of low back pain in patients who do not have the degenerative lesions classically responsible for this symptom. Local steroid injections should be tried before surgery is considered.

Fourteen cases of sarcomatous degeneration in Paget's disease.

OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristics of cases of sarcomatous degeneration in Paget's disease (SDP) recorded over 10 years in 2 French university hospitals, with particular emphasis on the pattern of this entity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Fourteen cases are described. Epidemiological, clinical, radiological, histological, and MRI features (in 3 cases) are compared to others in the literature. RESULTS: Nine men and 5 women (mean age 75.2+/-7.7 yrs) were studied. Paget's disease was monostotic in 5 cases and polyostotic in 9. Neurological complications were present in 10 cases. The mean interval between the first clinical signs and diagnosis was 4.4+/-4.7 months. The locations were: limbs 2, skull 2, pelvis 7, sacrum 3. The radiological pattern was lytic in 9 cases, sclerotic in 3, and mixed in 2. MRI revealed a similar pattern in all 3 cases studied (heterogeneous low signal intensity of the tumor on T1 weighted images increased after intravenous gadolinium administration and high signal intensity on T2 weighted images), whereas the radiological pattern was lytic in 2 cases and sclerotic in one case. The diagnosis was proved by histological investigation in 11/14 patients (osteogenic sarcoma of different appearance in 7 patients, fibroblastic sarcoma in one, fibrous histiocytoma-like sarcoma in one, and undifferentiated sarcoma in 2). Four patients had pulmonary metastases and 4 patients are still alive with followup ranging from 5 months to 5 years. CONCLUSION: Paget sarcomas remain the most threatening sarcomas of bone, their prognosis being far more negative than primary sarcomas. Improvement in therapy strategies including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy might together provide better prognosis for SDP.