ABSTRACT
We report a case of two variations of the testiculararteries found during routine dissection.These variations have been classified according to the references concerning the topic. We discuss the possible origin of the variations and their clinical implications (AU)
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Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Testis/blood supply , Arteries/abnormalities , Renal Veins/anatomy & histology , Cadaver , Blood Vessels/abnormalitiesABSTRACT
Los nervios laríngeos recurrentes (NLR) de los mamíferos son diferentes en longitud entre ambos lados. Esta asimetría implica, a priori, diferentes tiempos de conducción del estímulo a la musculatura laríngea controlada por cada nervio, postulándose diversos modelos para explicar el cierre glótico sincrónico más allá de la citada diferencia. Varios son los estudios publicados en esta materia aunque, no obstante, presentan carencias en datos relevantes. Utilizando dos grupos de 10 y 6 ratas, respectivamente, nuestro estudio compara la longitud de los NLR por lado y, mediante microscopía óptica acoplada a un sistema de análisis morfométrico, el número y características de las fibras mielínicas que los componen. Los resultados muestran que el NLR izquierdo (NLRi) es, de promedio, 0,84 cm más largo que el NLR derecho (NLRd). No hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el número de fibras por lado pero sí en el grosor de las mismas, mayores en el NLRd. Estos datos se analizan valorando los posibles mecanismos de compensación de la diferencia de longitud de los NLR
In mammals the recurrent laryngeal nerves are dissimilar in length between both sides. This asymmetry involves different time of arrival of the stimulus to the laryngeal musculature controlled by each nerve. Thus, several explanations have been addressed to elucidate the closest of the glottis at the same time despite the unlike length of the nerves. However, previous works on the topic lack of several important data. The present study compares, in two groups of 10 and 6 rats, the length and the composition of myelinated fibers in the recurrent laryngeal nerves of both sides, by means of light microscopy and a computerized morphometric analysis. The results show a mean difference of 0,84 cm longer the left than the right recurrent laryngeal nerve. No statistical differences were observed in the number of myelinated fibers between both sides. However, the myelinated fibers of the right side were statistically bigger in diameter than the fibers of the left side. The data are discussed in the context of the mechanisms for the compensation of the dissimilar length of both recurrent laryngeal nerves
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Female , Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve/anatomy & histology , Diagnostic Imaging/methods , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Nerve Fibers, Myelinated , Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve/cytologyABSTRACT
Los nervios laríngeos contienen las fibras que controlan la función laríngea. Pocos y discrepantes son los estudios que se han realizado en la rata para conocer los componentes funcionales y el origen real de las fibras que componen el nervio laríngeo recurrente (NLR). En ninguno de estos estudios se ha utilizado dextranos, potentes herramientas para el trazado nervioso. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es identificar en la rata los núcleos de origen de las fibras que porta el NLR, conociendo así los componentes funcionales del mismo, mediante el trazado con dextranos biotinados (BDA). El estudio se ha realizado en 31 ratas Sprague-Dawley machos adultos, aplicando el BDA en el NLR previamente lesionado. Los resultados en todos los animales muestran que el NLR de la rata no contiene fibras aferentes, mientras que las fibras eferentes se originan en el núcleo ambiguo (NA) ipsilateral. Por lo tanto, en la rata, el NLR parece contener exclusivamente fibras eferentes, debiendo de ser las fibras aferentes conducidas, muy probablemente en su totalidad, por el nervio laríngeo superior
Laryngeal nerves contain the fibres that control the laryngeal function. The studies carried out on the rat with the purpose of having a better knowledge of the functional components and the real origin of the fibres conveyed by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) are few and in disagreement. No one of such papers were developed using biotinylated dextrane amines (BDA), a powerful tool for tracing neural pathways. The aim of our study was to identify in the rat using BDA, the nuclei of real origin of the fibres of the RLN, knowing in this way the functional components of this nerve. The study has been developed in 31 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, applying the BDA into the lesioned RLN. The results obtained in all the animals show that the rats RLN does not contain afferent fibres, whereas the efferent fibres were originated within the ipsilateral nucleus ambiguus (NA). So, in the rat, the RLN seems to contain exclusively efferent fibres, probably been the superior laryngeal nerve who conveyed the afferent fibres
Subject(s)
Rats , Male , Animals , Laryngeal Nerves/physiology , Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve/physiology , Larynx/physiopathology , Nerve Net/physiology , Dextrans/administration & dosage , Nervous System Physiological Phenomena , Biotin , Peroxidase/biosynthesis , Neurons/microbiology , Neurons/pathologyABSTRACT
The cochlear nuclei are the first central step inthe ascending auditory pathway. Studies on thedevelopment of the cochlear nuclei have beendevoted to the histogenesis, neuronal maturationand migration, development and setting up ofprojections, and development of neurotransmitters.During postnatal maturation of the cochlearnuclei, neurons migrate to their definitive positionsand the connections of the nuclear complexare established and refined. However, in spite ofthe fundamental role of the glia during the morphogenesisof the central nervous system, littleattention has been paid to the presence and functionof the astroglial cells within the cochlearnuclei. In light of this, here we investigated thepresence, morphology and temporal patterns ofthe appearance of the astroglial cells of the cochlearnuclei. To identify the glial cells, monoclonalantibodies were used to detect glial fibrillary acidicprotein and vimentin. The immature intermediatefilament cytoskeleton of astrocytes it ismade up of vimentin, and that of radial glial cells,and, as development proceeds, glial fibrillary acidicprotein constitutes the intermediate filamentcytoskeleton in mature astrocytes.Our study revealed the presence of radialglial cells and astrocytes within the cochlearnuclei along postnatal development. A reciprocalrelationship in the distribution of glial fibrillaryacidic protein and vimentin during maturation ofthe cochlear nuclear complex is reported.The morphology, temporal patterns of appearance,and maturation of glial cells are discussed in relation to the morphogenesis and maturationof the cochlear nuclei, placing the possiblerole of radial glia in the migration of cochlearcells and in the guidance of the axons to theirfunctional targets
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