Machine Learning Classifiers to Evaluate Data From Gait Analysis With Depth Cameras in Patients With Parkinson's Disease.

Introduction: The assessments of the motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) are usually limited to clinical rating scales (MDS UPDRS III), and it depends on the clinician's experience. This study aims to propose a machine learning technique algorithm using the variables from upper and lower limbs, to classify people with PD from healthy people, using data from a portable low-cost device (RGB-D camera). And can be used to support the diagnosis and follow-up of patients in developing countries and remote areas. Methods: We used Kinect®eMotion system to capture the spatiotemporal gait data from 30 patients with PD and 30 healthy age-matched controls in three walking trials. First, a correlation matrix was made using the variables of upper and lower limbs. After this, we applied a backward feature selection model using R and Python to determine the most relevant variables. Three further analyses were done using variables selected from backward feature selection model (Dataset A), movement disorders specialist (Dataset B), and all the variables from the dataset (Dataset C). We ran seven machine learning models for each model. Dataset was divided 80% for algorithm training and 20% for evaluation. Finally, a causal inference model (CIM) using the DoWhy library was performed on Dataset B due to its accuracy and simplicity. Results: The Random Forest model is the most accurate for all three variable Datasets (Dataset A: 81.8%; Dataset B: 83.6%; Dataset C: 84.5%) followed by the support vector machine. The CIM shows a relation between leg variables and the arms swing asymmetry (ASA) and a proportional relationship between ASA and the diagnosis of PD with a robust estimator (1,537). Conclusions: Machine learning techniques based on objective measures using portable low-cost devices (Kinect®eMotion) are useful and accurate to classify patients with Parkinson's disease. This method can be used to evaluate patients remotely and help clinicians make decisions regarding follow-up and treatment.

Parkinson's disease prevalence, age distribution and staging in Colombia.

Parkinson's disease (PD) has the second highest prevalence among neurodege - nerative diseases. In Colombia, PD population dynamics are currently unknown. Health records offer a unique resource to study frequency and multi-morbidity of chronic diseases. The aim of this research is to estimate prevalence and staging using administrative data (AD) provided by Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs). A cross-sectional study was conducted using 2015 AD from two Colombian HMOs (4.312.928 beneficiaries, 9.01% of the affiliated Colombian population). PD prevalence and severity was estimated by age and sex. Prevalence was adjusted to WHO demographics. Age-adjusted PD prevalence was 205.89 per 100.000 inhabitants. Prevalence increment of 62.13% was found between those aged ≥40 years and those aged ≥50 years. Similarly, each extra decade (50-80+) represented an increment of 83.65%, 80.95%, and 35.10%. Between 40 and 89 years, males exhibited a significantly higher PD prevalence compared to females. Advanced PD was more frequent as age increased from 3.77% in the group between 40 to 49 years to 25.86% in those older than 89 years. More common related comorbidities were arterial hypertension, diabetes, and psychiatric disorders; the first two increased their frequency with age, and the last one maintained its prevalence across all age groups. AD sets are useful to estimate the prevalence and staging of PD. Prevalence of PD in Colombia is higher in men and increases with age, as well as disease severity.

Cryptococcal meningitis presenting as acute flaccid paralysis: A case report.

Cryptococcus is a cosmopolitan fungus with tropism for the nervous system and a higher prevalence of infection in immunosuppressed patients. Neurological compromise caused by this microorganism mainly debuts as a meningeal syndrome (headache, fever, neck stiffness) with predominant encephalic involvement. In this report we present the rare case of a non-HIV patient with flaccid paralysis and peripheral nerve involvement due to crytpococcal meningitis. This is a 53-years-old woman, with a past-medical history of diabetes, who presented with dysarthria, unilateral peripheral facial paralysis, asymmetric ascending quadriparesis, generalized hyporeflexia and urinary retention. Neuroimaging was initially reported as negative for vascular or demyelinating diseases. Electrophysiological studies were performed, and acute flaccid paralysis of undetermined etiology was defined as a temporal clinical diagnosis. Cerebrospinal fluid molecular analysis confirmed the presence of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gatti; posteriorly, antifungal treatment with amphotericin B and fluconazole was started. Polyneuroradiculopathy symptoms significantly improved over the in-hospital stay. In conclusion, spinal cord and peripheral nerve involvement by Cryptococcus is an infrequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis that should be considered in the differential diagnosis even in HIV-negative patients.

Direct cost of Parkinson's disease in a health system with high judicialization: evidence from Colombia.

Objective: To estimate all-claims-all-conditions expenditures paid for by health plans for patients suffering from Parkinson´s disease (PD). Methods: Using administrative claims data from two health maintenance organizations for 2014 and 2015 in Colombia, we identified 2,917 patients with PD by applying an algorithm that uses International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems and Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System codes. Descriptive statistics were applied to compute unadjusted all-cause median costs. A generalized linear model was used to estimate adjusted and attributable direct costs of advanced PD. Results: Approximately 30% of the all-cause direct costs were associated with technologies not included in universal health coverage benefit packages. In 2015, the annual median interquartile range per patient all-cause direct costs to insurers was USD1,576 (605-3,617). About 16% of patients had advanced PD. Regression analysis estimated that additional costs attributable to advanced PD was USD3,416 (p = 0.000). Multimorbidity was highly prevalent, and 96% of PD patients had at least one other chronic condition. Conclusions: In the context of high judicialization, patients suffering from PD must increasingly use the judicial system to access treatment. To promote more equitable and efficient access benefit packages, developing countries must consider more thoroughly the needs of these patients.

Age Matters: Objective Gait Assessment in Early Parkinson's Disease Using an RGB-D Camera.

BACKGROUND: Gait alterations are hallmarks for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In normal conditions, age could affect gait dynamics. Although it is known that objective assessment of gait is a valuable tool for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with PD, only few studies evaluate the effect of aging on the gait pattern of patients with PD. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess differences in gait dynamics between PD patients and healthy subjects and to investigate the effects of aging on these differences using a low-cost RGB-D depth-sensing camera. METHODS: 30 PD patients and 30 age-matched controls were recruited. Descriptive analysis was used for clinical variables, and Spearman's rank correlation was used to correlate age and gait variables. The sample was distributed in age groups; then, Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of gait variables between groups. RESULTS: PD patients exhibited prolonged swing (p=0.002) and stance times (p < 0.001) and lower speed values (p < 0.001) compared to controls. This was consistent in all age groups, except for the one between 76 and 88 years old, in which the controls were slower and had longer swing and stance times. These results were statically significant for the group from 60 to 66 years. CONCLUSION: Gait speed, swing, and stance times are useful for differentiating PD patients from controls. Quantitative gait parameters measured by an RGB-D camera can complement clinical assessment of PD patients. The analysis of these spatiotemporal variables should consider the age of the subject.

Cerebral toxoplasmosis in an MS patient receiving Fingolimod.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which lymphocytes target putative myelin antigens in the CNS, causing inflammation and neurodegeneration. Fingolimod (FTY720) is an immunosuppressive drug used as a second line therapy for relapsing forms of MS due to its safety profile and good response to treatment. Despite its safety, there are still concerns about the possibility of Fingolimod being linked to the development of opportunistic infections like disseminated varicella zoster infections and herpes simplex encephalitis. In this case report, we describe one patient with past medical history of MS in current treatment with Fingolimod for the last year which presents herself with hemiparesis, fever and fatigue. The initial MRI showed multiple demyelinating-like lesions that could have corresponded to the tumefactive form of MS relapse. The blood work up revealed leukopenia with lymphopenia and a CD4+ count of 200 cell/mm3. Treatment for acute relapse was initiated with little to no response. Further examination was carried by the clinicians, a lumbar puncture was performed and it showed pleocytosis with increased protein levels. Later, several serologic studies were performed and both IgM and IgG antibodies for Toxoplasma were positive. Diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis was made and there was no evidence of HIV infection or other causes of secondary immunodeficiency in this patient, except the use of fingolimod. Evidence of decreased levels of CD4+ due to Fingolimod use is concerning. The risk of opportunistic infections in these patients must be considered in order to start or continue therapy with these agents. Further studies are needed to determine the percentage of the population at risk of immunosuppression and its long-term consequences as well as new actions to prevent infections.