ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Measurement of kidney size by ultrasonography is an important parameter in the renal evaluation of patients. This study aims to establish the average size of kidneys of healthy adult Filipinos and examine the factors that influence it.DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational study SETTING: Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Radiology, UP-PGH Medical Center, a tertiary government hospital PARTICIPANTS: 264 healthy Filipino adults underwent kidney ultrasound after preliminary screening by history, physical examination, urinalysis, and serum creatinine RESULTS: Renal sizes and volume were measured by ultrasound in 105 males and 159 females, with ages ranging from 18 to 75 years old. The left kidney was significantly larger than the right for mean length but not for width or thickness. Except for cortical thickness, renal length (L=98 mm, R=96mm vs. L=95mm, R=93mm), width (L=48mm, R=49mmvs. L=46mm,R=46mm), and thickness (L=43mm, R=42 mm vs. L=39 mm, R=39 mm) were significantly larger in males compared to females. While the gender differences persisted when corrected for age and body mass index, this disappeared when corrected for total body area. With advancing age, there was minimal shortening but significant increases in width and thickness (renal shape index) CONCLUSION: Our study provides estimates of the average kidney size for normal adult Filipinos. The average kidney size of Filipinos is smaller than that of Caucasians for length (L=96mm vs. 112 mm, R=94mm vs. 109mm) and for width (L=47mm vs. 58mm, R=48mm vs. 57mm). Males have larger kidneys than females but the gender difference disappeared when corrected for total body area. Height but not weight has a significant influence on kidney size. With advancing age, kidneys tend to increase in width and thickness with no significant decrease in length or volume.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Adult , Young Adult , Adult , Kidney , Radiology , Ultrasonography , PatientsABSTRACT
The quality of life (QOL) of hemodialysis patients is often compromised and many tools have been developed to assess the health-related QOL of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients undergoing hemodialysis. However, no such tool is currently in use in the Philippines. The objective of this study is to determine if Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) can be a useful tool in the Philippines. Eighty patients undergoing hemodialysis in the dialysis unit of our hospital were enrolled for this study. Sixty-nine patients completed the study. Comparative analysis revealed significant difference in social isolation with favorable result for the Filipino patients. Other measures correlate well although with differences that were not statistically significant. NHP can be successfully applied as a standard QOL tool in the Philippines. However, it should be translated into Filipino to avoid language difficulty. NHP may be recommended for QOL determination in other developing countries.
Subject(s)
Kidney Failure, Chronic/psychology , Quality of Life , Renal Dialysis/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires/standards , Adult , Aged , Asian People , Female , Humans , Kidney Failure, Chronic/diagnosis , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Philippines , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Reproducibility of Results , Social IsolationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of cough secondary to (1) Cilazapril, (2) Enalapril, (3) Imidapril, and (4) Perindopril and their efficacy in the control of hypertension. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomized double-blind study conducted in selected medical centers in the Philippines from the first quarter of 1999 to March, 2001. RESULTS: A total of 301 patients, aged 28-86 years with stage I or II hypertension were included. Patients were randomized to Cilazapril 2.5-5.0 mg/day (n=70), Enalapril 10-20 mg/day (n=82), Perindoril 4-8 mg/day (n=73), or Imidapril 10-20 mg/day (n=76). Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg/day was added if needed. Using a dechallenge and rechallenge method, a strict criteria to attribute cough to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) not yet used in previous reports, the cough incidence were as follows: (1) Cilazapril--22.86% (16/70), (2) Enalapril--21.95% (18/82), (3) Perindopril--10.96% (6/73), and (4) Imidapril--13.16% (10/76) (P=0.041). Control of hypertension was significantly better with Enalapril during the first follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Statistically significant differences in the incidence of cough among the studied ACE-Is were noted. Control of hypertension was observed to be better in those with a higher incidence of cough; however, the mean change of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels were not significantly different.
