ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Fine particulate matter <2.5 microns (PM2.5) is the most studied air pollutant. Both short- and long-term exposure to PM2.5 have been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies evaluating air pollution in South America are scarce. Therefore, the impact of exposure to PM2.5, household air pollution (HAP), and ambient air pollution (AAP) on CVD mortality and CVD disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in South American countries from 1990 to 2019 was explored. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The Global Burden of Disease initiative exposure-response function was used to analyze the total PM2.5, ambient PM2.5, and household PM2.5-related CVD deaths and DALYs rates, per 100,000 individuals, in 12 South American countries between 1990 and 2019. The relative change in burden was also assessed by comparing the 1990-1994 to 2015-2019 periods. RESULTS: In 2019, 70,668 deaths and 1,736,414 DALYs due to CVD were attributed to total PM2.5 exposure in South America. Substantial regional heterogeneity was observed concerning the absolute change in PM2.5 concentration levels comparing 1990 to 2019. All South American countries observed a relative decline in CVD deaths and DALYs comparing the 1990-1994 to 2015-2019 periods. No country was able to reach the current World Health Organization 5 µg/m3 recommended limit in 2019. Predominantly, AAP was the greatest contributor to the CVD burden. CONCLUSION: Air pollution substantially impacted CVD in South America; however, this impact was heterogenous, and the relative reduction of HAP and AAP burden was also not uniform. Recognizing PM2.5 importance is key for developing target population and individual-level interventions, which could ultimately alleviate its burden.
ABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Sertoli Cell Tumor/surgery , Testicular Neoplasms/surgery , Diagnosis, DifferentialSubject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Temporal Lobe/pathology , Epilepsy/etiology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Sclerosis/complications , Sclerosis/diagnosisSubject(s)
Child, Preschool , Humans , Male , Brain/abnormalities , Brain/pathology , Magnetic Resonance ImagingABSTRACT
The incidence of adverse events due to meningococcal polysaccharide A&C vaccine was studied in 312 subjects 18 months to 20 y of age who were part of a mass vaccination program. Fever > 38 degrees C occurred in 5.1% (95% CI: 3.1-8.4%). Injection site pain was reported in 78.8% (95% CI: 74.3-83.4%), was severe in 7.4% (95% CI: 4.7-10.9%) and was most frequent in the oldest age group.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Vaccines/adverse effects , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Fever/etiology , Humans , Infant , Meningococcal Vaccines , Vaccination/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Previous studies suggest a potential association between human immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Ig allotypic determinants seem to confer an increased risk for the disease in various ethnic patient populations. In this study we have examined the pattern of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) of constant region lambda (C lambda) light chain genes in a group of 78 Venezuelan patients with SLE and 70 healthy controls. The frequency of the 8-kb allele and the 8/8 genotype was significantly lower in normal Venezuelan controls as compared to healthy British Caucasians (P = 0.0002 and 0.0007 respectively). In turn, Venezuelan controls showed a higher frequency of the 18-kb allele and the 18/18 genotype (P = 0.0002 and 0.0052 respectively). However, there were no statistically significant differences in either parameter between Venezuelan SLE patients and healthy controls. Our study argues against a role for lambda light chain constant region genes in predisposition to SLE.
Subject(s)
Autoimmune Diseases/genetics , Genes, Immunoglobulin , Immunoglobulin Constant Regions/genetics , Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/genetics , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Autoimmune Diseases/ethnology , Autoimmune Diseases/immunology , Genotype , Humans , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/ethnology , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology , Spain/ethnology , Venezuela/epidemiology , White People/geneticsABSTRACT
Rats learned to discriminate between two degrees of roughness, detecting the stimuli only with their vibrissal system. After bilateral trimming of the vibrissae, performance abruptly dropped to chance levels and remained there throughout the period in which the vibrissae were kept trimmed. After the vibrissae regrew to approximately normal lengths, rats again exhibited high performance levels and demonstrated retention of the task. This discriminative procedure would appear to be appropriate for psychophysical assessment of vibrissal system function.
Subject(s)
Discrimination Learning/physiology , Somatosensory Cortex/physiology , Touch/physiology , Vibrissae/physiology , Afferent Pathways/physiology , Animals , Conditioning, Psychological/physiology , Neurons/physiology , Rats , Sensory Deprivation/physiologySubject(s)
Education, Special , Teaching , Faculty , Government Agencies , Humans , United States , WorkforceABSTRACT
The in vitro activity of 10 antibiotics was determined for 231 strains of methicillin resistant (MRSA) Staphylococcus aureus. Oxacillin was a very good antibiotic to determine methicillin-resistance. Its agreement with methicillin-resistance was in all the strains tested. On the contrary, the correlation with nafcillin was established only in 95% of the strains tested. Cloxacillin and flucloxacillin are not good methicillin-resistance indicators. The strains tested against macrolides, such as erythromycin, and lincosamides, such as lincomycin and clindamycin presented a susceptibility of 68, 78, and 80%, respectively. All tested strains were susceptible to vancomycin.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Methicillin , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Chile , Drug Resistance, Microbial , HumansSubject(s)
Anesthesia , Patient Care Team , Pediatric Nursing , Child , Humans , Operating Room NursingABSTRACT
Since Vi antigen is limited primarily to Salmonella typhi, it has been thought that detection of the antigen may be a useful method for diagnosing acute typhoid fever. The slide coagglutination method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay have recently been suggested as ways to detect small quantities of Vi antigen in urine. In Santiago, Chile, we compared the results of these two methods in patients with acute typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and other febrile illnesses and in afebrile control subjects. Using a cut-off value that maximally separated typhoid patients from controls, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was positive in 62.4% of 141 patients with culture-proven typhoid infections and in 13.2% of 159 afebrile control subjects. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was false positive in 64.7% of 34 culture-proven paratyphoid A or B patients and 47.1% of 21 patients with other nontyphoidal febrile illnesses. The coagglutination test was positive in 34% of typhoid patients, 14% of afebrile control subjects, and 46% of febrile control subjects. We conclude that these tests when performed with the Vi antibodies employed in this study are of little value for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in this setting.
