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RESUMO A expansão do agronegócio no semiárido do nordeste do Brasil tem transformado agricultores camponeses em empregados de empresas de fruticultura, trazendo mudanças para seus modos de vida e trabalho. O estudo objetivou analisar condições, processos e cargas de trabalho no agronegócio de fruticultura. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa em que foram entrevistados empregados do agronegócio. As evidências foram produzidas e analisadas a partir de referenciais do campo Saúde do Trabalhador, fundamentando-se na teoria da determinação social do processo saúde-doença e adotando 'processos de trabalho' e 'cargas de trabalho' como categorias compreensivas das relações entre trabalho e saúde-doença. Observou-se que a produção agrícola se baseia na monocultura, no uso intensivo de mecanização e de agrotóxicos, e segue os moldes organizacionais da acumulação flexível e do taylorismo e fordismo. O mundo do trabalho vivido pelos empregados é marcado por alienação dos trabalhadores, precarização e intensificação do trabalho, que se concretizam em cargas de trabalho físicas, psíquicas, fisiológicas e, sobretudo, químicas. Estas advêm do uso intenso de agrotóxicos, presentes em todos os ambientes e processos de trabalho investigados. A proteção da saúde desses trabalhadores tensiona o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) a intensificar a vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador, e a saúde coletiva, a incluir a problemática da saúde no debate público sobre os modelos agrícolas nacionais.
ABSTRACT The expansion of agribusiness in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil has transformed self-employed farmers into employees of fruit growing companies, bringing changes to their ways of life and work. The study aimed to analyze conditions, processes and workloads in the fruit growing agribusiness. A qualitative research was carried out in which agribusiness employees were interviewed. Evidence was produced and analyzed based on references from the Occupational Health field, based on the theory of social determination of the health-disease process and adopting 'work processes' and 'workloads' as comprehensive categories of the relationship between work and health-disease. It was observed that agricultural production is based on monoculture, on the intensive use of mechanization and pesticides, and follows the organizational molds of flexible accumulation and Taylorism/Fordism. The world of work experienced by employees is marked by alienation of workers, precariousness and intensification of work, which materialize in physical, psychic, physiological and, above all, chemical workloads. These come from the intense use of pesticides, present in all environments and work processes investigated. Protecting the health of these workers pushes the Unified Health System (SUS) to intensify worker's health surveillance, and collective health to include the issue of health in the public debate on national agricultural models.
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Introdução: Assim como observado no cenário nacional, o município de Mossoró apresentou altas taxas de letalidade nos primeiros meses de pandemia. Todavia, o conhecimento epidemiológico em torno da COVID-19 no município tem ocorrido, sobretudo, através de documentos institucionais das Secretarias de Saúde. Desse modo, a finalidade deste estudo é fornecer evidências que permitam ampliar a compreensão da ocorrência da doença em nível local, ofertar dados e informações que venham a subsidiar as políticas públicas de saúde municipais e gerar hipóteses sobre a morbimortalidade da doença para futuras investigações científicas. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos casos internados e confirmados de COVID-19 no município de Mossoró no estado do Rio Grande do Norte/Brasil. Metodologia: Estudo observacional transversal, baseado em dados secundários de casos internados de COVID-19 registrados no Sistema Único de Saúde entre março e outubro de 2020.Resultados:Foram incluídos na amostra 664 pacientes, dos quais 46,5% evoluíram para óbito. Entre as internações, 63,1% resultaram em internações em unidades de terapia intensiva. Observamos diferenças estatísticas significativas entre 'admissão na unidade de terapia intensiva e evolução para óbito' e 'faixa etária e evolução para óbito' e, maior risco entre idosos acima de 60 anos, com comorbidades, dispneia e saturação de O2 <95%. A necessidade de suporte ventilatório invasivo foi considerada fator predisponente para óbito. O risco de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva foi maior entre as idosas. Conclusões: A hospitalização e o óbito de pacientes com COVID-19foram maiores em pacientes idosos com comorbidades (AU).
Introduction:As observed in the national scenario, the city of Mossoró showed high lethality rates in the first months of the pandemic. However, the epidemiological knowledge around COVID-19 in the municipality has occurred mostly through institutional documents from the Health Secretariats. Thus, the purpose of this study is to provide evidence to broaden the understanding of the occurrence of the disease at the local level, provide data and information that will support municipal health public policies and generate hypotheses about the morbidity and mortality of the disease for future scientific investigations. Objective: To analyze the epidemiological profile of hospitalized and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the municipality of Mossoró in the state of Rio Grande do Norte/Brazil. Methodology:This is a cross-sectional and observational study, based on secondary data from the hospitalized COVID-19 cases recorded in the Unified Health System (Sistema Unificado de Saúde, SUS) between March and October 2020. Results:664 patients were included in the sample, of which 46.5% evolved to death. Among hospitalizations, 63.1% resulted in intensive care units admissions. We observed significant differences between intensive care unit admission and evolution to death' and 'age group and evolution to death' and, higher risk among elderly individuals over 60 years, with comorbidities, dyspnea and O2 saturation<95%. Need for invasive ventilatory support was considered a predisposing factor for death. The risk of intensive care unit admission was higher among eldery women.Conclusions:Hospitalization and death of patients with COVID-19 were higher in elderly patients with comorbidities (AU).
Introducción: Como se observó en el escenario nacional, el municipio de Mossoró presentó altas tasas de letalidad en los primeros meses de la pandemia. Sin embargo, el conocimiento epidemiológico en torno al COVID-19 en el municipio se ha dado principalmente a través dedocumentos institucionales de las Secretarías de Salud. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es proporcionar evidencias para ampliar el conocimiento de la ocurrencia de la enfermedad en el ámbito local, proporcionar datos e informaciones que apoyen las políticas públicas municipales de salud y generar hipótesis sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad de la enfermedad para futuras investigaciones científicas. Objetivo: Analizar el perfil epidemiológico de los casos hospitalizados y confirmados de COVID-19 en el municipio de Mossoró en el estado de Rio Grande do Norte/Brasil.Metodología: Se trata de un estudio transversal y observacional, basado en datos secundarios de los casos hospitalizados de COVID-19 registrados en el Sistema Unificado de Salud (SUS) entre marzo y octubre de 2020. Resultados: La muestra incluyó 664 pacientes, de los cuales el 46,5% falleció. Entre los ingresos, el 63,1% resultaron en ingresos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre el "ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y la evolución hasta la muerte" y el "grupo de edad y la evolución hasta la muerte", y un mayor riesgo entre los pacientes mayores de 60 años, con comorbilidades, disnea y saturación de O2 <95%. La necesidad de soporte ventilatorio invasivo se consideró un factor predisponente para la muerte. El riesgo de ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos fue mayor entre las mujeres de edad avanzada. Conclusiones: La hospitalización y la muerte de los pacientes con COVID-19 fueron mayores en los pacientes de edad avanzada con comorbilidades (AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Health Profile , Pandemics/statistics & numerical data , COVID-19/transmission , Health Policy , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Chi-Square Distribution , Logistic Models , Indicators of Morbidity and Mortality , Cross-Sectional Studies/methodsABSTRACT
Introdução: a Educação em Saúde com gestantes deve incorporar novas ações no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde, com possibilidades de promover saúde e prevenir doenças, bem como garantir o exercício de práticas e saberes alternativos ao modelo biomédico, evocando reflexões críticas e o compartilhamento de experiências por meio das gestantes. Objetivo: buscou-se analisar as atividades de Educação em Saúde direcionadas para as gestantes nas equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, desenvolvido em Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Mossoró/RN, que reuniu narrativas de 15 usuárias por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Resultados: após utilização da Análise Temática de Conteúdo, os resultados foram separados em duas categorias principais e cinco subcategorias. A primeira categoria avaliou as ações de Educação em Saúde, caracterizadas por serem esporádicas (ou inexistentes em alguns serviços) e pela alternância entre metodologias de ensino vertical e horizontal. Por outro lado, a segunda categoria evocou o significado dos encontros entre as gestantes e os profissionais de saúde, marcado por fragilidades na escuta qualificada, no diálogo e na realização das ações educativas durante o pré-natal. Conclusão: de acordo com os discursos das gestantes, percebemos que as estratégias de ensino, quando pautadas nos preceitos de Paulo Freire, estão intimamente ligadas à promoção da saúde. Isso porque garante às gestantes uma consciência crítica sobre o seu autocuidado; o que se constitui como primeira iniciativa para que ocorram mudanças nos seus hábitos de vida e na maneira como enfrentam as circunstâncias inerentes à gestação.
Introduction: health education for pregnant women proposes the incorporation of new actions within the scope of Primary Health Care, with possibilities of promoting health and preventing diseases, as well as ensuring the exercise of practices and knowledge alternative to the biomedical model, evoking critical reflections and the sharing of experiences by pregnant women. Objective: this study aimed to analyze the Health Education activities directed to pregnant women in the Family Health Strategy teams. Methodology: this is a qualitative study, developed in Basic Health Units of the municipality of Mossoró/RN, which gathered narratives of 15 users through semi-structured interviews. Results: after using Thematic Content Analysis, the results were separated into two main categories and five subcategories. The first category evaluated the Health Education actions, characterized by being sporadic (or nonexistent in some services) and by the alternation between vertical and horizontal teaching methodologies. On the other hand, the second category evoked the meaning of the meetings between pregnant women and health professionals, marked by weaknesses in qualified listening, dialogue and the realization of educational actions during prenatal care. Conclusion: according to the pregnant women's speeches, we realize that teaching strategies, when based on Paulo Freire's precepts, are closely related to health promotion. This is because it guarantees to pregnant women a critical consciousness about their self-care, which is the first initiative for changes to occur in their life habits and in the way they face the circumstances inherent to pregnancy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , National Health Strategies , Health Education , Pregnant Women , Health Promotion , Evaluation Studies as TopicABSTRACT
Resumo O Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica foi criado no Brasil para apoiar e ampliar a atenção e a gestão na Saúde da Família. Analisa-se a sua atuação quanto à saúde do trabalhador e saúde e ambiente em territórios do campo e das águas com as famílias que vivem da pesca artesanal e da agricultura camponesa. Pesquisa qualitativa que se ancorou em referenciais da Sociologia das Ausências e da Saúde Coletiva, na abordagem particular que esta faz das relações entre saúde, ambiente e trabalho. A pesquisa valeu-se do emprego de grupos focais na produção de narrativas de profissionais do Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica em municípios do semiárido e do litoral do Nordeste. Evidenciaram-se singularidades socioeconômicas e culturais das populações do campo e das águas; invisibilidades e potencialidades sobre seus modos de vida e trabalho; cargas e doenças relacionadas ao trabalho; e aspectos da atuação do Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica mediante interações com o trabalho e o ambiente nesses territórios. Os cuidados oferecidos a estas populações consideram parcialmente suas especificidades socioculturais, produtivas, ambientais e de saúde, sendo preciso ampliar o reconhecimento de seus modos de vida e trabalho visando intervenções mais exitosas sobre os problemas e necessidades de saúde - o que aponta desafios à formação em saúde para o Sistema Único de Saúde.
Abstract The Extended Family Health and Primary Care Center (Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica - NASF-AB) was created in Brazil to support and expand Family Health care and management. Its performance regarding workers' health and health and environment in rural and water territories is analyzed with families that live from artisanal fishing and peasant agriculture. This is a qualitative research that was anchored in references from the Sociology of Absences and Collective Health, in the latter's particular approach to the relations between health, environment, and work. The research used focus groups to produce narratives of professionals from the Extended Center for Family Health and Primary Care in municipalities in the semiarid and coastal regions of the Northeast. The socioeconomic and cultural singularities of the rural and water populations were evidenced; invisibilities and potentialities about their ways of life and work; work-related burdens and diseases; and aspects of the performance of the Extended Family Health Center and Primary Care through interactions with work and the environment in these territories. The care offered to these populations partially considers their sociocultural, productive, environmental, and health specificities, and it is necessary to expand the recognition of their ways of life and work, aiming at more successful interventions on health problems and needs; which poses challenges to health education for the Unified Health System.
Resumen El Núcleo Ampliado de Salud de la Familia y Atención Básica fue creado en Brasil para apoyar y ampliar la atención y gestión en Salud de la Familia. Se analiza su desempeño en materia de salud de los trabajadores y salud y medio ambiente en territorios del campo y de las aguas con las familias que viven de la pesca artesanal y de la agricultura campesina. Investigación cualitativa que se basó en referentes de la Sociología de las Ausencias y de la Salud Colectiva, en el particular abordaje que esta hace de la relación entre salud, medio ambiente y trabajo. La investigación se basó en la utilización de grupos focales en la producción de narrativas por parte de profesionales del Núcleo Ampliado de Salud de la Familia y Atención Básica en municipios de la región semiárida y del litoral del Nordeste. Se evidenciaron singularidades socioeconómicas y culturales de las poblaciones del campo y de las aguas; invisibilidades y potencialidades sobre sus formas de vida y trabajo; cargas y enfermedades relacionadas con el trabajo; y aspectos de la actuación del Núcleo Ampliado de Salud de la Familia y Atención Primaria a través de interacciones con el trabajo y el medio ambiente en estos territorios. La atención ofrecida a estas poblaciones considera parcialmente sus especificidades socioculturales, productivas, ambientales y de salud, siendo necesario ampliar el reconocimiento de sus modos de vida y de trabajo, visando intervenciones más exitosas sobre los problemas y necesidades de salud; lo que apunta desafíos a la formación en salud para el Sistema Único de Salud.
Subject(s)
Humans , Rural HealthABSTRACT
Resumo Objetivo Discutir as medidas de prevenção da covid-19 no contexto da vulnerabilidade das pessoas idosas institucionalizadas e analisar o apoio social ofertado às Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos durante a pandemia. Método Pesquisa qualitativa realizada com trabalhadores de 24 instituições filantrópicas do Rio Grande do Norte. Os conceitos de vulnerabilidade em saúde e apoio social embasaram a organização e discussão dos dados submetidos à análise temática. Resultados As instituições adotaram, parcialmente, as medidas de prevenção recomendadas pela Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, em evidência: cancelamento de visitas, uso de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual e limpeza dos ambientes. Em sua maioria, as instituições priorizaram o controle da transmissão viral, secundarizando a redução dos impactos sociopsicológicos referentes ao distanciamento e isolamento social. Foram observadas medidas não recomendadas e sem evidência científica, como o uso de ivermectina. Ainda, a atuação das redes de assistência social e de saúde se efetivou de forma mais integrada, melhorando o apoio social oferecido às instituições na perspectiva da pandemia. O Sistema Único de Saúde se destacou pelas recomendações sanitárias, oferta de insumos e atenção da Estratégia Saúde da Família, enquanto o Sistema Único de Assistência Social atuou de maneira menos expressiva. Conclusão Em geral, as medidas adotadas foram insuficientes para a prevenção da covid-19 diante das suscetibilidades dos idosos institucionalizados. Embora a pandemia tenha ampliado a rede de apoio social e a visibilidade das Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos, tornam-se necessários maiores investimentos do poder público para efetivar a redução de vulnerabilidade dessas pessoas idosas.
Abstract Objective Discuss covid-19 prevention measures in the context of the vulnerability of institutionalized elderly people and analyze the social support offered to Long Stay Institutions for the Elderly during the pandemic. Method Qualitative research carried out with workers from 24 philanthropic institutions in Rio Grande do Norte. The concepts of vulnerability in health and social support supported the organization and discussion of data submitted to thematic analysis. Results The institutions partially adopted the prevention measures recommended by the National Health Surveillance Agency, in evidence: cancellation of visits, use of Personal Protective Equipment and cleaning of environments. For the most part, institutions prioritized the control of viral transmission, putting the reduction of socio-psychological impacts related to social distancing and isolation in the background. Measures not recommended and without scientific evidence were observed, such as the use of ivermectin. Also, the performance of social assistance and health networks was carried out in a more integrated way, improving the social support offered to institutions in the perspective of the pandemic. The Unified Health System stood out for its sanitary recommendations, supply of supplies and attention from the Family Health Strategy, while the Unified Social Assistance System acted in a less expressive way. Conclusion In general, the measures adopted were insufficient to prevent covid-19 in view of the susceptibilities of institutionalized elderly people. Although the pandemic has expanded the social support network and the visibility of Long-Stay Institutions for the Elderly, greater investments by the government are necessary to effectively reduce the vulnerability of these elderly people.
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Ketamine (KET) is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist with rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects, but how the drug shows its sustained effects is still a matter of controversy. The objectives were to evaluate the mechanisms for KET rapid (30 min) and long-lasting (15 and 30 days after) antidepressant effects in mice. A single dose of KET (2, 5, or 10 mg/kg, po) was administered to male Swiss mice and the forced swim test (FST) was performed 30 min, 15, or 30 days later. Imipramine (IMI, 30 mg/kg, ip), a tricyclic antidepressant drug, was used as reference. The mice were euthanized, separated into two time-point groups (D1, first day after KET injection; D30, 30 days later), and brain sections were processed for glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), histone deacetylase (HDAC), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemical assays. KET (5 and 10 mg/kg) presented rapid and long-lasting antidepressant-like effects. As expected, the immunoreactivities for brain GSK-3 and HDAC decreased compared to control groups in all areas (striatum, DG, CA1, CA3, and mainly pre-frontal cortex, PFC) after KET injection. Increases in BDNF immunostaining were demonstrated in the PFC, DG, CA1, and CA3 areas at D1 and D30 time-points. GFAP immunoreactivity was also increased in the PFC and striatum at both time-points. In conclusion, KET changed brain BDNF and GFAP expressions 30 days after a single administration. Although neuroplasticity could be involved in the observed effects of KET, more studies are needed to explain the mechanisms for the drug's sustained antidepressant-like effects.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rabbits , Brain/drug effects , Brain/enzymology , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism , Ketamine/pharmacology , Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology , Astrocytes , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 , Disease Models, Animal , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein , Histone DeacetylasesABSTRACT
Ketamine (KET) is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist with rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects, but how the drug shows its sustained effects is still a matter of controversy. The objectives were to evaluate the mechanisms for KET rapid (30 min) and long-lasting (15 and 30 days after) antidepressant effects in mice. A single dose of KET (2, 5, or 10 mg/kg, po) was administered to male Swiss mice and the forced swim test (FST) was performed 30 min, 15, or 30 days later. Imipramine (IMI, 30 mg/kg, ip), a tricyclic antidepressant drug, was used as reference. The mice were euthanized, separated into two time-point groups (D1, first day after KET injection; D30, 30 days later), and brain sections were processed for glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), histone deacetylase (HDAC), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemical assays. KET (5 and 10 mg/kg) presented rapid and long-lasting antidepressant-like effects. As expected, the immunoreactivities for brain GSK-3 and HDAC decreased compared to control groups in all areas (striatum, DG, CA1, CA3, and mainly pre-frontal cortex, PFC) after KET injection. Increases in BDNF immunostaining were demonstrated in the PFC, DG, CA1, and CA3 areas at D1 and D30 time-points. GFAP immunoreactivity was also increased in the PFC and striatum at both time-points. In conclusion, KET changed brain BDNF and GFAP expressions 30 days after a single administration. Although neuroplasticity could be involved in the observed effects of KET, more studies are needed to explain the mechanisms for the drug's sustained antidepressant-like effects.
Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism , Brain/drug effects , Brain/enzymology , Ketamine , Animals , Astrocytes , Disease Models, Animal , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 , Histone Deacetylases , Ketamine/pharmacology , Male , MiceABSTRACT
Mammalian lice are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that remain on the host throughout the life cycle. This study showed an endangered wild howler species (Alouatta belzebul) parasitized by Pediculus mjobergi. Twenty-seven primates were rescued during wildlife rescue activities in the process of vegetation suppression at the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant (UHE), located on the lower Xingu River, in the Brazilian Amazon basin. Among the 27 primates examined from two vegetal formations (alluvial rainforest and liana-infested forest) areas, 13 (48.15%) were parasitized by lice with all positive primates being from alluvial rainforest. Optical and scanning electron microscopy allowed the visualization of the structures and the diagnostic characters of the lice species in greater detail expanding the current description. These results highlight the importance of considering ecological and regional features to provide a better understanding of the factors that promote parasitism.
Subject(s)
Alouatta/parasitology , Lice Infestations/veterinary , Monkey Diseases/parasitology , Pediculus , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , RainforestABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate prognostic factors among critically ill patients with community-acquired bacterial meningitis and acute kidney injury. METHODS: A retrospective study including patients admitted to a tertiary infectious disease hospital in Fortaleza, Brazil diagnosed with community-acquired bacterial meningitis complicated with acute kidney injury. Factors associated with death, mechanical ventilation and use of vasopressors were investigated. RESULTS: Forty-one patients were included, with a mean age of 41.6 ± 15.5 years; 56% were males. Mean time between intensive care unit admission and acute kidney injury diagnosis was 5.8 ± 10.6 days. Overall mortality was 53.7%. According to KDIGO criteria, 10 patients were classified as stage 1 (24.4%), 18 as stage 2 (43.9%) and 13 as stage 3 (31.7%). KDIGO 3 significantly increased mortality (OR = 6.67; 95%CI = 1.23 - 36.23; p = 0.028). Thrombocytopenia was not associated with higher mortality, but it was a risk factor for KDIGO 3 (OR = 5.67; 95%CI = 1.25 - 25.61; p = 0.024) and for mechanical ventilation (OR = 6.25; 95%CI = 1.33 - 29.37; p = 0.02). Patients who needed mechanical ventilation by 48 hours from acute kidney injury diagnosis had higher urea (44.6 versus 74mg/dL, p = 0.039) and sodium (138.6 versus 144.1mEq/L; p = 0.036). CONCLUSION: Mortality among critically ill patients with community-acquired bacterial meningitis and acute kidney injury is high. Acute kidney injury severity was associated with even higher mortality. Thrombocytopenia was associated with severer acute kidney injury. Higher urea was an earlier predictor of severer acute kidney injury than was creatinine.
OBJETIVO: Investigar os fatores prognósticos em pacientes graves com meningite bacteriana adquirida na comunidade e lesão renal aguda. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com inclusão de pacientes em um hospital terciário dedicado a doenças infecciosas localizado em Fortaleza (CE), com diagnóstico de meningite bacteriana adquirida na comunidade complicada por lesão renal aguda. Investigaram-se os fatores associados a óbito, ventilação mecânica e uso de vasopressores. RESULTADOS: Incluíram-se 41 pacientes, com média de idade de 41,6 ± 15,5 anos, 56% dos quais do sexo masculino. O tempo médio entre a admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva e o diagnóstico de lesão renal aguda foi de 5,8 ± 10,6 dias. A mortalidade global foi de 53,7%. Segundo os critérios KDIGO, 10 pacientes foram classificados como estágio 1 (24,4%), 18 como estágio 2 (43,9%) e 13 como estágio 3 (31,7%). A classificação em estágio KDIGO 3 aumentou de forma significante a mortalidade (OR = 6,67; IC95% = 1,23 - 36,23; p = 0,028). A presença de trombocitopenia não se associou com aumento da mortalidade, porém foi um fator de risco para a ocorrência da classificação KDIGO 3 (OR = 5,67; IC95% = 1,25 - 25,61; p = 0,024) e para necessidade de utilizar ventilação mecânica (OR = 6,25; IC95% = 1,33 - 29,37; p = 0,02). Os pacientes que necessitaram de ventilação mecânica 48 horas após o diagnóstico de lesão renal aguda tiveram níveis mais elevados de ureia (44,6 versus 74mg/dL; p = 0,039) e sódio (138,6 versus 144,1mEq/L; p = 0,036). CONCLUSÃO: A mortalidade de pacientes graves com meningite bacteriana adquirida na comunidade e lesão renal aguda é alta. A severidade da lesão renal aguda se associou com mortalidade ainda mais elevada. A presença de trombocitopenia se associou com lesão renal aguda mais grave. Níveis mais elevados de ureia podem prever mais precocemente a ocorrência de lesão renal aguda de maior gravidade.
Subject(s)
Acute Kidney Injury/physiopathology , Meningitis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Thrombocytopenia/complications , Acute Kidney Injury/mortality , Adult , Brazil , Community-Acquired Infections/mortality , Community-Acquired Infections/physiopathology , Creatinine/metabolism , Critical Illness , Female , Hospital Mortality , Humans , Intensive Care Units , Male , Meningitis, Bacterial/mortality , Middle Aged , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Urea/metabolism , Vasoconstrictor Agents/administration & dosage , Young AdultABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: O Traumatismo Cranioencefálico (TCE)é definido como uma alteração na função encefálica, devido a uma causa externa, ou seja, algum trauma físico de origem externa e que leva à morbimortalidade e incapacidades em todo o mundo. OBJETIVO: Analisar as características (aspectos sociodemográficos, causa do TCE; custos com saúde) de indivíduos com sequelas de traumatismo cranioencefálico em um centro de referência em reabilitação. METODOLOGIA: Estudo de natureza descritiva,retrospectiva e quantitativa no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2013, por meio de análise documental, resultando em uma amostra final de 88 prontuários analisados. Foram incluídos indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idade igual ou superior a dois anos de vida. RESULTADOS: Dos indivíduos com sequelas de TCE, 86,36% eram do sexo masculino, com idade entre 18 e 59 anos (80,68%), apresentando ensino médio completo (26,14%), de cor parda (52,27%) e com renda familiar entre um e cinco salários mínimos (60,23%). A causa mais frequente de TCE foi o acidente motociclístico (68,18%). Não houve diferença estatística entre tipos de causa de TCE e custos com saúde. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo demonstrou que grande parte dos indivíduos eram homens jovens e vítimas de acidente motociclístico.(AU)
INTRODUCTION: traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as a change in brain function due to an external cause, that is, some external physical trauma that leads to morbidity and mortality, disabilities and mortality worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics (Socio-demographic aspects; causes of TBI; Health costs) of individuals with traumatic brain injury sequelae in a referral center for rehabilitation. METHODOLOGY: descriptive, retrospective and quantitative study from January 2009 to December 2013, Through documentary analysis, resulting in a final sample of 88 analyzed medical records. Individuals of both sexes, aged 2 years or more, were included. RESULTS: Of the individuals with TBI sequelae, 86.36% were male, aged between 18 and 59 years (80.68%), with completed secondary education (26.14%), mulatto (52.27 %) and family income between 1 and 5 minimum wages (60.23%). The most frequent cause of TBI were motorcycle accidents (68.18%). There was no statistical difference between types of cause of TBI and health care costs. CONCLUSION: This study showed that most individuals were young men, motorcycle accident victims and who lost work capacity. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Violence/statistics & numerical data , Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data , Craniocerebral Trauma/complications , Craniocerebral Trauma/etiology , Rehabilitation Centers , Socioeconomic Factors , Unified Health System/economics , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Health Care CostsABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar os fatores prognósticos em pacientes graves com meningite bacteriana adquirida na comunidade e lesão renal aguda. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo com inclusão de pacientes em um hospital terciário dedicado a doenças infecciosas localizado em Fortaleza (CE), com diagnóstico de meningite bacteriana adquirida na comunidade complicada por lesão renal aguda. Investigaram-se os fatores associados a óbito, ventilação mecânica e uso de vasopressores. Resultados: Incluíram-se 41 pacientes, com média de idade de 41,6 ± 15,5 anos, 56% dos quais do sexo masculino. O tempo médio entre a admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva e o diagnóstico de lesão renal aguda foi de 5,8 ± 10,6 dias. A mortalidade global foi de 53,7%. Segundo os critérios KDIGO, 10 pacientes foram classificados como estágio 1 (24,4%), 18 como estágio 2 (43,9%) e 13 como estágio 3 (31,7%). A classificação em estágio KDIGO 3 aumentou de forma significante a mortalidade (OR = 6,67; IC95% = 1,23 - 36,23; p = 0,028). A presença de trombocitopenia não se associou com aumento da mortalidade, porém foi um fator de risco para a ocorrência da classificação KDIGO 3 (OR = 5,67; IC95% = 1,25 - 25,61; p = 0,024) e para necessidade de utilizar ventilação mecânica (OR = 6,25; IC95% = 1,33 - 29,37; p = 0,02). Os pacientes que necessitaram de ventilação mecânica 48 horas após o diagnóstico de lesão renal aguda tiveram níveis mais elevados de ureia (44,6 versus 74mg/dL; p = 0,039) e sódio (138,6 versus 144,1mEq/L; p = 0,036). Conclusão: A mortalidade de pacientes graves com meningite bacteriana adquirida na comunidade e lesão renal aguda é alta. A severidade da lesão renal aguda se associou com mortalidade ainda mais elevada. A presença de trombocitopenia se associou com lesão renal aguda mais grave. Níveis mais elevados de ureia podem prever mais precocemente a ocorrência de lesão renal aguda de maior gravidade.
ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate prognostic factors among critically ill patients with community-acquired bacterial meningitis and acute kidney injury. Methods: A retrospective study including patients admitted to a tertiary infectious disease hospital in Fortaleza, Brazil diagnosed with community-acquired bacterial meningitis complicated with acute kidney injury. Factors associated with death, mechanical ventilation and use of vasopressors were investigated. Results: Forty-one patients were included, with a mean age of 41.6 ± 15.5 years; 56% were males. Mean time between intensive care unit admission and acute kidney injury diagnosis was 5.8 ± 10.6 days. Overall mortality was 53.7%. According to KDIGO criteria, 10 patients were classified as stage 1 (24.4%), 18 as stage 2 (43.9%) and 13 as stage 3 (31.7%). KDIGO 3 significantly increased mortality (OR = 6.67; 95%CI = 1.23 - 36.23; p = 0.028). Thrombocytopenia was not associated with higher mortality, but it was a risk factor for KDIGO 3 (OR = 5.67; 95%CI = 1.25 - 25.61; p = 0.024) and for mechanical ventilation (OR = 6.25; 95%CI = 1.33 - 29.37; p = 0.02). Patients who needed mechanical ventilation by 48 hours from acute kidney injury diagnosis had higher urea (44.6 versus 74mg/dL, p = 0.039) and sodium (138.6 versus 144.1mEq/L; p = 0.036). Conclusion: Mortality among critically ill patients with community-acquired bacterial meningitis and acute kidney injury is high. Acute kidney injury severity was associated with even higher mortality. Thrombocytopenia was associated with severer acute kidney injury. Higher urea was an earlier predictor of severer acute kidney injury than was creatinine.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Thrombocytopenia/complications , Meningitis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Acute Kidney Injury/physiopathology , Prognosis , Urea/metabolism , Vasoconstrictor Agents/administration & dosage , Severity of Illness Index , Brazil , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Meningitis, Bacterial/mortality , Hospital Mortality , Critical Illness , Community-Acquired Infections/physiopathology , Community-Acquired Infections/mortality , Creatinine/metabolism , Acute Kidney Injury/mortality , Intensive Care Units , Middle AgedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The HLA genes show high levels of diversity as indicated by the number of HLA alleles. There are almost 11,000 classical HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 alleles in populations around the world, making the search for compatible donors difficult. HLA diversity is generated by different genetic mechanisms, such as point mutations, which result in single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertion and deletion, and recombination. The aim of this study was to describe genetic mechanisms involved in the generation of HLA alleles in Brazilians. METHODS: Twenty-six alleles indentified in the Brazilian bone marrow donors were include in the study. Data regarding new HLA alleles by sequence-based typing were also used to elucidate what genetics mechanism was involved in the HLA variability. The new alleles were officially named by the World Health Organization Nomenclature Committee. RESULTS: The new alleles described were HLA-DRB1*11:04:14, HLA-A*33:117, and HLA-B*41:48. The DRB1*11:04:14 allele was generated by synonymous point mutation at codon 48. The A*33:117 allele was generated by nonsynonymous nucleotide mutation leading to amino acid substitution at codon 74. The B*41:48 allele was generated by an intralocus gene conversion between the HLA alleles from groups HLA-B*13, B*35, B*53, or B*58 and an allele from the HLA-B*41 group. CONCLUSIONS: Different genetic mechanisms introduce new mutant HLA alleles into the human population requiring attentive and rigorous specialists and the use of different methodologies to identify these mutations in HLA typing routine.
Subject(s)
Alleles , HLA-A Antigens/genetics , HLA-B Antigens/genetics , HLA-DRB1 Chains/genetics , Mutation/genetics , Brazil , Codon/genetics , Gene Conversion/genetics , Histocompatibility Testing , Humans , Tissue Donors/supply & distributionABSTRACT
RESUMO O presente estudo investigou as concepções e práticas de Promoção da Saúde dos profissionais das nove Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) que constituem campo de estágio do curso de Medicina da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), na cidade de Mossoró (RN), discutindo-se os achados na perspectiva das novas tendências em educação médica, Saúde e Atenção. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, aplicando-se a técnica de análise temática para análise de dados. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram 25 profissionais que atuam na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Os resultados revelaram três tendências conceituais: Promoção da Saúde assimilada como prevenção de doenças; concepção difusa sobre Promoção da Saúde; e caracterização apropriada. Entre as práticas, prevaleceram as palestras, realizadas nas UBS com grupos de pacientes, no contexto de ações e programas, como Hiperdia, idosos e grávidas, e as orientações individuais, proporcionadas tanto nas UBS, quanto durante as visitas domiciliares. Entre os principais desafios postos à Promoção da Saúde foram constatados: persistência do modelo biomédico, déficit de recursos humanos, excesso de demanda e ausência de mecanismos de qualificação, que atuam como fatores de fragilização e fragmentação das equipes. Conclui-se que é necessário intensificar os esforços para uma construção dialogada entre Ensino, Serviço, Gestão em Saúde e a sociedade. No campo da educação médica, destaca-se a disponibilidade de instrumentos que amparam a articulação entre as instituições formadoras e os serviços de saúde e oferecem mecanismos para uma formação integrada e a Educação Permanente. Reafirma-se o papel das escolas médicas, empenhadas em dar concretude aos propósitos da Promoção da Saúde, harmonizados com o modelo dialógico da educação, para a formação de profissionais médicos com o perfil que a sociedade precisa, em favor de uma vida mais saudável e de uma sociedade melhor.
ABSTRACT The present study investigated the concepts and practices related to health promotion among professionals from nine Basic Health Units - BHU, that constitute the internship field of the Medical course of Rio Grande do Norte State University - UERN, in the town of Mossoró/RN. The findings are discussed from the perspective of new trends in Medical Education, Health and Care. This is an exploratory study with a qualitative approach, applying the thematic analysis technique for data analysis. The research subjects were twenty-five professionals who work in the Family Health Strategy - FHS. The results revealed three conceptual tendencies: Health Promotion assimilated as a form of disease prevention, a diffused concept of Health Promotion and, finally, an appropriate characterization. The practices included lectures with groups of patients, in the context of actions and programs, such as Hiperdia (addressing hypertension), health of the elderly and pregnant, and individual guidelines, provided both at the BHU and during home visits. The main challenges identified for health promotion included: the persistence of the biomedical model, the human resources deficit, the excess demand and absence of qualification mechanisms, which contribute toward team fragility and fragmentation. In conclusion, it is necessary to intensify efforts toward achieving a dialogical construction between Teaching, Services, Health Management and the Society, highlighting in the field of Medical Education the availability of instruments that support coordination between training institutions and the Health Services and offer mechanisms for integrated training and permanent education. The role of medical schools is reasserted: committed to consolidating the purposes of Health Promotion, aligned to the dialogical model of education for training medical professionals with a profile that society needs, and in favor of a healthier life and a better society.
ABSTRACT
Two novel alleles, HLA-A*02:643N and HLA-B*53:44, generated by different mechanisms, were identified in Brazilian individuals.
Subject(s)
Alleles , Exons , HLA Antigens/genetics , HLA-A2 Antigen/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Tissue Donors , Adult , Base Sequence , Brazil , Codon/chemistry , Female , Gene Expression , Genotype , HLA Antigens/immunology , HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation , Histocompatibility Testing , Humans , Loss of Function Mutation , Male , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
Public health concerns exist surrounding the epidemic of the Zika virus (ZIKV) and the rapid growth of transplantation in developing countries, including endemic zones of active arbovirus transmission, as well as travel to such regions by potential organ donors and recipients. Few data exist regarding the clinical characteristics of ZIKV infection in immunocompromised hosts. Laboratory screening protocols for transplantation to differentiate ZIKV infections from other endemic viral diseases and for the detection of possible donor-derived infection have not been stated. The diagnosis of ZIKV infection remains a challenge, fueled by the lack of standardized commercially available diagnostic tests and validated reference diagnostic laboratories, as well as the limited duration of ZIKV viremia. In this small series, ZIKV infection in renal and liver recipients presented without rash, conjunctivitis, or neurological symptoms, and with abnormal graft function, thrombocytopenia, and bacterial superinfection. We report the first case series of ZIKV infection in solid organ recipients, with a description of clinical and laboratory features and therapeutic management.
Subject(s)
Graft Rejection/etiology , Organ Transplantation/adverse effects , Viremia/etiology , Zika Virus Infection/complications , Zika Virus/pathogenicity , Graft Rejection/diagnosis , Graft Survival , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prognosis , RNA, Viral/genetics , Risk Factors , Viremia/diagnosis , Zika Virus/genetics , Zika Virus Infection/virologyABSTRACT
The Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program (MMP), which was launched in 2013, sought to provide doctors to work in primary health care in priority areas within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). This article analyzes the perception of MMP service users through the results of a qualitative study that consisted of interviews with service users of the Family Health Strategy (ESF) in which doctors from the MMP worked. The service users who were interviewed had a positive view of the MMP because it had expanded access to health care, although there still remained organizational and technical problems that limited the use of services. The performance of foreign doctors was well viewed, with an emphasis on a humanized relationship between doctor and service user, which was characterized by listening, attention and dialogue. In terms of communication with these professionals, some service users referred to language as being a barrier, which was ameliorated by the use of communication strategies within the ESF. The MMP offered a quick and satisfactory resolution to the historical problem of difficulty of access to doctors in Brazil. However, the effectiveness of the Brazilian health system requires that weaknesses are overcome, such as access to specialized services, organizational problems and the implementation of service production models that are centered on illness.
Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care , Government Programs , Health Services Accessibility , Patient Satisfaction , Physicians/supply & distribution , Primary Health Care , Adolescent , Adult , Brazil , Cities , Female , Foreign Medical Graduates , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Workforce , Young AdultABSTRACT
Resumo O Projeto Mais Médicos (PMM), lançado em 2013, buscou prover profissionais médicos para atuar na Atenção Primária à Saúde, em regiões prioritárias para o Sistema Único de Saúde. Neste artigo, analisa-se a percepção de usuários sobre o PMM, como resultado de investigação qualitativa que entrevistou pessoas atendidas na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) em que atuam médicos do projeto. Os entrevistados veem positivamente o PMM, por ele ter ampliado o acesso aos cuidados médicos, embora persistam barreiras organizacionais e técnicas que limitam o uso dos serviços. A atuação de médicos intercambistas foi bem avaliada, com ênfase na relação médico-usuário humanizada, caracterizada pela escuta, atenção e diálogo. Sobre a comunicação com esses profissionais, os usuários referem o idioma como uma barreira, que foi amenizada pelo uso de estratégias comunicacionais nas ESF. O PMM ofereceu resolução rápida e satisfatória para o problema histórico da dificuldade de acesso ao médico. Contudo a efetivação do sistema de saúde brasileiro exige a superação de insuficiências, como acesso a serviços especializados, problemas organizacionais e modelos de produção de serviços centrados na doença.
Abstract The Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program (MMP), which was launched in 2013, sought to provide doctors to work in primary health care in priority areas within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). This article analyzes the perception of MMP service users through the results of a qualitative study that consisted of interviews with service users of the Family Health Strategy (ESF) in which doctors from the MMP worked. The service users who were interviewed had a positive view of the MMP because it had expanded access to health care, although there still remained organizational and technical problems that limited the use of services. The performance of foreign doctors was well viewed, with an emphasis on a humanized relationship between doctor and service user, which was characterized by listening, attention and dialogue. In terms of communication with these professionals, some service users referred to language as being a barrier, which was ameliorated by the use of communication strategies within the ESF. The MMP offered a quick and satisfactory resolution to the historical problem of difficulty of access to doctors in Brazil. However, the effectiveness of the Brazilian health system requires that weaknesses are overcome, such as access to specialized services, organizational problems and the implementation of service production models that are centered on illness.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Physicians/supply & distribution , Primary Health Care , Patient Satisfaction , Delivery of Health Care , Government Programs , Health Services Accessibility , Brazil , Cities , Foreign Medical GraduatesABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: descrever as características clínicas e epidemiológicas dos casos de recidivas de hanseníase diagnosticados nos serviços de referência do município de Teresina, Piauí. MÉTODOS: estudo de série de casos realizado na Clínica de Dermatologia do Hospital Getúlio Vargas e no Centro Maria Imaculada, no período de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2008, com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) conferidos nos prontuários. RESULTADOS: foram confirmados 76 casos de recidivas nos serviços de referência, com média de idade de 44,2 anos; o tempo médio da alta em relação ao aparecimento da recidiva foi de 7,9 anos; os sinais e sintomas que caracterizaram as recidivas nas duas unidades estudadas foram manchas, infiltração, nódulos e placas; a conduta introduzida foi a multidrogaterapia. CONCLUSÃO: os casos de recidivas diagnosticados nos serviços de referência de Teresina possuem características clínicas semelhantes e apresentam perfil epidemiológico condizente com o do Brasil.
OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of leprosy recurrence diagnosed at referemce centers in the city of Teresina, Piaui, Brazil. METHODS: Case series study conducted at the Getulio Vargas Hospital Dermatology Clinic and at the Maria Imaculada Center, from January 2001 to December 2008, using Notifiable Diseases Information System data checked against patients' records. RESULTS: 76 cases of leprosy recurrence cases were confirmed with average patient age of 44.2 years. The average time between discharge and recurrence was 7.9 years. The signs and symptoms of recurrence in both clinics were skin patches, infiltration, nodules and plaques. Multidrug therapy was used. CONCLUSIONS: Recurring cases diagnosed at the clinics in Teresina have clinical characteristics and an epidemiological profile similar to those of Brazil as a whole.
OBJETIVO: describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los casos de recurrencia de hanseniasis diagnosticados en los centros de referencia del municipio de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudio de serie de casos realizado en la Clínica de Dermatología del Hospital Getulio Vargas y en el Centro María Inmaculada, en el período de enero de 2001 hasta diciembre de 2008, con datos del Sistema de Informacion de Enfermidades de Declaración Obligatoria (Sinan) adjudicados en los prontuarios. RESULTADOS: fueron confirmados 76 casos de recidivas en los centros, con media de edad de 44,2 años; el tiempo medio de alta, en relación al aparecimiento de la recidiva fue de 7,9 años; las señales y síntomas que caracterizaron las recidivas en las dos unidades estudiadas fueron: manchas, infiltraciones, nódulos y placas; la conducta introducida fue multidrogo terapia. CONCLUSIÓN: los casos de recurrencia diagnosticados en los servicios de referencia de Teresina tienen características clínicas similares y el perfil epidemiológico es consistente con el de Brasil.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Leprosy/diagnosis , Leprosy/epidemiology , Brazil , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Health Information Systems , Recurrence , Signs and Symptoms , Unified Health SystemABSTRACT
HLA-A*29:01:08 differs from A*29:01:01:01 by a single synonymous substitution at position 519, codon 149 GCGâGCA in exon 3.
Subject(s)
Alleles , Codon , HLA-A Antigens/genetics , Brazil , HumansABSTRACT
O presente artigo objetiva sistematizar e avaliar uma experiência de ensino de Educação Popular em Saúde (EPS) em curso de graduação em Enfermagem que inseriu Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) como discentes. A experiência possibilitou a qualificação dos ACSs, que puderam, mediante conteúdos e metodologias utilizadas, refletir sobre suas práticas de Educação em Saúde, caracterizadas pela imposição de normas e comportamentos, e construir instrumentos para a EPS. A troca de saberes com os ACSs e o conhecimento da realidade de vida/saúde da população possibilitaram aos alunos de Enfermagem construir uma concepção ampliada de saúde e compreender o caráter transformador da EPS no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). A experiência permitiu formar trabalhadores sintonizados com os desafios da construção do SUS e qualificar os ACSs para o exercício da EPS, reconhecida como política pública necessária à consolidação desse sistema...
This article aims to systematize and evaluate a teaching experience of Popular Education in Health (PEH) at undergraduate course in Nursing including Community Healthcare Agents (ACS) as students. The experience allowed the qualification of ACS, which could, through content and methodologies, reflect on their practices in health education, characterized by imposition of norms and behaviors, and create tools for Popular Education. The exchange of knowledge with the ACS and the awareness of the population reality of life/health enabled the nursing students to construct a broad view of health and understand the transformative character of EPS in the context of the Unified Health System (SUS). The experience allowed to train nurses in tune with the challenges of SUS building and to qualify ACS for the exercise of EPS, recognized as a public policy required for the consolidation of that system....
Este artículo pretende sistematizar y evaluar una experiencia en enseñanza de Educación Popular en Salud (EPS) en curso de enfermería, incluido Agentes Comunitarios de Salud (ACS) como estudiantes. La experiencia permitió capacitación de ACS, que a través de contenidos y metodologías, reflejaron sus prácticas de educación para salud, caracterizándose por imposición de normas, comportamientos y desarrollar herramientas para Educación Popular. El intercambio de conocimientos con el ACS y el conocimiento de realidad de vida/salud de la población hizo posible a los estudiantes de enfermería construir una visión expandida de salud y entender el carácter transformador de la EPS en Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). La experiencia ha permitido capacitar los enfermeros en sintonía con desafíos de construcción del SUS y calificar los ACS para el ejercicio de EPS, reconocida como una política pública necesaria a la consolidación de este sistema...