Determination of the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. and the main serovars circulating in cattle in the province of Manabí, Ecuador. / Determinación de la seroprevalencia de Leptospira spp. y los principales serovares circulantes en el ganado bovino en la provincia de Manabí, Ecuador.

Leptospirosis is a transmissible zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic strains of the genus Leptospira. Clinical signs in cattle are fever, haematuria, haemoglobinuria, meningitis, abortion, birth of weak calves and infertility; in the most severe cases, it can cause death to the animal. The few studies conducted in Ecuador, and in particular the province of Manabí, have revealed varying prevalence rates, ranging from 35.8% to 75%. The objective of this study is to determine the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in cattle and to ascertain the main serovars circulating in the province of Manabí. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted from November 2015 to March 2016, for which seven cantons were selected at random and a total of 854 animals from 67 herds were investigated. The samples were processed in the laboratories of the Animal Diagnostics Directorate of the Ecuadorian Agency for Agriculture Quality Assurance (AGROCALIDAD) in Tumbaco, using the microscopic agglutination test. The sera were analysed to check whether they contained any of the eight serovars of Leptospira interrogans circulating most frequently in the country: Canicola, Hardjo, Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Wolffi, Bratislava and Copenhageni. Overall seroprevalence at herd level was 97.01%, with the most common serovars being Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Bratislava and Canicola. It was concluded that there is high seroprevalence at herd level in the province of Manabí.

La leptospirose est une maladie zoonotique infecto-contagieuse causée par des souches pathogènes du genre Leptospira. Chez les bovins, le tableau clinique de la maladie se caractérise par de la fièvre, une hématurie, une hémoglobinurie, une méningite, des cas d'avortement ou la naissance de veaux faibles et une infertilité ; dans les cas les plus graves, la maladie peut provoquer la mort de l'animal. En Équateur et plus précisément dans la province de Manabí, les rares études effectuées jusqu'à ce jour ont rapporté des taux de prévalence allant de 35,8 % à 75 %. Les auteurs présentent les résultats d'une étude visant à déterminer la prévalence sérologique de la leptospirose dans le cheptel bovin de la province de Manabí ainsi que les principaux sérovars présents. Une enquête épidémiologique transversale a été conduite de novembre 2015 à mars 2016 dans sept cantons choisis de manière aléatoire. Au total, 854 animaux appartenant à 67 élevages ont été testés. Les prélèvement ont été préparés par les laboratoires de la Direction du diagnostic vétérinaire de l'Agence équatorienne de la qualité agricole (AGROCALIDAD) de Tumbaco et soumis à une épreuve d'agglutination microscopique afin de déterminer s'ils contenaient l'un ou plusieurs des huit sérovars de Leptospira interrogans présents dans le pays, à savoir Canicola, Hardjo, Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Wolffi, Bratislava et Copenhageni. La séroprévalence globale au niveau des troupeaux était de 97,01 %, les sérovars les plus fréquents étant Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Bratislava et Canicola. Les auteurs en concluent que la séroprévalence au niveau des troupeaux est élevée dans la province de Manabí.

La leptospirosis es una enfermedad zoonótica infectocontagiosa causada por cepas patógenas del género Leptospira. En el ganado bovino, clínicamente se caracteriza por fiebre, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, meningitis, abortos y/o nacimiento de animales débiles e infertilidad, y, en los casos más graves, puede provocar la muerte de los animales. En Ecuador, y en concreto en la provincia de Manabí, los escasos estudios realizados denotan prevalencias variables, que van del 35,8% al 75%. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la seroprevalencia de la leptospirosis en el ganado bovino y conocer los principales serovares circulantes en la provincia de Manabí. Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico de tipo transversal en el período comprendido entre noviembre de 2015 y marzo de 2016, para el cual se seleccionaron siete cantones al azar y se investigaron un total 854 animales pertenecientes a 67 hatos. Las muestras se procesaron en los Laboratorios de la Dirección de Diagnóstico Animal de la Agencia Ecuatoriana para la Calidad del Agro (AGROCALIDAD) de Tumbaco utilizando la técnica de aglutinación microscópica, y los sueros se analizaron para comprobar si contenían cada uno de los ocho serovares de Leptospira interrogans de mayor circulación en el país: Canicola, Hardjo, Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Wolffi, Bratislava y Copenhageni. La seroprevalencia general a nivel de hatos fue del 97,01%, siendo los más frecuentes los serovares Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Bratislava y Canicola. Se llegó a la conclusión de que en la provincia de Manabí existe una alta seroprevalencia a nivel de hatos.

Placentitis bacteriana como causa de aborto en yeguas: reporte de caso / Placentitis Bacterial as a cause of abortion in mares: Case Report / Placentite causa bacteriana de aborto em éguas: relato de caso

Resumen La placentitis en yeguas ocasionada por bacterias es una de las causas más importantes de abortos, en Colombia no existe evidencia escrita de su presentación. En el presente artículo se reporta el caso de una yegua Silla Francesa de 10 años de edad, que abortó a los 9 meses de gestación y fue atendida en la Clínica Veterinaria San Jorge - Escuela de Equitación Ejército Nacional en Bogotá. La paciente presentó signos de lactancia prematura y se observó engrosamiento de la placenta, además en los hallazgos histopatológicos predominan cambios vasculares (congestión, edema y fibrina) lo que indica una placentitis aguda. En la tinción de Gram de la placenta se encontraron cocobacilos gram negativos adheridos a la superficie de las células de las vellosidades corioalantóicas y entremezclados con el material proteináceo, aparentemente algunos se ubican intracelularmente; asociando estos fenómenos a un proceso infeccioso por posibles enterobacterias (E.coli o Salmonella spp).

Abstract Placentitis in mares caused by bacteria is one of the most important causes of abortions, there aren't any documented cases in Colombia as of yet. In this article, we take a look at a particular case of a "Silla Francesa" mare 10 years of age. The Mare had an abortion at 9 months of gestation and was treated at the Veterinary Clinic San Jorge - Army Equitation School from Bogota. The mare suffered from a premature lactation and presented thickening in the placenta which indicated placentitis, showing signs of vascular changes (congestion, edema and fibrin).In gram staining of placenta, It was found a negative gram coccobacilli adhered to the surface of the chorioallantoic villus cells and mixed with the proteinaceous material, apparently some are located intracellularly, confirming the process of infection potentially due to the presence of enterobacteias. (E.coli or Salmonella sp).

Resumo O placentite em éguas causadas por bactérias é uma das mais importantes causas de abortos, na Colômbia não está escrita a apresentação de provas. Este artigo relata o caso de uma égua cadeira francesa de 10 anos de idade, que o aborto aos 9 meses de gestação e foi tratado na Clínica Veterinária São Jorge - Escola de Equitação do Exército em Bogotá. O paciente apresentou sinais de lactação prematura e espessamento foi observado indicando placentite placenta porque predominantemente alterações vasculares agudas (edema, congestão e fibrina). Na coloração de gram da placenta, cocobacilos gram-negativo foi encontrada aderida à superfície das células das vilosidades corioalantóicas e misturado com o material proteico, aparentemente algumas estão localizadas intracelularmente, o que confirma o processo de potencial infeccioso de enterobactérias (E. coli ou Salmonella sp).

Enfermedad celíaca de presentación atípica en adulto y comentarios sobre inmunopatogenia y complicaciones / Celiac disease presenting atypically in an adult and discussion of immunopathogenesis and complications

La enfermedad celíaca es una afección tradicionalmente perteneciente al ámbito pediátrico. En los últimos años ha habido, sin embargo, un aumento de los casos diagnosticados en adultos debido al mejor conocimiento de formas silentes, de manifestaciones extraintestinales y de las enfermedades asociadas. Se describe el caso de una paciente adulta que consultó por síndrome ascítico que encubría las manifestaciones intestinales y extraintestinales propias de la enfermedad celíaca subyacente. Se discuten hallazgos de laboratorio en relación con la patogenia y al estudio inmmunológico. Se analiza el cuadro clínico de enfermedad celíaca en adultos y patologías asociadas. Se enfatiza la importancia de hacer el diagnóstico y tratamiento, tanto para mejorar la calidad de vida, como para evitar las complicaciones neoplásicas y autoinmunes en pacientes no tratados.

[Reproductive risk factors associated with breast cancer in Colombian women]. / Factores de riesgo reproductivo asociados al cáncer mamario, en mujeres colombianas.

INTRODUCTION: As of 1992, breast cancer has been the second cause of death in Columbian women, with a rising trend in mortality due to this type of neoplasm (average annual rate 4.5*/100.000 inhabitants). Information about potential risk factors for breast cancer in Latin American countries is scarce. The objectives of the project were to test the breastfeeding protection against breast cancer and to establish the reproductive factors associated with breast cancer in Columbia. METHODS: A hospital case-control study was carried out from July 1995 to March 1996 in Bogotá, Columbia, using paring by age groups. The study population consisted of 171 histopathologically confirmed cases and 171 controls. Reproductive history and sociodemographic data were collected through a questionnaire, and logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis of the data. RESULTS: The following associated factors were found as principal results: nuli-parousness as compared with women with over 3 children (OR=3.35 CI 1.40-8.0), age at first birth (OR=1.83 CI 0.70- 4.80), breast cancer history, breastfeeding the first child (OR=0.09 CI 0.01-0.64 for 1-11 months) and with a highly significant trend for accumulated breastfeeding above 24 months (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates the importance of focusing on the promotion of prolonged breastfeeding by women identified as being at higher risk, and confirms that socio-economic level can determine life styles and reproductive events among women (such as breastfeeding time); this could explain the increase in breast cancer mortality in Latin American countries, similar to that in developed countries in terms of fertility and risk factors for breast cancer. The epidemiological information produced by this study will be useful for planning and carrying out early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in women identified as being at high risk of this disease.

Organochlorine exposure and breast cancer risk in Colombian women.

An epidemiological study was performed in Santa Fé de Bogota, Colombia, with a total of 306 women enrolled, including 153 incident BC cases and 153 age-matched controls. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between BC risk and serum dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethene (DDE) levels. Sociodemographic and reproductive data, diet, and past exposure to pesticides were obtained through a structured questionnaire. Chemical analysis of samples was performed by high resolution gas chromatography-ECD. Likelihood of developing BC by exposure to these substances was evaluated through odds ratios (OR) adjusted for: first-child breast-feeding, family BC history, body mass index (BMI), parity, and menopausal status. Data analysis was performed by conditional logistic regression techniques. Adjusted OR for exposure to serum DDE and BC suggests an increase risk of BC in the higher category of DDE exposure (OR=1.95; CI 1.10-3.52). The test for trend was not statistically significant (p=0.09). We confirm that serum DDE levels bear a positive association to risk of BC and could support the association between risk of BC and burden of DDE exposure.

Organochlorine exposure and breast cancer risk in Colombian women

Em estudo epidemiológico realizado em Santa Fé de Bogotá, Colômbia, 153 casos incidentes de câncer de mama (CM) foram comparados com 153 controles, pareados por idade. Avaliou-se a associaçäo entre o risco de CM e níveis séricos do pesticida DDT(DDE). Dados reprodutivos e sócio-demográficos, características da dieta e informaçäo sobre exposiçäo pregressa a pesticidas foram obtidos por meio de questionário. A análise química de amostras de sangue foi realizada através de cromatografia a gaz de alta resoluçäo - ECD. A verossimelhança de desenvolver CM como decorrência de exposiçäo a estas substâncias foi avaliada através de odds ratios (OR), obtidas por técnicas de regressäo logística condicional, ajustadas para amamentaçäo do primogênito, história familiar de CM, índice de massa corporal, paridade e presença de menopausa. As OR ajustadas sugerem um risco aumentado de CM no estrato de maior exposiçäo a DDE (OR + 1,95; C.I. 1,10-3,52), embora o teste de tendência fosse estatisticamente näo significativo (p=0,09). Os resultados encontrados constataram que os níveis séricos de DDE estäo positivamente associados com o risco de CM, e poderiam apoiar a hipótese desta associaçäo.

Influence of nutritional state on the disposal of orally and intramuscularly administered iodized oil to iodine repleted older children and adult women.

Iodinated oil (Ethiodol, 1 or 2 ml) was administered po or by im administration to adult women and older children in rural highland Ecuador who were either well nourished or malnourished to determine the effect of nutritional status on the disposal rate of iodine. These subjects resides in a region previously severely deficient in iodine, but this had been corrected in these subjects by prior administration of iodinated oil or by use of iodized salt or both. Malnutrition as determined by the conventional standards of height for age was associated with a significantly shortened retention time of the administered iodine, whether given po or im. The half life of retention was approximately half in the malourished of that in the well nourished. If these findings can be extrapolated to chronically iodine deficient subjects, then malnourished populations in need of iodine supplementation should either receive higher dosages than those conventionally employed or more frequent dosage.