ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Plant extracts can be obtained to carry bioactive compounds, useful for prevention and treatment of different illnesses. This also supports the intake of teas as functional beverages. Nonetheless, it is incompletely known whether these extracts can act as effective sources and vehicles de phenolic compounds (phenolics/polyphenols) to reach their targets. OBJECTIVE: To establish whether phytoextract ingestion modified in a sex-dependent manner the phenolic bioavailability and redox response in liver and kidney. METHOD: BALB/C mice ingested for a month 100 mg/Kg/d of extracts (tea-like) from Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (AQB), Lantana grisebachii (LG) or Ilex paraguariensis (IP). Then, phenolics, peroxides and nitrites were analyzed by spectrophotometry. Also, phenolic permeation from digested and undigested extracts was evaluated in vitro with a rat jejunum-based assay. RESULTS: Phenolic permeation depended on extract digestion. In males, IP showed a special time course of hepatic phenolics, whereas all extracts decreased renal phenolics at 15 days. Extracts induced hepatic lipoperoxides at 15 days. LG reduced renal hydroperoxides at 15 days and hepatic nitrites at 30 days, whereas AQB and IP reduced renal lipoperoxides and nitrites at 30 days. In females, extracts reduced hydroperoxides, with LG and AQB also reducing lipoperoxides. IP increased renal lipoperoxides at 30 days. CONCLUSION: IP was a relevant phenolic source. Sex-dependent responses were found in all variables, which should be considered to prevent misleading generalizations in phytodrug bioprospecting.
Subject(s)
Kidney/metabolism , Liver/metabolism , Phenols/pharmacokinetics , Plant Extracts/pharmacokinetics , Polyphenols/pharmacokinetics , Absorption, Physiological , Animals , Aspidosperma/chemistry , Biological Availability , Female , Ilex paraguariensis/chemistry , Jejunum/drug effects , Jejunum/metabolism , Lantana/chemistry , Male , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Models, Animal , Nitrites/chemistry , Oxidation-Reduction , Permeability , Peroxides/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Rats, Wistar , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
This article reviews the current knowledge and experimental research about the mechanisms by which fatty acids and their derivatives control specific gene expression involved during carcinogenesis. Changes in dietary fatty acids, specifically the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 and ω-6 families and some derived eicosanoids from lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P-450, seem to control the activity of transcription factor families involved in cancer cell proliferation or cell death. Their regulation may be carried out either through direct binding to DNA as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors or via modulation in an indirect manner of signaling pathway molecules (e.g., protein kinase C) and other transcription factors (nuclear factor kappa B and sterol regulatory element binding protein). Knowledge of the mechanisms by which fatty acids control specific gene expression may identify important risk factors for cancer and provide insight into the development of new therapeutic strategies for a better management of whole body lipid metabolism.
Subject(s)
Fatty Acids/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Neoplasms/pathology , Signal Transduction , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Animals , Clinical Trials as Topic , Fatty Acids/biosynthesis , Fatty Acids/therapeutic use , Humans , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasms/metabolismABSTRACT
Salivary lipids have been scarcely studied, and the reported results present disparities. This literature review is presented based on the importance of saliva as a diagnostic and/or prognostic medium for various diseases, its lipid content, and on its potential use for the analysis of nutritional markers that contribute to the study of diseases related to lipid consumption and metabolism.
