Effects on Fetal Metabolic Programming and Endocannabinoid System of a Normocaloric Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation of Female Mice with Pregestational Obesity.

Fetal programming provides explanatory mechanisms for the currently high prevalence of gestational obesity. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) participates in the regulation of energy balance, and with a high-fat diet (HFD), it is overactivated. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a nutritional intervention during pregnancy and lactation on obese female progenitors, on metabolic alterations of the offspring and on the involvement of ECS. Female mice (C57/BL/6-F0), 45 days old, and their offspring (males) were separated according to type of diet before and during gestation and lactation: CON-F1: control diet; HFD-F1 group: HFD (fat: 60% Kcal); INT-F1 group: HFD until mating and control diet (fat: 10% Kcal) afterward. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (IS) were tested at 2 and 4 months. At 120 days, mice were sacrificed, plasma was extracted for the determination of hormones, and livers for gene expression and the protein level determination of ECS components. INT-F1 group presented a lower IS compared to CON-F1, and normal levels of adiponectin and corticosterone in relation to the HFD-F1 group. The intervention increased hepatic gene expression for fatty-acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase enzymes; however, these differences were not observed at the protein expression level. Our results suggest that this intervention model normalized some hormonal parameters and hepatic mRNA levels of ECS components that were altered in the offspring of progenitors with pre-pregnancy obesity.

Conjugated Linoleic Acids Have Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Cultured Endothelial Cells.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers may have a role in preventing atherosclerosis through the modulation of inflammation, particularly of the endothelium. However, whether low concentrations of CLAs are able to affect basal unstimulated endothelial cell (EC) responses is not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two CLAs (cis-9, trans-11 (CLA9,11) and trans-10, cis-12 (CLA10,12)) on the basal inflammatory responses by ECs. EA.hy926 cells (HUVEC lineage) were cultured under standard conditions and exposed to individual CLAs for 48 h. Both CLAs were incorporated into ECs in a dose-dependent manner. CLA9,11 (1 µM) significantly decreased concentrations of MCP-1 (p < 0.05), IL-6 (p < 0.05), IL-8 (p < 0.01) and RANTES (p < 0.05) in the culture medium. CLA10,12 (10 µM) decreased the concentrations of MCP-1 (p < 0.05) and RANTES (p < 0.05) but increased the concentration of IL-6 (p < 0.001). At 10 µM both CLAs increased the relative expression of the NFκß subunit 1 gene (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), while decreasing the relative expression of PPARα (p < 0.0001), COX-2 (p < 0.0001) and IL-6 (p < 0.0001) genes. CLA10,12 increased the relative expression of the gene encoding IκK-ß at 10 µM compared with CLA9,11 (p < 0.05) and increased the relative expression of the gene encoding IκBα at 1 and 10 µM compared with linoleic acid (both p < 0.05). Neither CLA affected the adhesion of monocytes to ECs. These results suggest that low concentrations of both CLA9,11 and CLA10,12 have modest anti-inflammatory effects in ECs. Thus, CLAs may influence endothelial function and the risk of vascular disease. Nevertheless, at these low CLA concentrations some pro-inflammatory genes are upregulated while others are downregulated, suggesting complex effects of CLAs on inflammatory pathways.

Differential Inflammatory Responses in Cultured Endothelial Cells Exposed to Two Conjugated Linoleic Acids (CLAs) under a Pro-Inflammatory Condition.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have been shown to possess anti-atherosclerotic properties, which may be related to the downregulation of inflammatory pathways in different cell types, including endothelial cells (ECs). However, whether different CLA isomers have different actions is not entirely clear, with inconsistent reports to date. Furthermore, in cell culture studies, CLAs have often been used at fairly high concentrations. Whether lower concentrations of CLAs are able to affect EC responses is not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two CLAs (cis-9, trans-11 (CLA9,11) and trans-10, cis-12 (CLA10,12)) on the inflammatory responses of ECs. ECs (EA.hy926 cells) were cultured under standard conditions and exposed to CLAs (1 to 50 µM) for 48 h. Then, the cells were cultured for a further 6 or 24 h with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, 1 ng/mL) as an inflammatory stimulant. ECs remained viable after treatments with 1 and 10 µM of each CLA, but not after treatment with 50 µM of CLA10,12. CLAs were incorporated into ECs in a concentration-dependent manner. CLA10,12 increased the levels of ICAM-1, IL-6, and RANTES in the culture medium, while CLA9,11 had null effects. Both CLAs (1 µM) decreased the appearance of NFκB1 mRNA, but only CLA9,11 maintained this downregulation at 10 µM. CLA10,12 had no effect on THP-1 cell adhesion to ECs while significantly decreasing the percentage of ECs expressing ICAM-1 and also levels of ICAM-1 expression per cell when used at 10 µM. Although CLA9,11 did not have any effect on ICAM-1 cell surface expression, it reduced THP-1 cell adhesion to the EA.hy926 cell monolayer at both concentrations. In summary, CLA10,12 showed some pro-inflammatory effects, while CLA9,11 exhibited null or anti-inflammatory effects. The results suggest that each CLA has different effects in ECs under a pro-inflammatory condition, highlighting the need to evaluate the effects of CLA isomers independently.

Dairy as a Source of Iodine and Protein in the UK: Implications for Human Health Across the Life Course, and Future Policy and Research.

This narrative review summarizes key concepts in dairy nutrition for supporting human health throughout the life course. Milk and dairy products have been a staple component of our diet for thousands of years and provide a wide range of important nutrients that are otherwise difficult to obtain from dairy-free diets. In this review, we provide a broad perspective on the nutritional roles of iodine and dairy protein in supporting human health during pregnancy and early life, childhood and adolescence, mid- and later-life. New methodologies to identify biomarkers of dairy intake via high-throughput mass spectrometry are discussed, and new concepts such as the role of the food matrix in dairy nutrition are introduced. Finally, future policy and research related to the consumption of dairy and non-dairy alternatives for health are discussed with a view to improving nutritional status across the lifespan.

Differential Effects of Ruminant and Industrial 18-Carbon trans-Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (trans Vaccenic and Elaidic) on the Inflammatory Responses of an Endothelial Cell Line.

Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are recognised factors in the development of atherosclerosis. Evidence suggests that intake of industrial trans fatty acids (TFAs) promotes endothelial dysfunction, while ruminant TFAs may have the opposite effect. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of elaidic acid (EA (18:1n-9t); an industrially produced TFA) and trans vaccenic acid (TVA (18:1n-7t); a natural TFA found in ruminant milk and meat) on inflammatory responses of endothelial cells (ECs). ECs (EA.hy926 cells) were cultured under standard conditions and exposed to TFAs (1 to 50 µM) for 48 h. Then, the cells were cultured for a further 6 or 24 h with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, 1 ng/mL) as an inflammatory stimulant. ECs remained viable after treatments. TFAs were incorporated into ECs in a dose-dependent manner. Preincubation with EA (50 µM) increased production of MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-8 in response to TNF-α, while preincubation with TVA (1 µM) decreased production of ICAM-1 and RANTES in response to TNF-α. Preincubation with EA (50 µM) upregulated toll-like receptor 4 and cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in response to TNF-α. In contrast, preincubation with TVA (1 µM) downregulated TNF-α induced nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 gene expression. Preincubation of ECs with EA (50 µM) increased THP-1 monocyte adhesion. In contrast, preincubation of ECs with TVA (1 µM) reduced THP-1 monocyte adhesion, while preincubation of ECs with TVA (50 µM) decreased the level of surface expression of ICAM-1 seen following TNF-α stimulation. The results suggest that TVA has some anti-inflammatory properties, while EA enhances the response to an inflammatory stimulus. These findings suggest differential effects induced by the TFAs tested, fitting with the idea that industrial TFAs and ruminant TFAs can have different and perhaps opposing biological actions in an inflammatory context.

Efecto de la suplementación con omega-3 durante la gestación y la lactancia sobre la composición de ácidos grasos de la leche materna en los primeros meses de vida: una revisión narrativa / Effect of omega-3 supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on the fatty acid composition of breast milk in the first months of life: a narrative review

Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga omega-3 son esenciales, por lo que deben aportarse a través de la dieta al ser su síntesis biológica limitada; por ello es imprescindible administrarlos para lograr cubrir los requerimientos durante los estadios fisiológicos como el embarazo y la lactancia. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de los efectos de la suplementación de omega-3 durante los periodos de embarazo y lactancia en la composición de ácidos grasos de la leche materna en los primeros meses de vida. En ella se analizaron siete estudios clínicos aleatorizados, de los que se obtuvo un aumento significativo de las concentraciones de ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) en la leche materna (LM) después de la suplementación, en comparación con los grupos de control. Un estudio evaluó la dosis necesaria para alcanzar un 8 % de DHA en los eritrocitos y un 1 % de DHA en la LM, alcanzándose estos niveles con una suplementación cercana a 1 g de ácido docosahexaenoico + ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA). Finalmente, se encontró un ensayo que utilizó la suplementación con pequeños aportes de lípidos (0,59 g de ácido α-linolénico (ALA)), sin generar cambios significativos en la composición de DHA de la LM pero sí en el contenido de ALA. Por lo tanto, se infiere que la suplementación con omega-3 modifica de forma beneficiosa los niveles de DHA y EPA en la composición de la LM en las mujeres embarazadas y durante la etapa de lactancia, aunque son necesarios más estudios para identificar las dosis, los tiempos, los efectos beneficiosos sobre el desarrollo y las formas de entrega más eficientes de la suplementación con omega-3. (AU)

Omega-3 long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential, so they must be provided through the diet, as their biological synthesis is limited, making it essential to meet their requirements during physiological stages such as pregnancy and lactation. A narrative review was conducted on the effects of omega-3 supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on the fatty acid composition of breast milk in the first months of life. Seven randomized clinical studies were analyzed, showing a significant increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentration in breast milk (BM) post-supplementation, compared to control groups. One study evaluated the dose needed to achieve 8 % DHA in erythrocytes and 1 % DHA in BM, reaching these levels with a supplementation close to 1 g of docosahexaenoic acid + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Finally, a trial was found that used supplementation with small lipid contributions (0,59 g α-linolenic acid (ALA)), without generating significant changes in the DHA composition of LM, but in the ALA content. Therefore, it is inferred that omega-3 supplementation beneficially modifies DHA and EPA levels in the composition of BM in pregnant women and during the lactation stage, although further studies are needed to identify doses, times, beneficial effects on development, and more efficient forms of delivery of omega-3 supplementation. (AU)

Anti-inflammatory effects of oleic acid and the anthocyanin keracyanin alone and in combination: effects on monocyte and macrophage responses and the NF-κB pathway.

Monocyte recruitment and activation of macrophages are essential for homeostasis but are also related to the development and progression of cardiometabolic diseases. The management of inflammation with dietary components has been widely investigated. Two components that may influence inflammation are unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (OA; 18:1cis-9) and antioxidant compounds like anthocyanins. Molecular and metabolic effects of such bioactive compounds are usually investigated in isolation, whereas they may be present in combination in foods or the diet. Considering this, we aimed to analyze the effects of OA and the anthocyanin keracyanin (AC) alone and in combination on toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory responses in monocytes and macrophages. For this, THP-1-derived macrophages and monocytes were exposed to 3 treatments: OA, AC, or the combination (OAAC) and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Inflammation-related gene expression and protein concentrations of IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, and IL-10 were assessed. Also, NFκBp65, IκBα, and PPAR-γ protein expression were determined. OA, AC, and OAAC decreased pNFκBp65, PPARγ, IκBα, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and MCP-1 and increased IL-10. MCP-1 protein expression was lower with OAAC than with either OA and AC alone. Compared to control, OAAC decreased mRNA for TLR4, IκKα, IκBα, NFκB1, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß more than OA or AC did alone. Also, IL-10 mRNA was increased by OAAC compared with control, OA, and AC. In summary, OA and AC have anti-inflammatory effects individually but their combination (OAAC) exerts a greater effect.

[Effect of omega-3 supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on the fatty acid composition of breast milk in the first months of life: a narrative review]. / Efecto de la suplementación con omega-3 durante la gestación y la lactancia sobre la composición de ácidos grasos de la leche materna en los primeros meses de vida: una revisión narrativa.

INTRODUCTION: Omega-3 long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential, so they must be provided through the diet, as their biological synthesis is limited, making it essential to meet their requirements during physiological stages such as pregnancy and lactation. A narrative review was conducted on the effects of omega-3 supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on the fatty acid composition of breast milk in the first months of life. Eight randomized clinical studies were analyzed, showing a significant increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentration in breast milk (BM) post-supplementation, compared to control groups. One study evaluated the dose needed to achieve 8 % DHA in erythrocytes and 1 % DHA in BM, reaching these levels with a supplementation close to 1 g of docosahexaenoic acid + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Finally, a trial was found that used supplementation with small lipid contributions (0,59 g α-linolenic acid (ALA)), without generating significant changes in the DHA composition of LM, but in the ALA content. Therefore, it is inferred that omega-3 supplementation beneficially modifies DHA and EPA levels in the composition of BM in pregnant women and during the lactation stage, although further studies are needed to identify doses, times, beneficial effects on development, and more efficient forms of delivery of omega-3 supplementation.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga omega-3 son esenciales, por lo que deben aportarse a través de la dieta al ser su síntesis biológica limitada; por ello es imprescindible administrarlos para lograr cubrir los requerimientos durante los estadios fisiológicos como el embarazo y la lactancia. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de los efectos de la suplementación de omega-3 durante los periodos de embarazo y lactancia en la composición de ácidos grasos de la leche materna en los primeros meses de vida. En ella se analizaron ocho estudios clínicos aleatorizados, de los que se obtuvo un aumento significativo de las concentraciones de ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) en la leche materna (LM) después de la suplementación, en comparación con los grupos de control. Un estudio evaluó la dosis necesaria para alcanzar un 8 % de DHA en los eritrocitos y un 1 % de DHA en la LM, alcanzándose estos niveles con una suplementación cercana a 1 g de ácido docosahexaenoico + ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA). Finalmente, se encontró un ensayo que utilizó la suplementación con pequeños aportes de lípidos (0,59 g de ácido α-linolénico (ALA)), sin generar cambios significativos en la composición de DHA de la LM pero sí en el contenido de ALA. Por lo tanto, se infiere que la suplementación con omega-3 modifica de forma beneficiosa los niveles de DHA y EPA en la composición de la LM en las mujeres embarazadas y durante la etapa de lactancia, aunque son necesarios más estudios para identificar las dosis, los tiempos, los efectos beneficiosos sobre el desarrollo y las formas de entrega más eficientes de la suplementación con omega-3.

Características de la alimentación temprana y actual de preescolares en la Región de Valparaíso, Chile

RESUMEN Son múltiples los factores que influyen en el estado nutricional (EN) y la formación de preferencias alimentarias en preescolares, por lo cual se han propuesto intervenciones tempranas para disminuir el ambiente obesogénico. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar si aspectos alimentarios tempranos se relacionan con el EN y con algunas características alimentarias actuales en preescolares chilenos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico y transversal. Participaron 61 preescolares de jardines infantiles de la Junta Nacional de Jardines Infantiles (JUNJI) de comunas de la V Región de Chile. Se determinó el EN con peso y talla, y composición corporal con impedanciómetro Bodystat 1.500, además se recopilaron antecedentes del embarazo y alimentación infantil a través de encuestas. Los análisis estadísticos se consideraron significativos con un valor de p<0,05. La lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) inferior a 6 meses se asoció con un bajo consumo de verduras en la edad preescolar (PE), además, la duración de la LME se correlacionó directamente con el consumo de verduras en preescolares. La introducción de azúcar antes de los 12 meses, se asoció con el consumo de golosinas dulces en edad PE y este con mayor porcentaje de grasa corporal, mientras que la introducción temprana de sal se asoció con mayor consumo de golosinas saladas. La introducción de azúcar previa a los 12 meses podría determinar un mayor consumo de alimentos poco saludables en preescolares. El consumo de verduras presentó asociación positiva con la duración de la LME, lo que sugiere que los patrones alimentarios en edades tempranas podrían modular las preferencias de alimentos en edades posteriores.

ABSTRACT There are multiple factors that influence nutritional status (NS). Early interventions have been proposed to reduce the obesogenic environment, including the targeting of food preferences among preschoolers. Our aim was to analyse if early dietary aspects were related to NS and some current eating features in Chilean preschool children. An observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out among 61 preschoolers from the National Board of Kindergartens (JUNJI) from councils in the V Region of Chile. NS was determined with weight and height, and body composition with a Bodystat 1.500 impedance meter, in addition, background data of pregnancy and infant feeding were collected through surveys. Statistical analyses were considered significant with a p value <0.05. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for less than 6 months was associated with a low consumption of vegetables in preschool (PE) age, in addition, the duration of EBF was directly correlated with the consumption of vegetables. The introduction of sugar before 12 months was associated with the consumption of sweet snacks and this with a higher percentage of body fat, while the early introduction of salt was associated with a higher consumption of savoury snacks. Introducing sugar prior to 12 months of age could lead to higher consumption of unhealthy foods in preschoolers. Consumption of vegetables showed a positive association with the duration of EBF, which suggests that eating patterns at an early age could modulate food preferences at later ages.

Gamma-Linolenic and Pinolenic Acids Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Cultured Human Endothelial Cells Through Their Elongation Products.

SCOPE: Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) from oily fish reduce cardiovascular disease. This may be partly due to modulation of endothelial cell (EC) inflammation. Fish stocks are declining and there is a need for sustainable alternative FAs. Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and pinolenic acid (PLA) are plant-derived FAs, which can fulfil this role. METHODS AND RESULTS: EA.hy926 cells are exposed GLA and PLA prior to stimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. GLA and PLA are incorporated into ECs, resulting in increases in long-chain derivatives produced by elongase 5, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), and eicosatrienoic acid (ETA). Both GLA and PLA (50 µm) decrease production of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). However, decreases in these mediators are not seen after pre-treatment with GLA or PLA in elongase 5 silenced EA.hy926 cells. DGLA and ETA (10 µm) decrease EC production of sICAM-1, MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-6. All FAs reduce adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to EA.hy926 cells. Both PLA (50 µm) and ETA (10 µm) decrease NFκBp65 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION: These effects suggest potential for GLA, PLA and their long-chain derivatives, DGLA and ETA, as sustainable anti-inflammatory alternatives to fish-derived FAs.

Comparative anti-inflammatory effects of plant- and marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids explored in an endothelial cell line.

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) lower risk of cardiovascular disease. The primary source of EPA and DHA is fatty fish. Plant-derived alpha linolenic acid (ALA) and stearidonic acid (SDA) could provide sustainable land-based alternatives, but their functionality is underexplored. Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) may influence atherogenic processes through changing endothelial cell (EC) function and lowering inflammation. This study compared effects of marine- and plant-derived n-3 FAs on EC inflammatory responses. EA.hy926 cells were exposed to ALA, SDA, EPA or DHA prior to stimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. All FAs were shown to be incorporated into ECs in a dose-dependent manner. SDA (50 µM) decreased both production and cell-surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1; however EPA and DHA resulted in greater reduction of ICAM-1 production and expression. EPA and DHA also significantly lowered production of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. ALA, SDA and DHA (50 µM) all reduced adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to EA.hy926 cells. DHA significantly decreased nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB)p105 gene expression and phosphorylated NFκBp65 protein. Both EPA and DHA (50 µM) significantly decreased cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein. Thus, both marine-derived n-3 FAs, particularly DHA, had potent anti-inflammatory effects in this EC model. Of the plant-derived n-3 FAs, SDA showed the greatest inhibition of inflammation. Although neither ALA nor SDA reproduced the anti-inflammatory effects of EPA and DHA in this model, there is some potential for SDA to be a sustainable anti-inflammatory alternative to the marine n-3 FAs.

Eighteen­carbon trans fatty acids and inflammation in the context of atherosclerosis.

Endothelial dysfunction is a pro-inflammatory state characterized by chronic activation of the endothelium, which leads to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Intake of trans fatty acids (TFAs) is associated with an increased risk of CVD. This risk is usually associated with industrial TFAs (iTFAs) rather than ruminant TFAs (rTFAs); however it is not clear how specific TFA isomers differ in their biological activity and mechanisms of action with regard to inflammation. Here we review the literature on 18­carbon TFAs, including the research associating their intake or levels with CVD and studies relating 18­carbon TFA exposure to modulation of inflammatory processes. The evidence associating iTFAs with CVD risk factors is fairly consistent and studies in humans usually show a relation between iTFAs and higher levels of inflammatory markers. In contrast, studies in humans, animals and in vitro suggest that rTFAs have null or mildly beneficial effects in cardiovascular health, metabolic parameters and inflammatory markers, although the evidence is not always consistent. More studies are needed to better identify the beneficial and detrimental effects of the different TFAs, including those with 18 carbons.

Relación entre tiempos de alimentación, composición nutricional del desayuno y estado nutricional en estudiantes universitarios de Valparaíso, Chile / Relationship between feeding schedule, nutritional composition of breakfast and nutritional status among university students in Valparaíso, Chile

RESUMEN Se han descrito estilos de vida poco saludables en estudiantes universitarios, como omisión del desayuno, alto consumo de comida rápida y horarios dispersos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue relacionar distintas características de la ingesta alimentaria con el estado nutricional en este grupo. Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico, donde participaron 130 jóvenes sedentarios. Se evaluó el estado nutricional y la ingesta alimentaria. Un 25% de la muestra presentó malnutrición por exceso (IMC), mientras que el 50% presentó exceso de grasa corporal. Los hombres con exceso de grasa corporal mostraron un porcentaje de adecuación significativamente menor en el aporte energético al desayuno (p= 0.021) y los sujetos (ambos sexos) con exceso de grasa corporal presentaron un porcentaje de adecuación también menor en la ingesta calórica al almuerzo en comparación con los sujetos con bajas reservas energéticas (p=0.004), y su vez, todos los sujetos consumían un exceso de energía en la merienda, independiente de su estado nutricional. Se observó también una relación dependiente entre horarios de alimentación y el porcentaje de grasa corporal (p= 0.044). Una baja ingesta energética al desayuno junto con una alta ingesta durante la merienda con intervalos de ayuno mayores a 4 horas al menos una vez al día, podrían estar asociados a un exceso de grasa corporal en estudiantes universitarios sedentarios.

ABSTRACT Unhealthy lifestyles, such as omission of breakfast, high intake of fast food, and lack of mealtime schedules, have been described among university students. The aim of this study was to relate different characteristics of food intake with the nutritional status of university students. An analytical observational study was conducted among 130 sedentary young people. Nutritional status (weight, height and body fat percentage) and food intake (24h food recall and eating habits survey) were assessed. One quarter of the sample had overweight or obesity (BMI), while 50% had excess body fat. Men with excess body fat had a lower energy intake at breakfast (p= 0.021) and the subjects (both sexes) with excess body fat had a lower calorie intake at lunch compared to subjects with low energy reserves (p= 0.004). Moreover, all subjects consumed excess energy at teatime, independent of body composition. A dependent relationship between feeding schedules and body fat percentage was observed (p= 0.044). Low energy intake at breakfast along with a high intake during teatime, with fasting intervals of more than 4 hours between meals at least once a day, could be associated with excess body fat in sedentary university students.

Palmitoleic Acid has Stronger Anti-Inflammatory Potential in Human Endothelial Cells Compared to Oleic and Palmitic Acids.

SCOPE: Fatty acids (FAs) may affect endothelial cell (EC) function, influencing atherogenesis and inflammatory processes. Palmitoleic acid (POA) has been described as an anti-inflammatory FA. However, its effects on ECs are underexplored. This study compares the effects of POA with those of palmitic acid (PA) and oleic acid (OA) on EC inflammatory responses. METHODS AND RESULTS: EAHy926 cells (EC lineage) are exposed to PA, OA, or POA, and stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Associated with the FA's own incorporation, PA induces a twofold increase in arachidonic acid, while POA increases the amount of cis-vaccenic acid. PA, but not OA, enhances the production of IL-6 and IL-8 in response to TNF-α. In contrast, POA decreases production of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, IL-6, and IL-8 compared to PA. TNF-α increases surface intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression previously decreased by POA. TNF-α stimulation increases the expression of NFκB, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, MCP-1, and IL-6 genes and reduces the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α gene. PA enhances the expression of MCP-1, IL-6, and COX-2 genes, while POA downregulates these genes, decreases expression of NFκB, and upregulates PPAR-α gene expression. CONCLUSION: POA has anti-inflammatory effects on ECs stimulated with TNF-α and may counter endothelial dysfunction.

[Exposition to drugs of abuse in pregnancy and breastfed babies growth in CONIN Valparaíso, Chile]. / EXPOSICIÓN PRENATAL A DROGAS DE ABUSO Y CRECIMIENTO DE LACTANTES DE CONIN VALPARAÍSO, CHILE.

INTRODUCTION: Consequences related to drugs exposure during fetal life have been extensively studied. The present work explores the Chilean situation about this matter, characterizing growth of infants previously exposed to drugs during fetal life. OBJECTIVES: Compare anthropometric measurements between neonates exposed to drugs due to maternal consumption during pregnancy and an unexposed control group from 0 -6 months of life. METHODOLOGY: Anthropometric data from 74 control infants from a Health Center in Valparaiso, Chile, and 61 infants exposed to drugs during gestation from the Corporation for Infant Nutrition (CONIN, Valparaíso, Chile) were obtained. Data obtained from both groups were subjected to a T-Student statistical analysis by group. RESULTS: According to gestational age there were more pre-term infants in CONIN-exposed group, reaching more than 25 % prevalence. On the contrary, prevalence in unexposed control infants was less than 11 %. In addition, CONIN group showed a higher number of small for gestational age infants of both sex (37% CONIN vs 6% Control), evaluated according to the Chilean intrauterine growth curves. Length and weight showed statistical significant differences between both groups from birth to 6 months of life. Female infants showed significant differences in cephalic circumference until one month of life, while in male infants this difference is maintained until 6 month of life. Z score for indicators such as weight/ length, weight/age and length/age during first 6 months of life, leads to conclude that CONIN group is at risk of undernutrition while control group should be considered as normal. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal drugs consumption during pregnancy results in marked deficient anthropometric characteristics of newborn and until 6 month of life. This fact may have metabolic long term consequences associated to development of chronic non-communicable diseases during adulthood.

Introducción: Las consecuencias de la exposición fetal a drogas de abuso en niños han sido estudiadas extensamente. El presente estudio pretende describir la realidad chilena en esta materia, caracterizando el crecimiento de niños expuestos a drogas durante la vida fetal. Objetivo: Comparar la antropometría entre neonatos expuestos a drogas por consumo materno durante el embarazo y controles no expuestos, de los 0 a 6 meses de vida. Materiales y métodos: Se obtuvieron los datos antropométricos desde el nacimiento y hasta los 6 meses de vida de 74 individuos sanos atendidos en Centros de Salud de la comuna de Valparaíso, y de 61 individuos con antecedentes de consumo de drogas de la madre durante el embarazo, atendidos en la Corporación para la Nutrición Infantil (CONIN). Posteriormente se compararon las diferencias entre ambos grupos mediante (T-Student por grupos). Resultados: Según la edad gestacional hay diferencias en la proporción de individuos de pretérmino entre grupos de estudio, observándose una prevalencia de menos del 11% en el grupo no expuesto y superior al 25% en el grupo expuesto. En base a las curvas de los Dres. Pittaluga y Alarcón para crecimiento intrauterino, el grupo expuesto tuvo mayor cantidad de sujetos pequeños para la edad gestacional en ambos sexos, con 37% en CONIN y menos del 6% en el grupo no expuesto. El análisis estadístico muestra que existen diferencias significativas (p.

Exposición prenatal a drogas de abuso y crecimiento de lactantes de CONIN Valparaíso, Chile / Exposition to drugs of abuse in pregnancy and breastfed babies growth in CONIN Valparaíso, Chile

Introducción: Las consecuencias de la exposición fetal a drogas de abuso en niños han sido estudiadas extensamente. El presente estudio pretende describir la realidad chilena en esta materia, caracterizando el crecimiento de niños expuestos a drogas durante la vida fetal. Objetivo: Comparar la antropometría entre neonatos expuestos a drogas por consumo materno durante el embarazo y controles no expuestos, de los 0 a 6 meses de vida. Materiales y métodos: Se obtuvieron los datos antropométricos desde el nacimiento y hasta los 6 meses de vida de 74 individuos sanos atendidos en Centros de Salud de la comuna de Valparaíso, y de 61 individuos con antecedentes de consumo de drogas de la madre durante el embarazo, atendidos en la Corporación para la Nutrición Infantil (CONIN). Posteriormente se compararon las diferencias entre ambos grupos mediante (T-Student por grupos). Resultados: Según la edad gestacional hay diferencias en la proporción de individuos de pretérmino entre grupos de estudio, observándose una prevalencia de menos del 11% en el grupo no expuesto y superior al 25% en el grupo expuesto. En base a las curvas de los Dres. Pittaluga y Alarcón para crecimiento intrauterino, el grupo expuesto tuvo mayor cantidad de sujetos pequeños para la edad gestacional en ambos sexos, con 37% en CONIN y menos del 6% en el grupo no expuesto. El análisis estadístico muestra que existen diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre ambos grupos en cuanto a la talla y peso, desde el nacimiento hasta los 6 meses. En cuanto a la circunferencia cefálica, se observa que para las mujeres hay diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos al nacer hasta el primer mes, y para los hombres desde el primer hasta los 6 meses. Además, se calculó el puntaje Z para cada indicador nutricional; con lo cual se observó que el estado nutricional del grupo expuesto a drogas es “riesgo de desnutrición”, mientras que para el grupo no expuesto es “eutrófico” durante los 6 primeros meses de vida. Conclusiones: El consumo materno de drogas durante el embarazo resultó en características antropométricas deficientes de los lactantes expuestos, desde el nacimiento hasta los 6 meses de vida. Esta situación podría tener consecuencias metabólicas a largo plazo asociadas al desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en la adultez (AU)

Introduction: Consequences related to drugs exposure during fetal life have been extensively studied. The present work explores the Chilean situation about this matter, characterizing growth of infants previously exposed to drugs during fetal life. Objectives: Compare anthropometric measurements between neonates exposed to drugs due to maternal consumption during pregnancy and an unexposed control group from 0-6 months of life. Methodology: Anthropometric data from 74 control infants from a Health Center in Valparaiso, Chile, and 61 infants exposed to drugs during gestation from the Corporation for Infant Nutrition (CONIN, Valparaíso, Chile) were obtained. Data obtained from both groups were subjected to a T-Student statistical analysis by group. Results: According to gestational age there were more pre-term infants in CONIN-exposed group, reaching more than 25 % prevalence. On the contrary, prevalence in unexposed control infants was less than 11 %. In addition, CONIN group showed a higher number of small for gestational age infants of both sex (37% CONIN vs 6% Control), evaluated according to the Chilean intrauterine growth curves. Length and weight showed statistical significant differences between both groups from birth to 6 months of life. Female infants showed significant differences in cephalic circumference until one month of life, while in male infants this difference is maintained until 6 month of life. Z score for indicators such as weight/length, weight/age and length/age during first 6 months of life, leads to conclude that CONIN group is at risk of undernutrition while control group should be considered as normal. Conclusions: Maternal drugs consumption during pregnancy results in marked deficient anthropometric characteristics of newborn and until 6 month of life. This fact may have metabolic long term consequences associated to development of chronic non-communicable diseases during adulthood (AU)

[A role for the endocannabinoid system in hepatic steatosis]. / Sistema endocanabinoide y desarrollo de esteatosis hepática.

The endocannabinoid system (SEC) is an important modulator of several metabolic functions. This system is composed by cannabinoid receptors type 1 and 2 (RCB1 and RCB2), their endogenous ligands, known as endocannabinoids, and the enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation. A deregulated SEC originates metabolic alterations in several tissues, resulting in the typical manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Liver steatosis of different origins constitutes a physiopathological condition where an altered hepatic SEC is observed. In this condition, there is an increased expression of RCB1 and/or higher endocannabinoid levels in different hepatic cells, which may exert an autocrine/paracrine hyperstimulation of RCB1/RCB2. Activation of RCB1 stimulate the expression of several hepatocyte lipogenic factors, thus leading to increased de novo fatty acids synthesis and consequently to an abnormal accumulation of triglycerides. The effect of RCB2 activity on hepatic function is still controversial because, on one side its stimulation has an interesting protective effect on alcoholic liver disease while, on the other, it may enhance the development of hepatic steatosis in experimental models of diet-induced obesity. In this review we discuss the proposed mechanisms by which SEC is involved in the etiology of hepatic steatosis, as well as the therapeutic possibilities involving peripheral RCB1/RCB2 antagonism/agonism, for the treatment of this condition.

Sistema endocanabinoide y desarrollo de esteatosis hepática / A role for the endocannabinoid system in hepatic steatosis

The endocannabinoid system (SEC) is an important modulator of several metabolic functions. This system is composed by cannabinoid receptors type 1 and 2 (RCB1 and RCB2), their endogenous ligands, known as endocannabinoids, and the enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation. A deregulated SEC originates metabolic alterations in several tissues, resulting in the typical manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Liver steatosis of different origins constitutes a physiopathological condition where an altered hepatic SEC is observed. In this condition, there is an increased expression of RCB1 and/or higher endocannabinoid levels in different hepatic cells, which may exert an autocrine/paracrine hyperstimulation of RCB1/RCB2. Activation of RCB1 stimulate the expression of several hepatocyte lipogenic factors, thus leading to increased de novo fatty acids synthesis and consequently to an abnormal accumulation of triglycerides. The effect of RCB2 activity on hepatic function is still controversial because, on one side its stimulation has an interesting protective effect on alcoholic liver disease while, on the other, it may enhance the development of hepatic steatosis in experimental models of diet-induced obesity. In this review we discuss the proposed mechanisms by which SEC is involved in the etiology of hepatic steatosis, as well as the therapeutic possibilities involving peripheral RCB1/RCB2 antagonism/agonism, for the treatment of this condition.

The CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A reverses adult male mice overweight and metabolic alterations induced by early stress.

Perinatal stress may cause metabolic and hormonal disruptions during adulthood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of early postnatal nociceptive stimulation (NS) on body weight and other metabolic parameters during adulthood and to determine whether CB1 endocannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) may be involved in these effects. Male mice were subjected to NS during lactation with a daily subcutaneous injection of saline solution. Subsequently, both control and NS-mice were treated from day 40 to 130, with an oral dose (1 µg/g body weight) of SR141716A, a specific CB1R antagonist/inverse agonist. Mice body weight and food intake was periodically evaluated. Adult animals were then killed to evaluate epididymal fat pads and metabolic parameters. NS did not influence food intake in adult animals, but caused significant increases in body weight, epididymal fat pads, and circulating levels of leptin, corticosterone, and triglycerides (TGs). Chronic treatment with SR141716A normalized these parameters, with the exception of corticosterone levels. This treatment also reduced plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and total cholesterol in both adult control and NS-mice. In addition, fatty acid (FA) amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity (the enzyme able to hydrolyze endocannabinoids) from liver and epididymal fat of adult NS-mice was decreased by 40-50% in comparison to activities found in same tissues of control mice. Results suggest that overactive liver and epididymal fat CB1R due to early NS may be involved in late metabolic alterations, which are sensitive to chronic treatment with SR141716A.

[A role for the endocannabinoid system in obesity]. / Participación del sistema endocanabinoide en el desarrollo de obesidad.

Endocannabinoids are the endogenous ligands for the cannabinoid receptors type 1 and 2. These membrane receptors are responsible for the psychotropic effects of Cannabis Sativa, when bound to its active component known as (-)-Delta(9)-tetrahydro-cannabinol. Cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids and the enzymes catalyzing their biosynthesis and degradation, constitute the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which has a remarkable role controlling energy balance, both at central nervous system and peripheral tissues. The ECS regulates food ingestion by stimulating a network of orexigenic neurons present in the hypothalamus and reinforcing motivation and reward to food consumption in the nucleus accumbens. Regarding peripheral tissues, this system controls lipid and glucose metabolism at different levels, reduces energy expenditure and leads energy balance to fat storage. Metabolic alterations, including excessive accumulation of abdominal fat, dyslipidaemia and hyperglicaemia, are suggested to be associated to a hyperactivated ECS. Since obesity is one of the major health problems in modern societies, in this review we discuss the role of the endocannabinoid system in metabolic pathways associated to control mechanisms of energy balance and its involvement in overweight and obesity. In addition, we also discuss therapeutic possibilities and emergent problems due to cannabinoid receptor type 1 antagonism utilized as treatment for such alterations.