Clinical characteristics and outcomes of people living with HIV hospitalized with COVID-19: a nationwide experience.

In this prospective, multicentric, observational study, we describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of people living with HIV (PLHIV) requiring hospitalization due to COVID-19 in Chile and compare them with Chilean general population admitted with SARS-CoV-2. Consecutive PLHIV admitted with COVID-19 in 23 hospitals, between 16 April and 23 June 2020, were included. Data of a temporally matched-hospitalized general population were used to compare demography, comorbidities, COVID-19 symptoms, and major outcomes. In total, 36 PLHIV subjects were enrolled; 92% were male and mean age was 44 years. Most patients (83%) were on antiretroviral therapy; mean CD4 count was 557 cells/mm3. Suppressed HIV viremia was found in 68% and 56% had, at least, one comorbidity. Severe COVID-19 occurred in 44.4%, intensive care was required in 22.2%, and five patients died (13.9%). No differences were seen between recovered and deceased patients in CD4 count, HIV viral load, or time since HIV diagnosis. Hypertension and cardiovascular disease were associated with a higher risk of death (p = 0.02 and 0.006, respectively). Compared with general population, the HIV cohort had significantly more men (OR 0.15; IC 95% 0.07-0.31) and younger age (OR 8.68; IC 95% 2.66-28.31). In PLHIV, we found more intensive care unit admission (OR 2.31; IC 95% 1.05-5.07) but no differences in the need for mechanical ventilation or death. In this cohort of PLHIV hospitalized with COVID-19, hypertension and cardiovascular comorbidities, but not current HIV viro-immunologic status, were the most important risk factors for mortality. No differences were found between PLHIV and general population in the need for mechanical ventilation and death.

Dataset: Ecosystem services and uses of dune systems of the coast of the Araucanía Region, Chile: A perception study.

The dataset shows the relationship and valuation of the coastal dunes of the Araucanía region in Chile. The valuation of the local population was surveyed using a questionnaire applied to 49 subjects belonging to Mapuche communities and local government. The data consists of eight tables that show a list of questions, the number of times per year that visit the dunes, cultural practices carried out in the dunes, valuation of ecosystem services provided by the coastal dunes, and knowledge about flora and fauna. Lastly, the original questionnaire and its responses in Spanish and English are included in supplemantary material. This dataset was generated within the framework of the manuscript "Ecosystem services and uses of dune systems of the coast of the Araucanía Region, Chile: a perception study" where 23 leaders of Mapuche communities and 26 representatives of the local government were interviewed. The dataset can be used to compare the valuation of ecosystems by local communities, especially when quantitative data are scarce or do not exist.

Cryptococcus bacillisporus (VGIII) Meningoencephalitis Acquired in Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

We describe a case of chronic meningoencephalitis with hydrocephalus caused by Cryptococcus bacillisporus (VGIII) in an immunocompetent patient from Santa Cruz, Bolivia. This first report of a member of the Cryptococcus gattii species complex from Bolivia suggests that C. bacillisporus (VGIII) is present in this tropical region of the country and complements our epidemiological and clinical knowledge of this group of emerging fungal pathogens in South America.

Epidemiología de la enfermedad fúngica invasora por hongos filamentosos en el período 2005 a 2015, en un hospital universitario en Santiago, Chile / Epidemiology of invasive fungal disease by filamentous fungi in the period 2005 to 2015, in a university hospital in Santiago, Chile

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad fúngica invasora (EFI) por hongos filamentosos es cada vez más frecuente. Objetivo: Estudiar la epidemiología de la EFI en adultos hospitalizados en nuestro centro. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes adultos de un hospital universitario en Santiago, Chile, con EFI por hongos filamentosos entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2015. Resultados: Se identificaron 125 episodios, siendo 48% categoria probada, 40% probable y 11% posible según criterios EORTC/MSG, incidencia global 0,47 x 1.000 egresos, 57% pacientes masculinos y edad de 50 ± 16 años. El 66,4% tenía patología hematológica, 11,2% trasplante de órgano sólido, 11,2% enfermedad reumatológica, 11,2% otra condición. Los factores de riesgo fueron neutropenia 44%, corticoterapia 21%, inmunosupresores 13%. Los hongos más frecuentemente identificados fueron Aspergillus spp (53,6%), Mucorales (16%), Fusarium spp (8,8%), Alternaria spp (5,6%), otros filamentosos (3,2%). Todos recibieron antifúngicos, 82% monoterapia, 18% terapia combinada, hubo defocación quirúrgica en 90% de mucormicosis. La mortalidad global fue 42%. Al comparar 2005-2009 vs 2010-2015, hubo un aumento significativo de la incidencia y una tendencia a menor mortalidad en el segundo período. Conclusiones: Durante un período de 10 años, observamos un aumento de la incidencia de EFI por filamentosos, aspergilosis fue la etiología más frecuente y la mortalidad global fue 42%.

Background: Invasive fungal disease (IFD) due to filamentous fungi is increasingly common. Aim: To study the epidemiology of EFI in hospitalized adults in our center. Methods: Retrospective study of adult patients of a university hospital in Santiago, Chile, with EFI due to filamentous fungi between January 2005 and December 2015. Results: 125 episodes were identified, being 48% proven, 40% probable and 11% possible according to EORTC/MSG criteria, overall incidence was 0.47/1,000 admissions, 57% male patients and age 50 ± 16 years. 66.4% had hematological pathology, 11.2% solid organ transplant, 11.2% rheumatology diseases, 11.2% other conditions. The risk factors were neutropenia 44%, corticosteroid therapy 21%, immunosuppressants 13%. The most frequent mould identified were Aspergillus spp (53.6%), Mucorales (16%), Fusarium spp (8.8%), Alternaria spp (5.6%) and other filamentous (3.2%). All received antifungals, 82% monotherapy, 18% combined therapy, there was surgical defocation in 90% of mucormycosis. The overall mortality was 42%. When comparing 2005-2009 vs 2010-2015, there was a significant increase in incidence and a tendency to lower mortality in the second period. Conclusions: Over a period of 10 years, we observed an increase in the incidence of EFI by filamentous, aspergillosis was the most frequent etiology and the overall mortality was 42%.

[Epidemiology of invasive fungal disease by filamentous fungi in the period 2005 to 2015, in a university hospital in Santiago, Chile]. / Epidemiología de la enfermedad fúngica invasora por hongos filamentosos en el período 2005 a 2015, en un hospital universitario en Santiago, Chile.

BACKGROUND: Invasive fungal disease (IFD) due to filamentous fungi is increasingly common. AIM: To study the epidemiology of EFI in hospitalized adults in our center. METHODS: Retrospective study of adult patients of a university hospital in Santiago, Chile, with EFI due to filamentous fungi between January 2005 and December 2015. RESULTS: 125 episodes were identified, being 48% proven, 40% probable and 11% possible according to EORTC/MSG criteria, overall incidence was 0.47/1,000 admissions, 57% male patients and age 50 ± 16 years. 66.4% had hematological pathology, 11.2% solid organ transplant, 11.2% rheumatology diseases, 11.2% other conditions. The risk factors were neutropenia 44%, corticosteroid therapy 21%, immunosuppressants 13%. The most frequent mould identified were Aspergillus spp (53.6%), Mucorales (16%), Fusarium spp (8.8%), Alternaria spp (5.6%) and other filamentous (3.2%). All received antifungals, 82% monotherapy, 18% combined therapy, there was surgical defocation in 90% of mucormycosis. The overall mortality was 42%. When comparing 2005-2009 vs 2010-2015, there was a significant increase in incidence and a tendency to lower mortality in the second period. CONCLUSIONS: Over a period of 10 years, we observed an increase in the incidence of EFI by filamentous, aspergillosis was the most frequent etiology and the overall mortality was 42%.

In vivo knockdown of antisense non-coding mitochondrial RNAs by a lentiviral-encoded shRNA inhibits melanoma tumor growth and lung colonization.

The family of non-coding mitochondrial RNAs (ncmtRNA) is differentially expressed according to proliferative status. Normal proliferating cells express sense (SncmtRNA) and antisense ncmtRNAs (ASncmtRNAs), whereas tumor cells express SncmtRNA and downregulate ASncmtRNAs. Knockdown of ASncmtRNAs with oligonucleotides induces apoptotic cell death of tumor cells, leaving normal cells unaffected, suggesting a potential application for developing a novel cancer therapy. In this study, we knocked down the ASncmtRNAs in melanoma cell lines with a lentiviral-encoded shRNA approach. Transduction with lentiviral constructs targeted to the ASncmtRNAs induced apoptosis in murine B16F10 and human A375 melanoma cells in vitro and significantly retarded B16F10 primary tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, the treatment drastically reduced the number of lung metastatic foci in a tail vein injection assay, compared to controls. These results provide additional proof of concept to the knockdown of ncmtRNAs for cancer therapy and validate lentiviral-shRNA vectors for gene therapy.

Prediction of bacterial microRNAs and possible targets in human cell transcriptome.

Recent studies have examined gene transfer from bacteria to humans that would result in vertical inheritance. Bacterial DNA appears to integrate into the human somatic genome through an RNA intermediate, and such integrations are detected more frequently in tumors than normal samples and in RNA than DNA samples. Also, vertebrate viruses encode products that interfere with the RNA silencing machinery, suggesting that RNA silencing may indeed be important for antiviral responses in vertebrates. RNA silencing in response to virus infection could be due to microRNAs encoded by either the virus or the host. We hypothesized that bacterial expression of RNA molecules with secondary structures is potentially able to generate miRNA molecules that can interact with the human host mRNA during bacterial infection. To test this hypothesis, we developed a pipeline-based bioinformatics approach to identify putative micro-RNAs derived from bacterial RNAs that may have the potential to regulate gene expression of the human host cell. Our results suggest that 68 bacterial RNAs predicted from 37 different bacterial genomes have predicted secondary structures potentially able to generate putative microRNAs that may interact with messenger RNAs of genes involved in 47 different human diseases. As an example, we examined the effect of transfecting three putative microRNAs into human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. The results show that the bacterially derived microRNA sequence can significantly regulate the expression of the respective target human gene. We suggest that the study of these predicted microRNAs may yield important clues as to how the human host cell processes involved in human diseases like cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and others may respond to a particular bacterial environment.

Charting Brachyury-mediated developmental pathways during early mouse embryogenesis.

To gain insights into coordinated lineage-specification and morphogenetic processes during early embryogenesis, here we report a systematic identification of transcriptional programs mediated by a key developmental regulator--Brachyury. High-resolution chromosomal localization mapping of Brachyury by ChIP sequencing and ChIP-exonuclease revealed distinct sequence signatures enriched in Brachyury-bound enhancers. A combination of genome-wide in vitro and in vivo perturbation analysis and cross-species evolutionary comparison unveiled a detailed Brachyury-dependent gene-regulatory network that directly links the function of Brachyury to diverse developmental pathways and cellular housekeeping programs. We also show that Brachyury functions primarily as a transcriptional activator genome-wide and that an unexpected gene-regulatory feedback loop consisting of Brachyury, Foxa2, and Sox17 directs proper stem-cell lineage commitment during streak formation. Target gene and mRNA-sequencing correlation analysis of the T(c) mouse model supports a crucial role of Brachyury in up-regulating multiple key hematopoietic and muscle-fate regulators. Our results thus chart a comprehensive map of the Brachyury-mediated gene-regulatory network and how it influences in vivo developmental homeostasis and coordination.

Transcriptome profiling of Botrytis cinerea conidial germination reveals upregulation of infection-related genes during the prepenetration stage.

Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold on a great number of host plants. Infection is initiated by airborne conidia that invade the host tissue, often by penetration of intact epidermal cells. To mimic the surface properties of natural plant surfaces, conidia were incubated on apple wax-coated surfaces, resulting in rapid germination and appressorium formation. Global changes in gene expression were analyzed by microarray hybridization between conidia incubated for 0 h (dormant), 1 h (pregermination), 2.5 h (postgermination), 4 h (appressoria), and 15 h (early mycelium). Considerable changes were observed, in particular between 0 h and 1 h. Genes induced during germination were enriched in those genes encoding secreted proteins, including lytic enzymes. Comparison of wild-type and a nonpathogenic MAP kinase mutant (bmp1) revealed marked differences in germination-related gene expression, in particular related to secretory proteins. Using promoter-GFP reporter strains, we detected a strictly germination-specific expression pattern of a putative chitin deacetylase gene (cda1). In contrast, a cutinase gene (cutB) was found to be expressed only in the presence of plant lipids, in a developmentally less stringent pattern. We also identified a coregulated gene cluster possibly involved in secondary metabolite synthesis which was found to be controlled by a transcription factor also encoded in this cluster. Our data demonstrate that early conidial development in B. cinerea is accompanied by rapid shifts in gene expression that prepare the fungus for germ tube outgrowth and host cell invasion.

First detection and complete genome sequence of Deformed wing virus in Chilean honeybees.

Deformed wing virus (DWV) is one of the most common viruses affecting honey bee specimens. Although the presence of DWV has been reported in many countries, there is no data of the current situation in Chile. In this report, we detected the presence of DWV in apiaries from two different locations in central Chile. Furthermore, the genome of a Chilean DWV isolate was completely sequenced. This is the first report of the presence of a honey bee virus in Chile.

Expression of mitochondrial non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is modulated by high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenes.

The study of RNA and DNA oncogenic viruses has proved invaluable in the discovery of key cellular pathways that are rendered dysfunctional during cancer progression. An example is high risk human papillomavirus (HPV), the etiological agent of cervical cancer. The role of HPV oncogenes in cellular immortalization and transformation has been extensively investigated. We reported the differential expression of a family of human mitochondrial non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) between normal and cancer cells. Normal cells express a sense mitochondrial ncRNA (SncmtRNA) that seems to be required for cell proliferation and two antisense transcripts (ASncmtRNAs). In contrast, the ASncmtRNAs are down-regulated in cancer cells. To shed some light on the mechanisms that trigger down-regulation of the ASncmtRNAs, we studied human keratinocytes (HFK) immortalized with HPV. Here we show that immortalization of HFK with HPV-16 or 18 causes down-regulation of the ASncmtRNAs and induces the expression of a new sense transcript named SncmtRNA-2. Transduction of HFK with both E6 and E7 is sufficient to induce expression of SncmtRNA-2. Moreover, E2 oncogene is involved in down-regulation of the ASncmtRNAs. Knockdown of E2 in immortalized cells reestablishes in a reversible manner the expression of the ASncmtRNAs, suggesting that endogenous cellular factors(s) could play functions analogous to E2 during non-HPV-induced oncogenesis.

Aromatic and polar residues spanning the candidate fusion peptide of the Andes virus Gc protein are essential for membrane fusion and infection.

Hantaviruses infect human cells through cell attachment and subsequent fusion of viral and cellular membranes at low pH. This largely unknown entry process is mediated by the Gn and Gc glycoproteins, anchored at the viral envelope membrane. Performing bioinformatic analysis and peptide-liposome-binding assays we suggested in a former report that Gc of Andes virus (ANDV) and other hantaviruses corresponds to the viral fusion protein sharing characteristics with class II fusion proteins. To gain insights into the fusion protein of hantaviruses, residues within the previously predicted fusion peptide of ANDV Gc were substituted and mutant proteins tested in fusion and infection assays. To ensure proper folding of mutant proteins, they were first characterized for trafficking to the plasma membrane and incorporation on to ANDV Gn/Gc-pseudotyped lentiviral particles. Cell attachment of these particles was assessed using a newly developed binding assay and their subsequent entry properties determined by FACS analysis of transduced cells expressing the GFP reporter gene. Furthermore, a three-colour-based cell-cell fusion assay of ANDV Gn/Gc expressing cells was performed. The results indicate an essential role of conserved Gc residues W115 and N118 in membrane fusion. Conversely, substitutions of the non-conserved Gc residue G116 did not considerably affect fusion and infection. Altogether, the findings are fully consistent with our earlier prediction suggesting Gc residues 115-121 as an internal fusion peptide and further emphasize the importance of aromatic and polar residues in hantavirus-cell membrane fusion.

Characterization of two divergent cDNAs encoding xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) expressed in Fragaria chiloensis fruit.

Chilean strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis), the maternal progenitor of Fragaria×ananassa, has emerged as a new berry fruit with excellent organoleptic characteristics. The fast softening of strawberries is a limiting step for their commercialization. Fruit softening has been shown to be related to cell wall degradation. Several enzymatic activities related to this process have been isolated in strawberry fruit, however xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) enzymes have not been identified or characterized so far. Two XTH genes were identified in an EST database of F. chiloensis fruit with high homology to other plant XTHs. We isolated the full-length cDNAs associated to these ESTs in F. chiloensis (Fc-XTH1, Fc-XTH2). Phylogenetic analysis suggests that both F. chiloensis XTH genes belong to distant phylogenetic groups of XTHs. Moreover, DNA gel-blot analysis indicates different genomic organization between the two genes. By means of Real Time qPCR analysis, gene expression profiles show a transcriptional profile of Fc-XTH1 transcripts congruent with a probable role during strawberry ripening, while that exhibited by Fc-XTH2 could be related with vegetative processes like leaf growth. On the other hand, immunodetection and enzyme activity assays allow the detection of XTH-related proteins and high xyloglucan transglycosylating (XETA) and degrading (XDA) activities at the turning stage. The data presented confirms the existence of two divergent XTH genes, and XET and XEH activities, in F. chiloensis fruit.

A diagnostic oligonucleotide microarray for simultaneous detection of grapevine viruses.

At least 58 viruses have been reported to infect grapevines causing economic damage globally. Conventional detection strategies based on serological assays, biological indexing and RT-PCR targeting one or few viruses in each assay are widely used. Grapevines are prone to contain mixed infections of several viruses, making the use of these techniques time-consuming. A 70-mer oligonucleotide microarray able to detect simultaneously a broad spectrum of known viruses as well as new viruses by cross-hybridization to highly conserved probes is reported in the present study. The array contains 570 unique probes designed against highly conserved and species-specific regions of 44 plant viral genomes. In addition probes designed against plant housekeeping genes are also included. By using a random primed RT-PCR amplification strategy of grapevine double stranded RNA-enriched samples, viral agents were detected in single and mixed infections. The microarray accuracy to detect 10 grapevine viruses was compared with RT-PCR yielding consistent results. For this purpose, grapevine samples containing single or mixed infections of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, -9, Grapevine fanleaf virus, Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus, Grapevine virus A, and Grapevine virus B were used. Genomic libraries containing complete viral genomes were also used as part of the validation process. The specific probe hybridization pattern obtained from each virus makes this approach a powerful tool for high throughput plant certification purposes and also for virus discovery if the new viral genomic sequences have partial similarity with the microarray probes. Three Closteroviridae members (Grapevine leafroll-associated virus -4, -7 and -9) were detected for the first time in Chilean grapevines using the microarray.

Draft genome sequence of the extremely acidophilic bacterium Acidithiobacillus caldus ATCC 51756 reveals metabolic versatility in the genus Acidithiobacillus.

Acidithiobacillus caldus is an extremely acidophilic, moderately thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic gammaproteobacterium that derives energy from the oxidation of sulfur and reduced inorganic sulfur compounds. Here we present the draft genome sequence of Acidithiobacillus caldus ATCC 51756 (the type strain of the species), which has permitted the prediction of genes for survival in extremely acidic environments, including genes for sulfur oxidation and nutrient assimilation.

Andes virus antigens are shed in urine of patients with acute hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome.

Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is a highly pathogenic emerging disease (40% case fatality rate) caused by New World hantaviruses. Hantavirus infections are transmitted to humans mainly by inhalation of virus-contaminated aerosol particles of rodent excreta and secretions. At present, there are no antiviral drugs or immunotherapeutic agents available for the treatment of hantaviral infection, and the survival rates for infected patients hinge largely on early virus recognition and hospital admission and aggressive pulmonary and hemodynamic support. In this study, we show that Andes virus (ANDV) interacts with human apolipoprotein H (ApoH) and that ApoH-coated magnetic beads or ApoH-coated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay plates can be used to capture and concentrate the virus from complex biological mixtures, such as serum and urine, allowing it to be detected by both immunological and molecular approaches. In addition, we report that ANDV-antigens and infectious virus are shed in urine of HCPS patients.

Isolation and characterization of the equine influenza virus causing the 2006 outbreak in Chile.

The equine influenza virus is the causal agent of influenza in horses. In July 2006, horses from various regions of Chile presented fever, serious nasal discharge, dry cough, anorexia and depression. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of the virus responsible for this outbreak. The virus was identified as equine influenza virus H3N8, since haemagglutination was inhibited by an anti-A/equi/1/H3N8 serum, but not by an anti-A/equi/1/H7N7 serum. The isolate was named A/equi/2/Lonquén/06 (H3N8). In addition, we describe the isolation and sequencing of the haemagglutinin, neuraminidase and nucleoprotein genes of this new isolate. Sequence alignments show important differences with the Santiago/85 isolate and a closer relation to North American isolates, especially with the Florida lineage, and to Argentina isolates from 1990s.

The nucleoprotein and the viral RNA of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) are localized in the nucleolus of infected cells.

The infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), which belongs to the new genus Isavirus of the Orthomyxoviridae family, is an important pathogen of the salmon farming industry. Indirect immunofluorescence assays carried out with monoclonal antibodies specific for the nucleoprotein (NP) reveal differential staining of sub-cellular compartments in infected cells. Particularly interesting was the staining of the nucleolus, which showed co-localization with nucleolin in CHSE-214, EPC and SHK-1 cells infected with ISAV. These results were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation studies showing an interaction between NP and nucleolin. In addition, in situ hybridization carried out with probes specific for each of the 8 RNA segments of ISAV showed that the genomic as well as the anti-genomic strands were also localized in the nucleolus. These results suggest a role of the nucleolus in the replication and/or in the packaging of the ISAV genome.

Preparation and analysis of an expressed sequence tag library from the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella.

Dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium are photosynthetic microalgae that have an extreme importance due to the impact of some toxic species on shellfish aquaculture industry. Alexandrium catenella is the species responsible for the production of paralytic shellfish poisoning in Chile and other geographical areas. We have constructed a cDNA library from midexponential cells of A. catenella grown in culture free of associated bacteria and sequenced 10,850 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that were assembled into 1,021 contigs and 5,475 singletons for a total of 6,496 unigenes. Approximately 41.6% of the unigenes showed similarity to genes with predicted function. A significant number of unigenes showed similarity with genes from other dinoflagellates, plants, and other protists. Among the identified genes, the most expressed correspond to those coding for proteins of luminescence, carbohydrate metabolism, and photosynthesis. The sequences of 9,847 ESTs have been deposited in Gene Bank (accession numbers EX 454357-464203).

Genome analysis and detection of a Chilean isolate of Grapevine leafroll associated virus-3.

The complete genome of the Chilean isolate Cl-766 of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) has been sequenced. This is the first genome sequence obtained from a GLRaV-3 isolate of the Southern hemisphere. The genomic RNA of 17,919 nucleotides contains 13 open reading frames (ORFs) with 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTR) of 158 and 277 nucleotides, respectively. Comparison with NY1, the only isolate with complete genomic sequence available today, shows 97.6% nucleotide identity between the two isolates. Examination of the genome variability shows that most of the genetic diversity is concentrated in ORF1a. Three additional isolates from different geographic regions of Chile were partially sequenced as well, one which showed sequence divergence with respect to the other local and foreign isolates, indicative of different evolutionary constrains. Immunodetection systems were developed using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies produced against the recombinant major coat protein of GLRaV-3, providing sensitive and specific detection using a triple antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) and an immunocapture-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (IC-RT-PCR) assay.