Production of asphalt mixes with copper industry wastes: Use of copper slag as raw material replacement.

Copper slag is a waste obtained from copper production and it has a limited use, being mainly accumulated in landfills on a massive scale. This material presents a high hardness and it has hydrophobic properties, so it can be used as aggregate replacement in the production of asphalt mixtures. However, each size of copper slag behaves differently when used in asphalt mixes, especially under changing conditions of moisture or temperature. Precisely these climatic factors directly affect the service life of asphalt pavements. In this research, semi-dense graded asphalt mixtures were produced with copper slag as replacement of aggregates, varying the particle sizes used in the range from 2.5 to 0.08 mm to determine the size of copper slag with the best performance. Indirect tensile strength tests were used to analyze samples subjected to different moisture and temperature conditions and ageing degrees. The results show that copper slag can be used as aggregate replacement in asphalt mixes when the proper size is selected. The strength of the asphalt mixture increased as the size of the copper slag increased, especially under variable moisture and ageing conditions. Superior behaviour compared to a reference mixture was obtained when replacing the size of aggregate No. 8 with copper slag, increasing its indirect tensile strength and retained strength, reducing its stiffness under all the ageing periods, and being equally effective at the different temperatures, which results in mixtures with improved durability and delayed cracking. Furthermore, it would help to reduce between 15 and 20% of the virgin aggregate needed to produce asphalt mixes and it would also allow reducing the accumulated volume of this waste, decreasing the environmental impact of both industries.

Colonic atresia: a rare entity in the newborn. A six-case report and a bibliographic review. / Atresia de colon, una entidad poco frecuente en el recién nacido. A propósito de seis casos y revisión bibliográfica.

INTRODUCTION: Colonic atresia is a rare malformation accounting for 1.8-15% of all intestinal atresias. We present a 6-case series along with a bibliographic review. CLINICAL CASE: This 6-case series consists of three female cases and three male cases diagnosed 24-84 hours following birth. They were all located in the right hemicolon. The most relevant clinical signs included abdominal distension, absence of defecation, and bilious to fecal vomit. Repairs included primary or step-by-step anastomoses for bowel transit reconstruction. One patient diagnosed at > 72 hours of life died. CONCLUSION: In our experience with colonic atresia, when primary or step-by-step intestinal recanalization (diversion for future repair) is achieved, the expected prognosis is excellent, provided that colonic atresia has been diagnosed at 24-48 hours of life.

INTRODUCCION: Las atresias de colon son malformaciones raras que comprenden alrededor de 1,8-15% de total de las atresias intestinales. Presentamos una serie de seis casos junto con una revisión bibliográfica. CASO CLINICO: Esta serie de casos incluye tres casos femeninos y tres casos masculinos que fueron diagnosticados entre 24-84 horas del nacimiento. Todas se localizaron en el hemicolon derecho. Las manifestaciones clínicas más relevantes fueron distensión abdominal, ausencia de evacuaciones, vómitos de biliosos a fecaloideos. Las correcciones incluyen anastomosis primarias o por etapas para la reconstrucción del tránsito intestinal. Se presentó una defunción en un paciente diagnosticado con > 72 horas de vida. CONCLUSION: En nuestra experiencia, en la atresia de colon, cuando se logra recanalizar el intestino de forma primaria o por etapas (derivación para la futura corrección), se espera excelente pronóstico, siempre que sea diagnosticada entre las 24 a 48 horas de vida.

Atresia de colon, una entidad poco frecuente en el recién nacido. A propósito de seis casos y revisión bibliográfica / Colonic atresia: a rare entity in the newborn. A 6-case report and a bibliographic review

Introducción: Las atresias de colon son malformaciones raras quecomprenden alrededor de 1,8-15% de total de las atresias intestinales.Presentamos una serie de seis casos junto con una revisión bibliográfica. Caso clínico: Esta serie de casos incluye tres casos femeninos ytres casos masculinos que fueron diagnosticados entre 24-84 horas delnacimiento. Todas se localizaron en el hemicolon derecho. Las manifestaciones clínicas más relevantes fueron distensión abdominal, ausencia de evacuaciones, vómitos de biliosos a fecaloideos. Las correccionesincluyen anastomosis primarias o por etapas para la reconstrucción deltránsito intestinal. Se presentó una defunción en un paciente diagnosticado con > 72 horas de vida. Conclusión: En nuestra experiencia, en la atresia de colon, cuandose logra recanalizar el intestino de forma primaria o por etapas (deriva-ción para la futura corrección), se espera excelente pronóstico, siempreque sea diagnosticada entre las 24 a 48 horas de vida.(AU)

Introduction: Colonic atresia is a rare malformation accountingfor 1.8-15% of all intestinal atresias. We present a 6-case series alongwith a bibliographic review.Clinical case: This 6-case series consists of three female cases andthree male cases diagnosed 24-84 hours following birth. They were alllocated in the right hemicolon. The most relevant clinical signs includedabdominal distension, absence of defecation, and bilious to fecal vomit.Repairs included primary or step-by-step anastomoses for bowel transitreconstruction. One patient diagnosed at > 72 hours of life died.Conclusion: In our experience with colonic atresia, when primaryor step-by-step intestinal recanalization (diversion for future repair) isachieved, the expected prognosis is excellent, provided that colonicatresia has been diagnosed at 24-48 hours of life.(AU)

The role of the capping agent and nanocrystal size in photoinduced hydrogen evolution using CdTe/CdS quantum dot sensitizers.

Hydrogen production via light-driven water splitting is a key process in the context of solar energy conversion. In this respect, the choice of suitable light-harvesting units appears as a major challenge, particularly as far as stability issues are concerned. In this work, we report on the use of CdTe/CdS QDs as photosensitizers for light-assisted hydrogen evolution in combination with a nickel bis(diphosphine) catalyst (1) and ascorbate as the sacrificial electron donor. QDs of different sizes (1.7-3.4 nm) and with different capping agents (MPA, MAA, and MSA) have been prepared and their performance assessed in the above-mentioned photocatalytic reaction. Detailed photophysical studies have been also accomplished to highlight the charge transfer processes relevant to the photocatalytic reaction. Hydrogen evolution is observed with remarkable efficiencies when compared to common coordination compounds like Ru(bpy)32+ (where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) as light-harvesting units. Furthermore, the hydrogen evolution performance under irradiation is strongly determined by the nature of the capping agent and the QD size and can be related to the concentration of the surface defects within the semiconducting nanocrystal. Overall, the present results outline how QDs featuring large quantum yields and long lifetimes are desirable to achieve sustained hydrogen evolution upon irradiation and that a precise control of the structural and photophysical properties thus appears as a major requirement towards profitable photocatalytic applications.

Characterization of wash-off from urban impervious surfaces and SuDS design criteria for source control under semi-arid conditions.

Knowledge about pollutant wash-off from urban impervious surfaces is a key feature for developing effective management strategies. Accordingly, further information is required about urban areas under semi-arid climate conditions at the sub-catchment scale. This is important for designing source control systems for pollution. In this study, a characterization of pollutant wash-off has been performed over sixteen months, at the sub-catchment scale for urban roads as impervious surfaces. The study was conducted in Valencia, Spain, a city with a Mediterranean climate. The results show high event mean concentrations for suspended solids (98mg/l), organic matter (142mgCOD/l, 25mgBOD5/l), nutrients (3.7mgTN/l, 0.4mgTP/l), and metals (0.23, 0.32, 0.62 and 0.17mg/l for Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively). The results of the runoff characterization highlight the need to control this pollution at its source, separately from wastewater because of their different characteristics. The wash-off, defined in terms of mobilized mass (g/m2) fits well with both process-based and statistical models, with the runoff volume and rainfall depth being the main explanatory variables. Based on these results and using information collected from hydrographs and pollutographs, an approach for sizing sustainable urban drainage systems (SuDS), focusing on water quality and quantity variables, has been proposed. By setting a concentration-based target (TSS discharged to receiving waters <35mg/l), the results indicate that for a SuDS type detention basin (DB), an off-line configuration performs better than an on-line configuration. The resulting design criterion, expressed as SuDS volume per unit catchment area, assuming a DB type SuDS, varies between 7 and 10l/m2.

Validation of ELISA methods for quantification of the major birch allergen Bet v 1 (BSP090).

To date, the potency of allergen products in Europe is expressed in manufacturer-specific units relative to a product-specific in-house reference. Consequently, cross-product comparability of allergen products from different manufacturers with respect to strength and efficacy is impossible. The Biological Standardisation Programme (BSP) project BSP090 addresses this issue via the establishment of reference standards in conjunction with ELISA methods for the quantification of major allergens in allergen products. Since the initiation of BSP090, the recombinant major allergen Bet v 1 has been adopted by the European Pharmacopoeia Commission as a Chemical Reference Substance (CRS). In parallel, two sandwich ELISA systems for quantification of Bet v 1 were found suitable in preliminary phases of BSP090 to be validated in a large collaborative study. In this study, the candidate ELISA systems were compared with respect to accuracy, precision and variability. Thirteen participating laboratories tested model samples containing the CRS as well as spiked and unspiked birch pollen extracts. Both in pre-testing and in the collaborative study, the 2 candidate ELISA systems confirmed their suitability to quantify recombinant and native Bet v 1. As no clear-cut decision for one of the ELISA systems could be made based on the results of the collaborative study, a post-study testing was performed. Bet v 1 content of 30 birch pollen allergen products was determined in parallel in both ELISA systems. Consequently, 1 candidate ELISA system was selected to be proposed as the future European Pharmacopoeia standard method for Bet v 1 quantification.

Evaluation of the accuracy of linear measurements on multi-slice and cone beam computed tomography scans to detect the mandibular canal during bilateral sagittal split osteotomy of the mandible.

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of linear measurements of the distance between the mandibular cortical bone and the mandibular canal using 64-detector multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). It was sought to evaluate the reliability of these examinations in detecting the mandibular canal for use in bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) planning. Eight dry human mandibles were studied. Three sites, corresponding to the lingula, the angle, and the body of the mandible, were selected. After the CT scans had been obtained, the mandibles were sectioned and the bone segments measured to obtain the actual measurements. On analysis, no statistically significant difference was found between the measurements obtained through MSCT and CBCT, or when comparing the measurements from these scans with the actual measurements. It is concluded that the images obtained by CT scan, both 64-detector multi-slice and cone beam, can be used to obtain accurate linear measurements to locate the mandibular canal for preoperative planning of BSSO. The ability to correctly locate the mandibular canal during BSSO will reduce the occurrence of neurosensory disturbances in the postoperative period.

Standardization of allergen products: 3. Validation of candidate European Pharmacopoeia standard methods for quantification of major birch allergen Bet v 1.

BACKGROUND: The BSP090 project aims at establishing European Pharmacopoeia Reference Substances in combination with the corresponding ELISA methods for the quantification of major allergens in allergen products. Two sandwich ELISAs proved suitable for quantification of Bet v 1, the major birch pollen allergen, in preceding phases of BSP090. METHODS: Two Bet v 1-specific ELISA systems were compared with respect to accuracy and precision in a ring trial including 13 laboratories. Model samples containing recombinant rBet v 1.0101 as well as native birch pollen extracts were measured independently at least three times in each facility. The assessment was completed with a comparative quantification of Bet v 1 in 30 marketed birch allergen products in one laboratory, simulating the future use as reference method. RESULTS: In the collaborative study, both candidate ELISAs confirmed their suitability to quantify recombinant and native Bet v 1. ELISA-A showed higher precision and lower interlaboratory variability, yet ELISA-B exhibited slightly higher accuracy. Subsequent parallel measurement of Bet v 1 in a panel of 'real-life' birch allergen products indicated better repeatability of ELISA-B. Both systems detected substantial differences in Bet v 1 content between allergen products, but the effect was more pronounced using ELISA-B due to persistently higher values compared to ELISA-A. CONCLUSIONS: In the collaborative study, no deciding differences were observed between the two candidate ELISAs. Further comparison under conditions simulating the intended use combined with the criterion of long-term availability enabled the selection of one Bet v 1-specific ELISA for proposal as European Pharmacopoeia standard method.

Left Main Ostial Compression in a Patient with Pulmonary Hypertension: Dynamic Findings by IVUS.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary artery dilatation is a common feature among patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. Left main coronary artery extrinsic compression by an enlarged pulmonary artery is a rare complication and a potential cause for chest pain and sudden cardiac death in patients with pulmonary hypertension. This situation is very rare and few reports have described it. Currently, the appropriate management of these patients remains unknown. CASE REPORT: In the present report we describe the case of a 39-year-old woman who presented with a 2-year history of cardiac symptoms related to exercise. The patient underwent a 64-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) coronary angiography, which showed left main coronary artery (LMCA) compression by a markedly enlarged pulmonary artery trunk (44 mm), without intraluminal stenosis or coronary artery calcium, as determined by the Agatston score. This compression was considered to be the cause of the cardiac symptoms. To confirm and plan the treatment, the patient underwent cardiac catheterization that confirmed the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension and LMCA critical obstruction. Taking into account the paucity of information regarding the best management in these cases, the treatment decision was shared among a "heart team" that chose percutaneous coronary intervention with stent placement. An intra-vascular ultrasound was performed during the procedure, which showed a dynamic compression of the left main coronary artery. The intervention was successfully executed without any adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: This case illustrates dynamic compression of the LMCA by IVUS, visually demonstrating the mechanism of the intermittent symptoms of myocardial ischemia in this kind of patient. It also shows that percutaneous stenting technique may be an appropriate treatment for this unusual situation.

Are occupational repetitive movements of the upper arm associated with rotator cuff calcific tendinopathies?

Calcifying tendinopathy (CT) of the shoulder is a common painful disorder, although the etiology and pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Recent theories about the role of excessive mechanical load in the genesis of CT have been proposed. Driven by the interest for these new theories, we investigated the hypothesis of a relationship between work-related repetitive movements of the upper arm, considered a potential cause of shoulder overload, and the presence of shoulder CT. A secondary aim was to obtain data on CT prevalence in a female sample from the working-age general population, as little data currently exist. 199 supermarket cashiers and 304 female volunteers recruited from the general population underwent a high-resolution ultrasonography of the rotator cuffs of both shoulders, and the presence of tendinopathies, with or without calcification, was recorded. The prevalence of calcific tendinopathy was 22.6 % in the cashiers group and 24.4 % in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of calcifications between the two groups (p = 0.585), either for the dominant shoulder [OR = 0.841 (95 % CI 0.534-1.326)] or for the non-dominant shoulder [OR = 0.988 (95 % CI 0.582-1.326)]. We observed bilateral calcifications in 8.5 % of cashiers, and 9.6 % of controls, and an increase in prevalence of CT with age in both groups. Work-related repetitive movements of the upper arm did not induce a higher prevalence of shoulder CT compared with the female sample from the general population. If CT etiopathogenesis is related to mechanical load, CT onset may be influenced not only by loading history, but also by individual factors. Level of evidence Prognosis study, Level II.

Water quality and quantity assessment of pervious pavements performance in experimental car park areas.

Pervious pavements have become one of the most used sustainable urban drainage system (SUDS) techniques in car parks. This research paper presents the results of monitoring water quality from several experimental car park areas designed and constructed in Spain with bays made of interlocking concrete block pavement, porous asphalt, polymer-modified porous concrete and reinforced grass with plastic and concrete cells. Moreover, two different sub-base materials were used (limestone aggregates and basic oxygen furnace slag). This study therefore encompasses the majority of the materials used as permeable surfaces and sub-base layers all over the world. Effluent from the test bays was monitored for dissolved oxygen, pH, electric conductivity, total suspended solids, turbidity and total petroleum hydrocarbons in order to analyze the behaviour shown by each combination of surface and sub-base materials. In addition, permeability tests were undertaken in all car parks using the 'Laboratorio Caminos Santander' permeameter and the Cantabrian Portable Infiltrometer. All results are presented together with the influence of surface and sub-base materials on water quality indicators using bivariate correlation statistical analysis at a confidence level of 95%. The polymer-modified porous concrete surface course in combination with limestone aggregate sub-base presented the best performance.

Use of digital panoramic radiography as an auxiliary means of low bone mineral density detection in post-menopausal women.

OBJECTIVES: To correlate the radiomorphometric indices obtained using digital panoramic radiography (DPR) with bone mineral densities, evaluated by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry test, in a population of post-menopausal females to identify patients with asymptomatic low bone mineral densities. METHODS: The morphology of the mandibular cortex was evaluated using the mandibular cortical index (MCI) and the inferior mandibular cortex width was evaluated using the mental index (MI) in 64 female patients who had undergone dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessment. Of these patients, 21 were diagnosed with osteopaenia and 20 with osteoporosis, and 23 were normal. Three new indices for evaluating the inferior mandibular cortex width were designed: the mental posterior index 1 (MPI1), MPI2 and MPI3. Statistical analyses were performed using the χ(2) and Kruskal-Wallis tests and the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the normal and lower bone mineral density groups (osteopaenia and osteoporosis) for MCI (p < 0.01). In the osteoporosis group, the MI, MPI1, MPI2 and MPI3 were significantly different from the normal and osteopaenia groups (p < 0.05). The MI, MPI1, MPI2 and MPI3 showed that there is an area in the mandibular cortex, located between the mental foramen and the antegonial region, which is valid for identifying females at high risk for osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS: The MCI, MI, MPI1, MPI2, and MPI3 radiomorphometric indices evaluated using DPR can be used to identify post-menopausal females with low bone densities and to provide adequate medical treatment for them.

Minimum 10 year survivorship analysis of a partially coated hydroxyapatite tapered femoral stem in elderly patients with an average age over 75.

This is a retrospective, non-comparative study of 212 consecutive patients who underwent Total Hip Arthroplasty with an uncemented hydroxyapatite (HA) coated stem system from November 1997 to March 2000. The objective of the study was to analyze the performance of the implant at a minimum of 10 years in older patients (mean age 79.6 years). The Kaplan-Meier survivorship of the femoral stem at 10 years was 100%, and 97.5% for the whole prosthesis. The mean Merle d'Aubigné clinical score improved from 4.4 ± 2.1 points pre-operatively to 13.39 ± 3.77 points at final follow-up (p<0.05), and the mean VAS score for thigh pain was 1.25. The radiographic analysis showed that there were no significant radiolucent lines or osteolysis compromising the fixation of the implant.

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in pillar pain after carpal tunnel release: a preliminary study.

"Pillar pain" is a relatively frequent complication after surgical release of the median nerve at the wrist. Its etiology still remains unknown although several studies highlight a neurogenic inflammation as a possible cause. Pillar pain treatment usually includes rest, bracing and physiotherapy, although a significant number of patients still complain of painful symptoms two or even three years after surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of low-energy, flux density-focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in the treatment of pillar pain. We treated 40 consecutive patients with ESWT who had pillar pain for at least six months after carpal tunnel release surgery, and to our knowledge, this is the first study that describes the use of ESWT for treating this condition. Our results show that in all of the treated patients, there was a marked improvement: the mean visual analogue scale (VAS) score decreased from 6.18 (±1.02) to 0.44 (±0.63) 120 d after treatment, and redness and swelling of the surgical scar had also decreased significantly.

Indexation of left ventricular mass to body surface area and height to allometric power of 2.7: is the difference limited to obese hypertensives?

Whether left ventricular mass (LVM) should be normalized to different indexes in relation to body size is still debated. We sought to evaluate the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) defined by different indexation criteria in a cohort of hypertensive subjects categorized according to body mass index (BMI). A total of 2213 essential hypertensive subjects included in the Evaluation of Target Organ Damage in Hypertension (ETODH) were divided in three groups according to BMI thresholds (<25, 25-29.9 and >or=30 kg m(-2)). All patients underwent extensive investigations including quantitative echocardiography. LVH was defined as an LVM index equal to or higher than (1) 125 g m(-2) in men and 110 g m(-2) in women, (2) 51 g m(-2.7) in men and 47 g m(-2.7) in women. Overall, 687 out of 2213 patients (31.0%) were found to have LVH when LVM was indexed to body surface area (BSA) and 1030 (46.5%) when indexed to height(2.7). A total of 845 patients (38.2%) had normal BMI, 954 patients (43.1%) were overweight and 414 (18.7%) were obese. Prevalence rates of LVH in the three groups were 25.1, 31.6, 41.2% by indexation to BSA and 29.9, 50.5, 71.8% by indexation to height(2.7), respectively. LVM indexed to BSA markedly underestimates LVH prevalence in obese as well as overweight hypertensive patients. To avoid a systematic misclassification of cardiovascular risk, LVM should be routinely indexed to height(2.7) in overweight and obese patients representing a large percentage of the hypertensive population.

Metabolic syndrome and biventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension.

The metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with structural and functional alterations of the left ventricle (LV); no evidence is available on the impact of the MS on the right ventricle (RV). To assess whether MS, as defined by the ATP III report, is associated with biventricular hypertrophy, a total of 286 hypertensive subjects (mean age 58.7+/-12.2 years) attending our outpatient clinic underwent the following procedures: (1) physical examination and standard clinic blood pressure (BP) measurement; (2) routine laboratory investigations; (3) M-mode, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. LV hypertrophy (LVH) was defined by LM mass index>or=51/47 g m(-2.7) in men and women, respectively. Right-sided chambers were measured in parasternal long axis at the outflow tract and subcostal view; RV hypertrophy (RVH) was defined by anterior RV wall thickness>or=6.0/5.5 mm in men and women, respectively. Filling velocities of both ventricles were assessed by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Structural cardiac alterations were more pronounced in hypertensive men and women with MS than in their non-MS counterparts and involved both ventricles as shown by the differences in continuous variables as well as in prevalence rates of LVH (58 and 48% vs 28 and 30%, respectively, P<0.01) and RVH (48 and 54% vs 25 and 35%, respectively, P<0.01). Both LV and RV filling in MS hypertensives were more dependent on the atrial systole. Our study shows that in human hypertension, structural and functional cardiac changes induced by MS are not limited to the LV but also involve the right one.

Courtship sounds and associated behaviours in the Canestrini's goby Pomatoschistus canestrinii.

Courtships sounds and associated behaviours were recorded in the Canestrini's goby Pomatoschistus canestrinii using a simultaneous video-acoustic system: the male exhibited a display composed of both a visual (rapid head movements) and an acoustic component (thump sound), and its intensity was positively associated with that of a female visual display.

Prevalence and correlates of multiple organ damage in referred treated hypertensives: data from the ETODH study.

This study, carried out in a large cohort of treated essential hypertensives attending an out-patient hospital hypertension clinic, extends previous observations by showing that a clustering of two or three markers of organ damage (OD) has a higher prevalence than a single organ involvement. These findings call for a systematic evaluation of cardiac and extracardiac OD in treated hypertensive patients referred to a specialist setting.

Transformación genética de plátano (Musa sp. CV. Hartón) mediante biobalística aplicada a tejidos meristemáticos / Genetic transformation of plantain (Musa sp. CV. Hartón) by a biobalistic method applied to meristematic tissue

El plátano es uno de los cultivos más importantes en el mundo por constituir el alimento básico de millones de personas y una importante fuente de ingresos para los países productores. En los últimos años la producción mundial de plátano se ha visto afectada por numerosas enfermedades causadas por virus, bacterias, insectos y hongos, las cuales provocan grandes pérdidas en la producción y ameritan el uso de diversos tipos de funguicidas e insecticidas, perjudiciales para el ambiente y relativamente costosos. Múltiples instituciones han centrado sus investigaciones en el desarrollo de variedades de plátano y cambures resistentes mediante el uso de distintos métodos modernos de fitomejoramiento, tales como mutagénesis, variación somaclonal y transformación genética. En este trabajo se utilizó el método de biobalística para transformar ápices caulinares in vitro de plantas de plátano (Musa cv. “Hartón”) con micropartículas de tungsteno recubiertas con ADN del plásmido CAMBIA3201 portador de los genes gus y bar, en una máquina de bombardeo de baja presión de fabricación local. La transformación de los ápices se logró a una distancia tejido-cañón de 9,5cm, presión de He de 150psi y concentración de ADN de 2µg/disparo. Se obtuvo un total de 22 plantas transformadas con los genes gus y bar, cuya presencia fue demostrada por la prueba histoquímica de GUS, y su inserción al ADN mediante la amplificación (PCR) de fragmentos con iniciadores específicos.