ABSTRACT
Glutamate was quantified by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) in the medial frontal lobes of 15 adult siblings of individuals with schizophrenia (HR) and 14 healthy volunteers (HV), all of whom also completed a Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Subjects were free of psychopathology but the HR group showed greater variability in glutamate levels. After median stratification, the high glutamate group contained a larger proportion of HR than HV subjects and scored lower on the CPT. Elevated glutamate may relate to poor sustained attention and elevated risk of schizophrenia, suggesting a potential role for glutamate in an endophenotype for schizophrenia.
Subject(s)
Attention/physiology , Cognition Disorders/genetics , Discrimination, Psychological/physiology , Frontal Lobe/physiopathology , Glutamic Acid/metabolism , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Neuropsychological Tests , Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Schizophrenia/genetics , Schizophrenic Psychology , Adult , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Creatine/metabolism , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/psychology , Humans , Inhibition, Psychological , Male , Middle Aged , Reaction Time/physiology , Risk , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Schizophrenia/physiopathology , Schizotypal Personality Disorder/diagnosis , Schizotypal Personality Disorder/genetics , Schizotypal Personality Disorder/physiopathology , SiblingsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Adolescent children of parents with schizophrenia are generally overlooked in studies of family burden. Few published data exist about this younger cohort compared to adult family members such as parents, spouses, and siblings. This pilot study aims to examine the types of burden described by adolescent children of parents with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. METHODS: Thirteen adolescents (9F: 4M) between the ages of 13 and 18 who had at least one parent diagnosed with schizophrenia were administered a semi-structured interview as part of a pilot project to examine burden in this group. Questions asked during the interview were directed at the subject's knowledge of the disorder, relationship with the parent, impact of the disorder on personal life, coping strategies used, and future concerns. RESULTS: Responses showed that the adolescents were uninformed about their parent's illness, had difficulties dealing with symptoms (positive and negative), were required to assume additional household responsibilities, and were concerned about their parent's future welfare. CONCLUSION: This pilot study illustrates that children of individuals with schizophrenia feel their lives are impacted by their parent's illness. More research is needed in this area to quantify and describe the types of burden experienced by this vulnerable group to ensure availability of adequate support.
Subject(s)
Child of Impaired Parents/psychology , Cost of Illness , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adaptation, Psychological , Adolescent , Adult , Affect , Attitude to Health , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Female , Humans , Male , Parent-Child Relations , Pilot Projects , Risk Factors , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Social PerceptionABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Glutamate and glutamine were examined in vivo in nonpsychotic adolescents at high genetic risk for schizophrenia by using 3-T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS). METHOD: Spectra from the right medial frontal lobe of 20 adolescents who had a parent with schizophrenia (high-risk group; mean age=16.4 years) were compared with spectra obtained from adolescent offspring of parents with no history of schizophrenia (low-risk group; mean age=16.7 years). RESULTS: Glutamate/glutamine was significantly higher in the adolescents at high genetic risk for schizophrenia than in the low-risk offspring. Age, premorbid adjustment scale scores, and other (1)H-MRS metabolites did not differ between groups. Global Assessment of Functioning Scale scores and socioeconomic status were lower in the high-risk group. DISCUSSION: The finding of glutamate/glutamine abnormalities in a group of subjects at high genetic risk for schizophrenia lends support for both the glutamate dysfunction and neurodevelopmental hypotheses for schizophrenia.
