Possibilities and pitfalls of virus antigen and antibody detection of SARS-CoV-2 / Lehetoségek és buktatók a SARS-CoV-2-antigén és az ellene termelt antitestek kimutatásában.

Összefoglaló. A koronavírus-betegség 2019 (COVID-19)-pandémia komoly kihívás elé állította nemcsak a mikrobiológiai laboratóriumokat, hanem az eredmények interpretálásában a klinikumban dolgozó kollégákat is. Az orvostudomány specializált világában az immunológiai és a fertozo betegségekkel kapcsolatos ismeretek az antimikrobás terápiás megoldások sikeressége, valamint a széles köru vakcináció miatt az idok folyamán számos szakterületen háttérbe szorultak, felfrissítésük sürgeto és elengedhetetlen része a pandémiával való megküzdésnek. A diagnosztikai vizsgálatok fontos eszközei a járvány megfékezésének, illetve a betegek ellátásának, azonban a vírus és az emberi szervezet interakciójának megértése elengedhetetlenül szükséges a korrekt epidemiológiai és gyógyászati véleményalkotáshoz. Jelen cikkünk az orvosi gyakorlat számára foglalja össze a súlyos akut légzoszervi szindrómát okozó koronavírus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) kimutatására, valamint az immunrendszer specifikus immunválaszának szerológiai vizsgálatára irányuló, gyakorlatban használatos módszereket, azok helyét, szerepét és értékelésük szempontjait a tudomány jelen állása szerint. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(15): 563-570. Summary. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic posed a serious challenge not only for microbiology laboratories, but also for the clinicians in interpretation of the results. In the specialized world of medicine, knowledge of immunological and infectious diseases has been relegated to the background in many disciplines over time due to the success of antimicrobial therapies and widespread vaccination, so updating them is an urgent and essential part of the fight against the pandemic. Diagnostic tests are important tools for controlling the epidemic and caring for patients, but understanding the interaction between the virus and the human body is essential to form a correct epidemiological and medical opinion. This paper summarizes the medical methods for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the serological testing of the specific immune response of the immune system, their place, role and criteria of their evaluation according to current scientific knowledge. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(15): 563-570.

Medically relevant aspects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in animals / A súlyos akut légzoszervi szindrómát okozó koronavírus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) orvosilag releváns aspektusai állatokban.

Összefoglaló. A mikroszkóp felfedezése óta tudjuk, hogy az egymással szoros közelségben élo egyedeknek nem csupán a látható élohelyük közös, hanem szemmel nem érzékelheto mikroorganizmusokat is megosztanak egymással, melyek bizonyos fokban adaptálódtak gazdáikhoz. Az emberek életterének bovülésével és ezzel párhuzamosan az állatok élohelyének csökkenésével azonban új állatfajok kerülhetnek veszélyes közelségbe, ami következményes mikrobaátadással és az új gazdában a mikroba eltéro viselkedésével járhat. Feltételezhetoen ez a jelenség vezetett a súlyos akut légzoszervi szindróma koronavírus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) kialakulásához, mely 2019-ben jelent meg eloször emberekben, és néhány hónap leforgása alatt milliókat fertozött meg az egész világon. A pandémia leküzdéséhez és az újabb járványok megelozéséhez minden lehetséges eszközt fel kell használni, ami együttmuködést kíván a humánorvoslás és az állatgyógyászat, valamint az ökológiai, evolúciós és környezeti tudományok szakemberei között a globális "Egy Egészség" keretében. A közös célok érdekében történo összefogás jegyében a jelen tanulmány állatorvos és humánorvos szerzopárosa összefoglalja azon ismereteket, amelyek a SARS-CoV-2 vonatkozásában mindkét szakma számára érdemlegesek lehetnek. Bemutatásra kerül a vírus eredete, természetes és mesterséges elofordulása különbözo állatfajokban, valamint az állati koronavírusokkal kapcsolatos azon tapasztalatok, amelyek hozzájárulhatnak a SARS-CoV-2 muködésének megértéséhez és az ellene való védekezés tökéletesítéséhez. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(5): 163-170. Summary. Introduction: Since the discovery of the microscope, we have known that individuals living in close proximity to each other share not only their visible habitat, but also invisible microorganisms that have adapted to some degree to their hosts. However, as human habitat expands and, in parallel, animal territory declines, new animal species can come into dangerous proximity, which may result in consequential transmission of microbes and different microbial behaviour in the new host. Presumably, this phenomenon led to the development of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which first appeared in humans in 2019 and infected millions over the course of a few months worldwide. All possible means must be used to combat the pandemic and prevent further epidemics, which will require cooperation between professionals in human medicine and veterinary medicine as well as in the ecological, evolutionary and environmental sciences, within the framework of the global "One Health". In a spirit of working together for common goals, the authors of this study, a veterinarian and a human physician, summarize the knowledge that may be relevant to both professions for SARS-CoV-2. The origin of the virus, its natural and artificial occurrence in different animal species, and experiences with animal coronaviruses that may contribute to the understanding of the functioning of SARS-CoV-2 and the development of protection against it are presented. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(5): 163-170.

Isolation and characterisation of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus in Hungary - Short communication.

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) is an emerging enteropathogen, causing great economic losses in the pig industry. After many years of quiescence, PEDV was detected in Hungary in 2016 with a recombination in its S gene. In order to determine the extent of this change, an attempt was made to isolate the recombinant PEDV. This study was extended with a variety of samples collected from three separate farms with newly identified PEDV in 2018. The recombinant PEDV from 2016 was isolated successfully along with three viruses from 2018, and one isolate from the new cases was used for whole genome determination. Whole genome sequence alignment revealed the highest identity with recombinant Hungarian and Slovenian PEDV within the low-pathogenic European viruses. This suggests that these recombinant PEDV are circulating in this area and may spread to other parts of the continent.

Frequency of diarrhoea-associated viruses in swine of various ages in Hungary.

Enteric viral diseases of swine are one of the most frequent disorders causing huge economic losses in pork production. After the reappearance of an emerging enteropathogen, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) in Hungary in 2016, an extensive survey was initiated in an attempt to identify diarrhoea-related porcine viruses, including adeno-, astro-, boca-, calici-, circo-, corona-, kobu-, rota- and Torque teno viruses. A total of 384 faecal samples collected during a twoyear period from diarrhoeic and asymptomatic pigs of various ages in 17 farms were screened by conventional and real-time PCR methods. Half of the samples contained at least one examined virus with the dominance of kobuvirus (55.1%) followed by bocaviruses (33.2%) and rotavirus groups A and C together (20.9%), while coronaviruses including PEDV were not found in this set of samples. Statistical analysis showed a highly significant difference (P < 0.0001) in the frequency of single infections compared to mixed ones with the exception of weaned pigs, in which group additionally most viruses were detected. The results of this study suggest that the complexity of this disease may vary with age, which makes the prevention of diarrhoea a challenge, especially in weaned pigs.

Prevalence of antibodies against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in Hungary.

Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) is a highly contagious enteric disease of swine, which became infrequent with the appearance of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). TGE was last reported in Hungary in 2013 and the virus has not been found since, therefore a serological survey was planned to estimate the level of protection against it. 908 sera of sows from 93 farms were selected together with 174 archive samples from one farm covering a wider age group. All samples were screened with an indirect immunofluorescence (IF) test with a positive result of 15.42% and 17.82%, respectively. All IF-positive samples were examined with a commercial ELISA, revealing seropositivity against PRCV in almost all cases. These findings should serve as a recommendation to not omit TGE from the diagnostics of diarrhoea in swine.

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus with a recombinant S gene detected in Hungary, 2016.

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) can cause a severe enteric disease affecting pigs of all ages. In January 2016, diarrhoea with occasional vomiting was observed in a small pig farm in Hungary. All animals became affected, while mortality (of up to 30%) was only seen in piglets. Samples from different age groups and the carcass of a piglet were examined by various methods including pathology, bacteriology and molecular biology. PEDV was confirmed by PCR and its whole genome sequence was determined. The sequence PEDV HUN/5031/2016 showed high identity with recently reported European viruses. Differences were found mostly in the S gene, where recombination was detected with a newly identified and already recombinant swine enteric coronavirus (Se-CoV) from Italy. The present report describes the first porcine epidemic diarrhoea outbreak in Hungary after many years and gives an insight into the genetics of the Hungarian PEDV.