ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Colonoscopy is the standard method for the evaluation of the colon. A suitable intestinal cleaning is critical for the effectiveness and security of the procedure, but unfortunately there is a high proportion of suboptimal bowel preparation. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors related to suboptimal bowel preparation. METHODS: We performed an analytic, observational, cross-sectional and prospective study. We included all outpatients scheduled for colonoscopy in the Peruvian-Japanese Health Center between January and July 2012. We excluded patients with a complete or partial colonic resection. In patients with two or more colonoscopies during the study interval, only the first procedure was considered. Aronchick scale was used in assessment of bowel cleaning. The variables studied with relationship to bowel preparation were: age, sex, grade ofeducation, body mass index, time of examination, history (diabetes mellitus, stroke, cirrhosis, use of antidepressants/anxiolytics, number of bowel movements per week, abdominal surgery, personal history of previous colonoscopy, polyps and colon cancer, family history of colon cancer), received purgative, additional laxative, indication for colonoscopy and adverse effects of the preparation. Statistical analysis was made with SPSS v.160. For the categorical variables we used chi square test or Fisher exact test, whereas for continuous variables the Mann Whitney test was used. The variables significantly associated with suboptimal preparation in the univariated analysis were included in a multivariate analysis using logistic regression. RESULTS: We included 841 patients. The bowel preparation was suboptimal in 438 patients (52.1%). The univariate analysis showed that the factors related to suboptimal preparation were age (P = 0.023) and body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 (P = 0.021). The multivariate analysis confirmed that age ≥ 70 years old (P = 0.001) and body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 (P = 0.010) were the variables related to suboptimal bowel preparation. CONCLUSIONS: Age greater than 70 years old and obesity are factors related to suboptimal bowel preparation.
Subject(s)
Cathartics/administration & dosage , Colonoscopy/standards , Patient Compliance , Polyethylene Glycols/administration & dosage , Adult , Aged , Colonoscopy/methods , Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Therapeutic IrrigationABSTRACT
La presente guía establece los criterios técnicos para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hepatitis crónica secundaria a hepatitis viral B con la finalidad de contribuir a reducir la morbimortalidad de esta enfermedad. Da las definiciones para comprender las recomendaciones aquí dadas. Descripción de aspectos epidemiológicos, factores de riesgo asociados; aspectos clínicos y de diagnóstico de la hepatitis crónica por virus B. Se dan las recomendaciones de manejo incluyendo circunstancias especiales tales como el paciente con cirrosis, el paciente con coinfección VIH ó con coinfección con hepatitis C. Las recomendaciones aquí mencionadas se convierten en la guía nacional para el manejo de la Hepatitis crónica por hepatitis B.
This guide sets out the technical criteria for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis secondary to viral hepatitis B. The guide intend to reduce the morbidity and mortality of this disease. The Guide give practical definitions to help understand the terminology, describe epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical aspects and the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B. Finally the guide give recommendations for the management including special circumstances such as patients with cirrhosis, patients coinfected with HIV or coinfected with hepatitis C. The recommendations of the guide become the national guide for the management of chronic hepatitis B.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Hepatitis B, Chronic , Hepatitis B, Chronic/diagnosis , Hepatitis B, Chronic/prevention & control , Hepatitis B, Chronic/therapy , Hepatitis B virusABSTRACT
The Hepatitis C virus has emerged over the last two decades as the cause of the second greatest viral infection epidemic after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A significant characteristic of the infection with the Hepatitis C virus is the variable course of its natural history. About 80% of the people who acquire this agent develop a chronic infection, with varying degree of liver damage, including cirrhosis and even hepatocelular carcinoma. However, only a minority progresses towards more severe forms. Several factors associated with the host seem to influence the progression of Hepatitis C into cirrhosis. The most important are alcohol abuse, the age in which the infection is acquired, duration of the infection, overweight, male sex and coinfection with Hepatitis A or B or HIV. Evidence of the role of iron levels in the liver, tobacco or the source of infection are less clear. The factors associated with the agent do not seem to play any role in the progression of the disease. Additional studies with adequate control groups are required to confirm the participation of the above mentioned host factors and to identify others which could influence the natural history of the Hepatitis C infection. A reduction in the ingestion of alcohol, overweight and tobacco consumption could contribute to the treatment of HVC chronic infection, as well as vaccination against Hepatitis A and B.
Subject(s)
Hepatitis C, Chronic/epidemiology , Adult , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology , Comorbidity , Disease Progression , Disease Susceptibility , Female , Humans , Liver Cirrhosis/epidemiology , Liver Cirrhosis/etiology , Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology , Liver Neoplasms/etiology , Male , Middle Aged , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
El virus de la hepatitis C ha surgido como la causa de la segunda mayor epidemia de infección viral después del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en las pasadas dos décadas. Una característica importante de la infección del virus de la Hepatitis C es el curso variable de su historia natural. Las personas que contraen este agente desarrollan infección crónica en aproximadamente el 80 por ciento de casos con grado variable de daño hepático incluyendo cirrosis ymás aún carcinoma hepatocelular. Sin embargo sólo una minoría progresa a las formas severas. Diversos factores relacionados al huésped parecen influir en la progresión de la hepatitis C a cirrosis. Los más importantes incluyen abuso de alcohol, edad en la que se adquiere la infección, duración de la infección, sobrepeso, sexo masculino y coinfección con el virus de la hepatitis A, B o VIH. Es menos clara la evidencia acerca del rol de los niveles de fierro en el hígado, el tabaco o la fuente de infección. Los factores relacionados al agente no parecen jugar un rol en la progresión de la enfermedad. se requieren estudios adicionales con grupos de control apropiados para confirmar la participación de los factores de huésped antes mencionados e identificar otros que podrían influenciar la historia natural de la infección por hepatitis C. La reducción de la ingestión de alcohol, del sobrepeso, del consumo del tabaco y la vacunación contra la hepatitis A y B podrían contribuir al tratamiento de la infección crónica por HVC.
