Upper Limb Morbidity in Newly Diagnosed Individuals After Unilateral Surgery for Breast Cancer: Baseline Results from the AMBER Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: We aimed to examine potential associations between post-surgical upper limb morbidity and demographic, medical, surgical, and health-related fitness variables in newly diagnosed individuals with breast cancer. METHODS: Participants were recruited between 2012 and 2019. Objective measures of health-related fitness, body composition, shoulder range of motion, axillary web syndrome, and lymphedema were performed within 3 months of breast cancer surgery, and prior to or at the start of adjuvant cancer treatment. RESULTS: Upper limb morbidity was identified in 54% of participants and was associated with poorer upper limb function and higher pain. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified mastectomy versus breast-conserving surgery (odds ratio [OR] 3.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.65-4.65), axillary lymph node dissection versus sentinel lymph node dissection (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.73-4.10), earlier versus later time from surgery (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.15-2.18), and younger versus older age (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.03) as significantly associated with a higher odds of upper limb morbidity, while mastectomy (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.10-2.25), axillary lymph node dissection (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.34-3.60), lower muscular endurance (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.16) and higher percentage body fat (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00-1.07) were significantly associated with higher odds of moderate or greater morbidity severity. CONCLUSIONS: Upper limb morbidity is common in individuals after breast cancer surgery prior to adjuvant cancer treatment. Health-related fitness variables were associated with severity of upper limb morbidity. Findings may facilitate prospective surveillance of individuals at higher risk of developing upper limb morbidity.

Physical activity in ovarian cancer survivors: associations with fatigue, sleep, and psychosocial functioning.

UNLABELLED: Physical activity has been associated with better health-related outcomes in several cancer survivor groups but very few data exist for women with ovarian cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between physical activity and health-related outcomes in ovarian cancer survivors and to examine any dose-response relationship. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional postal survey of ovarian cancer survivors on and off treatment identified through the Alberta Cancer Registry was performed. Participants completed self-report measures of physical activity, cancer-related fatigue, peripheral neuropathy, depression, anxiety, and happiness, as well as demographic and medical variables. RESULTS: A total of 359 ovarian cancer survivors participated (51.4% response rate) of whom 31.1% were meeting the public health physical activity guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Those meeting guidelines reported significantly lower fatigue than those not meeting guidelines (mean difference, 7.1; 95% confidence interval, 5.5-8.8; d = 0.87; P < 0.001). Meeting guidelines was also significantly inversely associated with peripheral neuropathy, depression, anxiety, sleep latency, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction and was positively associated with happiness, sleep quality, and sleep efficiency. There was no evidence of a dose-response relationship beyond meeting or not meeting the guidelines for any variables. CONCLUSIONS: Ovarian cancer survivors who were meeting physical activity guidelines reported more favorable outcomes of fatigue, peripheral neuropathy, sleep, and psychosocial functioning.

Physical activity preferences of ovarian cancer survivors.

OBJECTIVE: Regular physical activity is positively associated with quality of life in ovarian cancer survivors, but no data exist on how best to promote activity in this population. This study investigated the interests and preferences of ovarian cancer survivors with regard to physical activity participation. METHODS: A provincial, population-based postal survey of ovarian cancer survivors in Alberta, Canada, was performed including measures of self-reported physical activity, medical and demographic variables, and physical activity preferences. RESULTS: A total of 359 women participated (51.4% response rate). Over half expressed interest in participating in a physical activity program (53.8%), with a further 32.9% maybe interested. The most common preferences were for programs to be home-based (48.9%), start post-treatment (69.5%), and involve walking (62.7%). There were differences in preferences based on demographic, but not medical, factors. CONCLUSION: The majority of ovarian cancer survivors expressed interest in participating in physical activity programs; however, some preferences varied by demographic factors. Designing physical activity interventions according to these preferences may optimize adherence and outcomes in ovarian cancer survivors.

Predictors of follow-up exercise behavior 6 months after a randomized trial of exercise training during breast cancer chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: Exercise during breast cancer chemotherapy is beneficial but it needs to be maintained into survivorship to optimize long-term benefits. Here, we report the predictors of follow-up exercise behavior 6 months after a randomized exercise trial in breast cancer patients. METHODS: Breast cancer patients (N = 242) initiating adjuvant chemotherapy were randomly assigned to usual care (n = 82), supervised resistance exercise (n = 82), or supervised aerobic exercise (n = 78) for the duration of their chemotherapy. At baseline and postintervention, data were collected on demographic, medical, behavioral, fitness, psychosocial, and motivational variables. At 6-month follow-up, participants were mailed a questionnaire that assessed exercise behavior over the past 6 months and were categorized as either meeting both aerobic and resistance exercise guidelines, either exercise guideline, or neither exercise guideline. RESULTS: Two hundred one (83.1%) participants provided 6-month follow-up data with 85 (42.3%) meeting neither exercise guideline, 74 (36.8%) meeting either exercise guideline, and 42 (20.9%) meeting both exercise guidelines. In multivariate regression analysis, seven variables independently predicted the likelihood of meeting exercise guidelines at follow-up including higher pretrial exercise (beta = 0.23; P = 0.002), younger age (beta = -0.15; P = 0.028), breast conserving surgery (beta = 0.15; P = 0.033), strength improvements (beta = 0.15; P = 0.028), lower postintervention fatigue (beta = 0.13; P = 0.067), a more positive attitude (beta = 0.12; P = 0.086), and lower postintervention body mass index (beta = -0.11; P = 0.105). CONCLUSION: Exercise behavior 6 months after a randomized trial was predicted by a wide range of demographic, medical, behavioral, fitness, psychosocial, and motivational variables. These findings may help facilitate the uptake of exercise behavior during the transition from breast cancer patient to survivor.

Understanding breast cancer patients' preference for two types of exercise training during chemotherapy in an unblinded randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Patient preference for group assignment may affect outcomes in unblinded trials but few studies have attempted to understand such preferences. The purpose of the present study was to examine factors associated with breast cancer patients' preference for two types of exercise training during chemotherapy. METHODS: Breast cancer patients (N = 242) completed a battery of tests including a questionnaire that assessed patient preference and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) prior to being randomized to usual care, resistance exercise training (RET), or aerobic exercise training (AET). RESULTS: 99 (40.9%) participants preferred RET, 88 (36.4%) preferred AET, and 55 (22.7%) reported no preference. Past exercisers (p = 0.023), smokers (p = 0.004), and aerobically fitter participants (p = 0.005) were more likely to prefer RET. As hypothesized, participants that preferred AET had more favorable TPB beliefs about AET whereas participants that preferred RET had more favorable TPB beliefs about RET. In multivariate modeling, patient preference for RET versus AET was explained (R2 = .46; p < 0.001) by the difference in motivation for RET versus AET (beta = .56; p < 0.001), smoking status (beta = .13; p = 0.007), and aerobic fitness (beta = .12; p = 0.018). Motivational difference between RET versus AET, in turn, was explained (R2 = .48; p < 0.001) by differences in instrumental attitude (beta = .27; p < 0.001), affective attitude (beta = .25; p < 0.001), and perceived behavioral control (beta = .24; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Breast cancer patients' preference for RET versus AET during chemotherapy was predicted largely by a difference in motivation for each type of exercise which, in turn, was based on differences in their beliefs about the anticipated benefits, enjoyment, and difficulty of performing each type of exercise during chemotherapy. These findings may help explain patient preference effects in unblinded behavioral trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00115713.

Predictors of supervised exercise adherence during breast cancer chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: Exercise adherence is difficult during cancer treatments, but few studies have examined the predictors of such exercise. Here, we report the predictors of adherence to supervised exercise training during breast cancer chemotherapy. METHODS: Breast cancer patients (N = 242) initiating adjuvant chemotherapy in Edmonton, Ottawa, and Vancouver were randomly assigned to usual care (n = 82), supervised resistance exercise (n = 82), or supervised aerobic exercise (n = 78) for the duration of their chemotherapy. Baseline data on standard demographic, medical, behavioral, fitness, and psychosocial variables as well as motivational variables from the Theory of Planned Behavior were collected. Adherence was assessed by objective attendance records. RESULTS: Adherence to supervised exercise was 70.2%. Univariate analyses indicated significant or borderline significant associations between exercise adherence and location/center (r = 0.30; P < 0.001), V[spacing dot above]O2peak (r = 0.21; P = 0.008), muscular strength (r = 0.21; P = 0.008), percent body fat (r = -0.21; P = 0.012), disease stage (r = 0.17; P = 0.031), education (r = 0.15; P = 0.053), depression (r = -0.14; P = 0.073), and smoking (r = -0.14; P = 0.081). In multivariate analysis, location/center (beta = 0.28; P = 0.001), V[spacing dot above]O2peak ([beta] = 0.19; P = 0.016), disease stage (beta = 0.18; P = 0.015), and depression (beta = -0.16; P = 0.033) remained significant and explained 21% of the variance in exercise adherence. Participants in Vancouver, with higher aerobic fitness, more advanced disease stage, and lower depression, achieved better adherence. CONCLUSION: Adherence to supervised exercise training was predicted by unique aspects of the location/center, disease stage, aerobic fitness, and depression but not motivational variables. Location/center in our trial may have been a proxy for the amount of one-on-one attention received during supervised exercise. These findings may have implications for improving adherence during breast cancer chemotherapy.

Analyzing theoretical mechanisms of physical activity behavior change in breast cancer survivors: results from the activity promotion (ACTION) trial.

BACKGROUND: We previously reported that a physical activity (PA) behavior change intervention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) increased PA and quality of life in breast cancer survivors. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of our interventions on TPB variables and to determine if PA at 12 weeks follow-up was mediated by TPB variables at 4 weeks. METHODS: Breast cancer survivors (N = 377) were randomly assigned to receive either a standard public health recommendation for PA (SR group), a step pedometer alone, or one of two TPB-based behavior change interventions consisting of print materials (alone or combined with a step pedometer). For the purpose of this study, we compared the two TPB-based intervention groups (INT group) to the SR group. RESULTS: Compared to the SR group, the INT group reported more favorable changes in instrumental attitude (mean difference = 0.13; 95% CI = -0.01 to 0.23; d = 0.19; p = 0.077), intention (mean difference = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.56; d = 0.33; p = 0.006), and planning (mean difference = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.73; d = 0.26; p = 0.027). Mediation analyses indicated that both planning and intention partially mediated the effects of the intervention on PA at 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Our TPB-based behavior change intervention resulted in small improvements in the TPB constructs that partially mediated the effects of our intervention on PA behavior. Additional research with the TPB is warranted.

Barriers to supervised exercise training in a randomized controlled trial of breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Exercise adherence is a challenge for breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy but few studies have identified the key barriers. PURPOSE: In this paper, we report the barriers to supervised exercise in breast cancer patients participating in a randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Breast cancer patients initiating adjuvant chemotherapy (N = 242) were randomly assigned to usual care (n = 82) or supervised resistance (n = 82) or aerobic (n = 78) exercise. Participants randomized to the two exercise groups (n = 160) were asked to provide a reason for each missed exercise session. RESULTS: The two exercise groups attended 70.2% (5,495/7,829) of their supervised exercise sessions and provided a reason for missing 89.5% (2,090/2,334) of their unattended sessions. The 2,090 reasons represented 36 different barriers. Feeling sick (12%), fatigue (11%), loss of interest (9%), vacation (7%), and nausea/vomiting (5%) accounted for the most missed exercise sessions. Disease/treatment-related barriers (19 of the 36 barriers) accounted for 53% (1,102/2,090) of all missed exercise sessions. Demographic and medical variables did not predict the types of exercise barriers reported. CONCLUSIONS: Barriers to supervised exercise in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy are varied but over half can be directly attributed to the disease and its treatments. Behavioral support programs need to focus on strategies to maintain exercise in the face of difficult treatment side effects.

Moderators of the effects of exercise training in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Exercise training improves supportive care outcomes in patients with breast cancer who are receiving adjuvant therapy, but the responses are heterogeneous. In this study, the authors examined personal and clinical factors that may predict exercise training responses. METHODS: Breast cancer patients who were initiating adjuvant chemotherapy (N=242) were assigned randomly to receive usual care (UC) (n=82), resistance exercise training (RET) (n=82), or aerobic exercise training (AET) (n=78) for the duration of chemotherapy. Endpoints were quality of life (QoL), aerobic fitness, muscular strength, lean body mass, and body fat. Moderators were patient preference for group assignment, marital status, age, disease stage, and chemotherapy regimen. RESULTS: Adjusted linear mixed-model analyses demonstrated that patient preference moderated QoL response (P= .005). Patients who preferred RET improved QoL when they were assigned to receive RET compared with UC (mean difference, 16.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 4.3-28.7; P= .008) or AET (mean difference, 11; 95% CI, -1.1-23.4; P= .076). Patients who had no preference had improved QoL when they were assigned to receive AET compared with RET (mean difference, 23; 95% CI, 4.9-41; P= .014). Marital status also moderated QoL response (P= .026), age moderated aerobic fitness response (P= .029), chemotherapy regimen moderated strength gain (P= .009), and disease stage moderated both lean body mass gain (P< .001) and fat loss (P= .059). Unmarried, younger patients who were receiving nontaxane-based therapies and had more advanced disease stage experienced better outcomes. The findings were not explained by differences in adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Patient preference, demographic variables, and medical variables moderated the effects of exercise training in breast cancer patients who were receiving chemotherapy. If replicated, these results may inform clinical practice.

Maintenance of physical activity in breast cancer survivors after a randomized trial.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the longer-term effects of pedometers and print materials on changes in physical activity (PA) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in breast cancer survivors who participated in a 3-month behavior change intervention. METHODS: Breast cancer survivors (N = 377) were randomly assigned to receive either (a) a standard public health recommendation for PA (SR), (b) previously developed breast cancer-specific PA print materials (PM), (c) a step pedometer (PED), or (d) a combination of the two (COM). The primary endpoint was self-reported moderate/vigorous PA minutes per week at 6-month follow-up after the initial 3-month intervention period. RESULTS: Seventy-one percent (266/377) of participants completed the 6-month follow-up assessment. According to intention-to-treat linear mixed-model analyses, self-reported moderate to vigorous PA increased by 9 min x wk(-1) in the SR group compared with 39 min x wk(-1) in the PM group (mean difference = 30 min x wk(-1); 95% CI = -44 to 104; P = 0.425), 69 min x wk(-1) in the PED group (mean difference = 60 min x wk(-1); 95% CI = -13 to 132; P = 0.107), and 56 min x wk(-1) in the COM group (mean difference = 47 min x wk(-1); 95% CI = -26 to 119; P = 0.210). The same pattern was observed for self-reported, brisk walking. No differences were found for HRQoL or fatigue. CONCLUSION(S): Breast cancer-specific PM and PED did not maintain significantly higher PA or HRQoL at 6-month follow-up in breast cancer survivors, but the magnitude of the effect on PA (30-60 min x wk(-1)) was consistent with the immediate postintervention effect observed at the 3-month postintervention time point. Issues of power resulting from additional loss to follow-up may account for the failure to achieve statistical significance. Additional research with larger sample sizes and more complete follow-up is warranted.

Development and evaluation of a theory-based physical activity guidebook for breast cancer survivors.

This study's objective was to develop and evaluate the suitability and appropriateness of a theory-based physical activity (PA) guidebook for breast cancer survivors. Guidebook content was constructed based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) using salient exercise beliefs identified by breast cancer survivors in previous research. Expert judges completed the Maine Area Health Education Center's 18-item attribute checklist for evaluating written health information. Judges indicated that the PA guidebook achieved desirable attributes for the suitability and appropriateness of the guidebook. A subset of TPB expert judges completed items designed to determine the degree of match between the guidebook content and the respective TPB components. Mean item-content relevance ratings indicated at least a "very good match" between the PA guidebook content and the keyed TPB domains. Theoretically based PA information may be an effective strategy for increasing PA in breast cancer survivors at the population level.

Six-month follow-up of patient-rated outcomes in a randomized controlled trial of exercise training during breast cancer chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Few exercise trials in cancer patients have reported longer-term follow-up. Here, we report a 6-month follow-up of exercise behavior and patient-rated outcomes from an exercise trial in breast cancer patients. METHODS: Breast cancer patients initiating adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 242) were randomly assigned to usual care (n = 82), resistance exercise training (RET; n = 82), or aerobic exercise training (AET; n = 78) for the duration of their chemotherapy. At 6-month follow-up, participants were mailed a questionnaire that assessed quality of life, self-esteem, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and exercise behavior. RESULTS: Two hundred one (83.1%) participants provided 6-month follow-up data. Adjusted linear mixed-model analyses showed that, at 6-month follow-up, the RET group reported higher self-esteem [adjusted mean difference, 1.6; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.1-3.2; P = 0.032] and the AET group reported lower anxiety (adjusted mean difference, -4.7; 95% CI, -0.0 to -9.3; P = 0.049) compared with the usual care group. Moreover, compared with participants reporting no regular exercise during the follow-up period, those reporting regular aerobic and resistance exercise also reported better patient-rated outcomes, including quality of life (adjusted mean difference, 9.5; 95% CI, 1.2-17.8; P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in self-esteem observed with RET during breast cancer chemotherapy were maintained at 6-month follow-up whereas reductions in anxiety not observed with AET during breast cancer chemotherapy emerged at 6-month follow-up. Moreover, adopting a combined aerobic and resistance exercise program after breast cancer chemotherapy was associated with further improvements in patient-rated outcomes. Exercise training during breast cancer chemotherapy may result in some longer-term and late effects for selected patient-rated outcomes.

Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Breast cancer chemotherapy may cause unfavorable changes in physical functioning, body composition, psychosocial functioning, and quality of life (QOL). We evaluated the relative merits of aerobic and resistance exercise in blunting these effects. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a multicenter randomized controlled trial in Canada between 2003 and 2005 that randomly assigned 242 breast cancer patients initiating adjuvant chemotherapy to usual care (n = 82), supervised resistance exercise (n = 82), or supervised aerobic exercise (n = 78) for the duration of their chemotherapy (median, 17 weeks; 95% CI, 9 to 24 weeks). Our primary end point was cancer-specific QOL assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Anemia scale. Secondary end points were fatigue, psychosocial functioning, physical fitness, body composition, chemotherapy completion rate, and lymphedema. RESULTS: The follow-up assessment rate for our primary end point was 92.1%, and adherence to the supervised exercise was 70.2%. Unadjusted and adjusted mixed-model analyses indicated that aerobic exercise was superior to usual care for improving self-esteem (P = .015), aerobic fitness (P = .006), and percent body fat (adjusted P = .076). Resistance exercise was superior to usual care for improving self-esteem (P = .018), muscular strength (P < .001), lean body mass (P = .015), and chemotherapy completion rate (P = .033). Changes in cancer-specific QOL, fatigue, depression, and anxiety favored the exercise groups but did not reach statistical significance. Exercise did not cause lymphedema or adverse events. CONCLUSION: Neither aerobic nor resistance exercise significantly improved cancer-specific QOL in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, but they did improve self-esteem, physical fitness, body composition, and chemotherapy completion rate without causing lymphedema or significant adverse events.

Randomized controlled trial of the effects of print materials and step pedometers on physical activity and quality of life in breast cancer survivors.

PURPOSE: To determine the effects of breast cancer-specific print materials and step pedometers on physical activity (PA) and quality of life (QoL) in breast cancer survivors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Breast cancer survivors (N = 377) were randomly assigned to receive one of the following: a standard public health recommendation for PA, previously developed breast cancer-specific PA print materials, a step pedometer, or a combination of breast cancer-specific print materials and step pedometers. The primary outcome was self-reported moderate/vigorous PA minutes per week. Secondary outcomes were QoL (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast), fatigue, self-reported brisk walking, and objective step counts. Assessments were conducted at baseline and postintervention (12 weeks). RESULTS: Attrition was 10.3% (39 of 377). On the basis of linear mixed-model analyses, PA increased by 30 minutes/week in the standard recommendation group compared with 70 minutes/week in the print material group (mean difference, 39 minutes/week; 95% CI = -10 to 89; d = 0.25; P = .117), 89 minutes/week in the pedometer group (mean difference, 59 minutes/week; 95% CI, 11 to 108; d = 0.38; P = .017), and 87 minutes/week in the combined group (mean difference, 57 minutes/week; 95% CI, 8 to 106; d = 0.37; P = .022). For brisk walking minutes/week, all three intervention groups reported significantly greater increases than the standard recommendation group. The combined group also reported significantly improved QoL (mean difference, 5.8; 95% CI, 2.0 to 9.6; d = 0.33; P = .003) and reduced fatigue (mean difference, 2.3; 95% CI, 0.0 to 4.7; d = 0.25; P = .052) compared with the standard recommendation group. CONCLUSION: Breast cancer-specific PA print materials and pedometers may be effective strategies for increasing PA and QoL in breast cancer survivors. A combined approach appears to be optimal. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00221221

Associations between physical activity and quality of life in ovarian cancer survivors.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of physical activity in ovarian cancer survivors and to determine if there is a dose-response relationship between physical activity and quality of life. METHODS: Ovarian cancer survivors identified from a Canadian provincial cancer registry were mailed a questionnaire measuring self-reported leisure time physical activity (Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire), cancer-specific quality of life (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Ovarian), and standard demographic and medical variables. RESULTS: Completed questionnaires were received from 359 (51.4%) participants. Analyses indicated that 31.1% were meeting public health physical activity guidelines (i.e., at least 60 min of strenuous or 150 min of moderate/strenuous physical activity per week). Comparisons using different volumes of physical activity showed support for the current guidelines. Specifically, participants meeting current physical activity guidelines reported significantly better quality of life than those not meeting guidelines [mean difference: 12.5; 95% CI: 9.1 to 16.0; p<0.001; d=0.75]. Disease status was the only variable to moderate this association. Adjusting for important demographic and medical variables did not alter the findings. CONCLUSIONS: Few ovarian cancer survivors are meeting public health physical activity guidelines, but those that are meeting guidelines report significantly and meaningfully better quality of life. Clinical trials investigating the causal effects of physical activity on quality of life in ovarian cancer survivors are warranted.

Understanding the determinants of exercise intentions in multiple myeloma cancer survivors: an application of the theory of planned behavior.

The purpose of this study was to examine the demographic, medical, and social cognitive determinants of exercise intentions in a population-based sample of multiple myeloma cancer survivors. Using a cross-sectional survey, 70 multiple myeloma cancer survivors completed a questionnaire that assessed their medical and demographic characteristics, past exercise behavior, and social cognitive exercise beliefs using the theory of planned behavior. Seventy participants provided valuable data. Descriptive statistics indicated that participants had quite positive instrumental attitude, intentions, and subjective norms and moderate levels of perceived behavioral control and affective attitudes for exercise. Forced entry multiple regression showed that the theory of planned behavior explained 43% of the variance in exercise intentions. Instrumental attitude and perceived behavioral control were both independent predictors of exercise intentions. No demographic or medical variable moderated the association between the theory of planned behavior constructs and exercise intentions. The results of the present investigation support the growing body of evidence confirming the utility of the theory of planned behavior to understand the salient determinants of exercise in cancer survivors. Knowledge gained from this study provides important information to oncology practitioners who are responsible for delivering supportive care interventions, including exercise, to patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma.

A longitudinal study of exercise barriers in colorectal cancer survivors participating in a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The Colorectal Cancer and Home-Based Physical Exercise (CAN-HOPE) trial compared the effects of a 16-week home-based exercise program to usual care on quality of life in colorectal cancer survivors. PURPOSE: In this study, we report the weekly exercise barriers from the exercise group. METHODS: Participants randomized to the exercise group (N = 69) were asked to report their exercise on a weekly basis by telephone. Those participants not achieving the minimum weekly exercise prescription (3 times per week of 30 min of moderate intensity exercise) were asked for a primary exercise barrier. RESULTS: We obtained 1,073 (97.2%) weeks of adherence data out of a possible 1,104 (i.e., 69 x 16). Participants did not meet the minimum exercise prescription in 39.2% (421/1,073) of the weeks. We obtained an exercise barrier in 83.8% (353/421) of these cases. Overall, participants reported 37 different exercise barriers; the three most common were lack of time/too busy, nonspecific treatment side effects, and fatigue. The top 7 to 10 barriers accounted for 70% to 80% of all missed exercise weeks. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may have utility for promoting exercise in this population both inside and outside of clinical trials.

Differences in quality of life between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma survivors meeting and not meeting public health exercise guidelines.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine differences in quality of life (QoL) between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) survivors meeting and not meeting public health exercise guidelines. A secondary purpose was to examine exercise behavior changes across three distinct cancer-related time periods (i.e. prediagnosis, on treatment and off treatment). Using a retrospective survey design, 438 NHL survivors residing in Alberta, Canada completed a mailed questionnaire that assessed self-reported exercise prediagnosis, on treatment and off treatment, and current QoL. Descriptive analyses indicated that 33.8, 6.5 and 23.7% of NHL survivors met public health exercise guidelines during prediagnosis, on treatment, and off treatment time periods, respectively. Multivariate analyses of variance indicated that NHL survivors meeting public health exercise guidelines during postdiagnosis time periods had higher current QoL scores than NHL survivors not meeting guidelines. QoL difference scores between the two groups met proposed standards for clinically important differences. Multivariate analyses also indicated significant differences in exercise behavior across the three cancer-related time periods (all p's<0.01). These analyses were unchanged after statistically controlling for important medical and demographic variables. The results of this study provide evidence that NHL survivors meeting public health exercise guidelines on and off treatment reported higher current QoL than those survivors not meeting guidelines. These findings corroborate research examining exercise behavior in other cancer survivor groups and provide preliminary data to support a randomized controlled trial on exercise and QoL in this population.

Association between exercise and quality of life in multiple myeloma cancer survivors.

GOALS OF THE WORK: The goal of this study was to examine the association between exercise and quality of life (QOL) in multiple myeloma cancer survivors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using a retrospective design, 156 multiple myeloma cancer survivors were mailed a questionnaire that assessed self-reported exercise behavior over three periods (prediagnosis, active treatment, and off-treatment) and QOL. MAIN RESULTS: The response rate was 56% (88/ 156). Descriptive analyses indicated that 6.8% and 20.4% of survivors met national exercise guidelines during active and off-treatment periods, respectively. Exercise during active treatment and off-treatment were positively associated with overall QOL and all subdomains of QOL (all P<0.05) except physical wellbeing. CONCLUSIONS: A low percentage of multiple myeloma cancer survivors are exercising regularly either during active or off-treatment periods. Survivors who report more exercise during these periods also report higher QOL. These findings suggest that a randomized controlled trial is warranted.

Exercise issues in older cancer survivors.

Older cancer survivors experience the combined deleterious effects associated with aging and a cancer diagnosis. The purpose of the present paper is to review the potential role of physical exercise in attenuating the effects of cancer and its treatments in older cancer survivors. Noting the limited direct research on exercise in older cancer survivors, we review the literature on: (a) older adults in general; and (b) cancer survivors in general. We conclude that although there is limited direct evidence on the benefits of exercise in older cancer survivors, there is compelling evidence of the benefits of exercise in cancer survivors in general and other older populations. We also conclude that exercise adherence will be a significant challenge in this population. Based on this evidence, we tentatively recommend exercise to older cancer survivors using the American College of Sports Medicine's [Med Sci Sports Exerc 30 (6) (1998) 992] guidelines for older adults in general. Finally, we offer future research directions that will provide important evidence needed to guide clinical decisions about exercise in older cancer survivors.