Effect of a Very Low-Calorie Diet on Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory and Metabolomic Profile in Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Obese Subjects.

The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of weight loss through calorie restriction on metabolic profile, and inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in metabolically healthy (MHO) and unhealthy (MUHO) obese individuals. A total of 74 subjects (34 MHO and 40 MUHO) received two cycles of a very low-calorie diet, alternating with a hypocaloric diet for 24 weeks. Biochemical, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers, as well as serum metabolomic analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance, were performed at baseline and at the end of the intervention. After the diet, there was an improvement in insulin resistance, as well as a significant decrease in inflammatory parameters, enhancing oxidative damage, mitochondrial membrane potential, glutathione, and antioxidant capacity. This improvement was more significant in the MUHO group. The metabolomic analysis showed a healthier profile in lipoprotein profile. Lipid carbonyls also decrease at the same time as unsaturated fatty acids increase. We also display a small decrease in succinate, glycA, alanine, and BCAAs (valine and isoleucine), and a slight increase in taurine. These findings show that moderate weight reduction leads to an improvement in lipid profile and subfractions and a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammatory markers; these changes are more pronounced in the MUHO population.

Pressure Dependence of Intra- and Interlayer Excitons in 2H-MoS2 Bilayers.

The optical and electronic properties of multilayer transition metal dichalcogenides differ significantly from their monolayer counterparts due to interlayer interactions. The separation of individual layers can be tuned in a controlled way by applying pressure. Here, we use a diamond anvil cell to compress bilayers of 2H-MoS2 in the gigapascal range. By measuring optical transmission spectra, we find that increasing pressure leads to a decrease in the energy splitting between the A and the interlayer exciton. Comparing our experimental findings with ab initio calculations, we conclude that the observed changes are not due to the commonly assumed hydrostatic compression. This effect is attributed to the MoS2 bilayer adhering to the diamond, which reduces the in-plane compression. Moreover, we demonstrate that the distinct real-space distributions and resulting contributions from the valence band account for the different pressure dependencies of the inter- and intralayer excitons in compressed MoS2 bilayers.

Association between gut microbiota and psychiatric disorders: a systematic review.

Introduction: In recent years, it has been described that the dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota plays a transcendental role in several pathologies. In this sense, the importance of the gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis, with a bidirectional communication, has been demonstrated. Furthermore, the gut microbiota has been linked with mood disorders and neuropsychiatric disorders. Methods: A systematic review of two databases - PubMed and Scopus - was carried out following PRISMA guidelines. We included original studies in humans with a control group published in the last 11 years, which were assessed by the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) to confirm their quality. Eighteen articles met all the selection criteria. Results: A review of the articles revealed an association between psychiatric disorders and different bacterial phyla. The studies we have reviewed have demonstrated differences between subjects with psychiatric disorders and controls and highlight a clear relationship between depression, stress, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), psychotic episodes, eating disorders, anxiety and brain function and the gut microbiota composition. Conclusion: A reduction of fermentative taxa has been observed in different psychiatric disorders, resulting in a decrease in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and an increase in pro-inflammatory taxa, both of which may be consequences of the exacerbation of these pathologies.

A MHz X-ray diffraction set-up for dynamic compression experiments in the diamond anvil cell.

An experimental platform for dynamic diamond anvil cell (dDAC) research has been developed at the High Energy Density (HED) Instrument at the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (European XFEL). Advantage was taken of the high repetition rate of the European XFEL (up to 4.5 MHz) to collect pulse-resolved MHz X-ray diffraction data from samples as they are dynamically compressed at intermediate strain rates (≤103 s-1), where up to 352 diffraction images can be collected from a single pulse train. The set-up employs piezo-driven dDACs capable of compressing samples in ≥340 µs, compatible with the maximum length of the pulse train (550 µs). Results from rapid compression experiments on a wide range of sample systems with different X-ray scattering powers are presented. A maximum compression rate of 87 TPa s-1 was observed during the fast compression of Au, while a strain rate of ∼1100 s-1 was achieved during the rapid compression of N2 at 23 TPa s-1.

Effect of perceived stress, concern about hypoglycaemia and level of knowledge of management of the disease on glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate perceived stress, concern about hypoglycaemia and the level of knowledge of management of the disease in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their relationship with glycaemic control, gender and age. BACKGROUND: Perceived stress and concern about hypoglycaemia are significant obstacles to achieving adequate glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, and notably influence management of the disease itself. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 193 adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Study quality was scored using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist for cohort studies. Glycaemic control was evaluated by number and type of hypoglycaemic event and glycosylated haemoglobin. Questionnaires about hypoglycaemia concern (HFS II), perceived stress (PSS), unrecognised hypoglycaemia (Clarke Test) and level of knowledge of the disease were completed. RESULTS: Perceived stress was significantly associated with glycosylated haemoglobin (p < 0.001) and concern about hypoglycaemia (p < 0.037). With respect to level of knowledge, we observed that an advanced level was associated with lower glycosylated haemoglobin (p < 0.001), number (p < 0.001) and type (p < 0.001) of hypoglycaemic episode, and less perceived stress (p = 0.006). In addition, age was negatively correlated with perceived stress (p < 0.030) and positively correlated with the number of unrecognised hypoglycaemic episodes (p < 0.002), which was associated, in turn, with a higher number of daily glycaemia tests (p < 0.037) and concern about hypoglycaemia (p < 0.006). CONCLUSION: In type 1 diabetes mellitus, perceived stress can negatively influence glycaemic control and concern about hypoglycaemia, and level of knowledge about the condition has a bearing on glycosylated haemoglobin levels, perceived stress and number and type of hypoglycaemic events. In addition, higher age is associated with more frequent unrecognised hypoglycaemic events. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: It is essential to identify and address the psychological needs of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with the aim of achieving an adequate management of the disease itself and generating a change in future intervention strategies.

A comprehensive systematic review of colorectal cancer screening clinical practices guidelines and consensus statements.

High-quality clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and consensus statements (CSs) are essential for evidence-based medicine. The purpose of this systematic review was to appraise the quality and reporting of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening CPGs and CSs. After prospective registration (Prospero no: CRD42021286156), a systematic review searched CRC guidances in duplicate without language restrictions in ten databases, 20 society websites, and grey literature from 2018 to 2021. We appraised quality with AGREE II (% of maximum score) and reporting with RIGHT (% of total 35 items) tools. Twenty-four CPGs and 5 CSs were analysed. The median overall quality and reporting were 54.0% (IQR 45.7-75.0) and 42.0% (IQR 31.4-68.6). The applicability had low quality (AGREE II score <50%) in 83% of guidances (24/29). Recommendations and conflict of interest were low-reported (RIGHT score <50%) in 62% guidances (18/29) and 69% (20/29). CPGs that deployed systematic reviews had better quality and reporting than CSs (AGREE: 68.5% vs. 35.5%; p = 0.001; RIGHT: 74.6% vs. 41.4%; p = 0.001). In summary, CRC screening CPGs and CSs achieved low quality and reporting. It is necessary a revision and an improvement of the current guidances. Their development should apply a robust methodology using proper guideline development tools to obtain high-quality evidence-based documents.

Psychometric properties of a questionnaire to measure adherence to treatment in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

AIM: To validate the psychometric properties of a questionnaire to measure adherence to treatment among people with type 1 diabetes mellitus and to evaluate its relationship with metabolic control. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of 167 adult people with type 1 diabetes mellitus recruited from the Endocrinology Service of University Hospital Doctor Peset (Spain). METHODS: The validity of the content, construct and reliability of the instrument were evaluated and the results correlated with levels of glycosylated haemoglobin. RESULTS: The questionnaire was composed of 25 items and 5 dimensions, with a score of 25-150 points and an internal consistency of 0.92, according to Cronbach's coefficient α. The content of validity ratio and the construct (exploratory functional analysis, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index and Barlett's spherical test) were adequate. We observed a significant correlation between glycosylated haemoglobin levels and treatment adherence. CONCLUSION: The questionnaire to measure adherence to treatment in type 1 diabetes mellitus is consistent, reliable and valid, showing an excellent association with degree of metabolic control.

Estudio comparativo: cromatografía liquida de alta presión versus electroforesis de hemoglobina. Diagnóstico de anemia drepanocítica / Comparative study: high pressure liquid chromatography versus hemoglobin electrophoresis. Diagnosis of sickle cell anemia

La anemia de células falciformes (ACF) es la hemoglobinopatía hereditaria más común en el mundo. El diagnóstico definitivo se hace por electroforesis de hemoglobina (EFH), relativamente costosa. Por ello ante la sospecha diagnóstica se solicita Metabisulfito de sodio al 2% (MS2), que tiene un menor costo, aporta solo resultados cualitativos, y la confiabilidad depende de quien interprete. Se busca una alternativa económicamente accesible y con mayor certeza diagnóstica. Objetivo: describir y comparar los valores de Hemoglobina S (HbS) obte- nidos mediante cromatografía líquida de alta presión (CLAP) y electroforesis de hemoglobina. Pacientes y Métodos: investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva, no experimental, en las comuni- dades de Masca y Pueblo Nuevo, Omoa, Cortés, en el 2017. Las comunidades tienen 2545 habitantes, de quienes se tomó muestra probabilística de 369. Encontrando 20 personas con prueba de MS2 positiva. En estos 20 casos se solicitó también CLAP y EFH. Los datos fueron analizados con SPSS versión 23, calculando frecuencias, porcentajes y medidas de tendencia central. Resultados: El 50% de los casos eran fenotípicamente mestizos. Los valores de CLAP estuvieron comprendidos entre 26.1% y 68.3% y los de electroforesis de hemoglobina entre 27.3% y 100%. La media aritmética de CLAP fue de 35.53 vs 45.3 para EFH. Conclu- sión: El valor de Hb S medido por EFH es cercano al obtenido por CLAP, por lo que este método podría usarse para un diagnóstico más rápido y a menor costo...(AU)

Characterization of Differentially Expressed Circulating miRNAs in Metabolically Healthy versus Unhealthy Obesity.

Obese individuals without metabolic comorbidities are categorized as metabolically healthy obese (MHO). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may be implicated in MHO. This cross-sectional study explores the link between circulating miRNAs and the main components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the context of obesity. We also examine oxidative stress biomarkers in MHO vs. metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). We analysed 3536 serum miRNAs in 20 middle-aged obese individuals: 10 MHO and 10 MUO. A total of 159 miRNAs were differentially expressed, of which, 72 miRNAs (45.2%) were higher and 87 miRNAs (54.7%) were lower in the MUO group. In addition, miRNAs related to insulin signalling and lipid metabolism pathways were upregulated in the MUO group. Among these miRNAs, hsa-miR-6796-5p and hsa-miR-4697-3p, which regulate oxidative stress, showed significant correlations with glucose, triglycerides, HbA1c and HDLc. Our results provide evidence of a pattern of differentially expressed miRNAs in obesity according to MetS, and identify those related to insulin resistance and lipid metabolism pathways.

Erratum: Bosch-Sierra, N., et al. Effect of Fibre-Enriched Orange Juice on Postprandial Glycaemic Response and Satiety in Healthy Individuals: An Acute, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Crossover Study. Nutrients 2019, 11, 3014.

The authors have requested that the following changes be made to their paper [...].

Actitud hacia la anemia drepanocítica en Masca y Pueblo Nuevo, Omoa Cortés, Honduras / Attitude towards sickle cell disease in Masca and Pueblo Nuevo, Omoa Cortés, Honduras

Las actitudes reflejan los antecedentes y las experiencias de una persona, se adoptan en razón de un conjunto de fuerzas como la personalidad, valores y creencias de cada uno. La enfermedad de células falciformes es una patología genética, crónica que constituye la forma más frecuente y mejor conocida de hemoglobinopatía estructural. El objetivo, fue determinar las actitudes (en sus componentes cognitivo y afectivo) que presentan los pobladores de Masca y Pueblo Nuevo, en Omoa, Cortés hacia la anemia drepanocítica. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, transeccional y alcance descriptivo. Población: 274 personas alfabetos, de 15 años o más, muestreo probabilístico: 148 personas, voluntarias anuentes a participar en la investigación. Se elaboró un instrumento tipo escala de Likert constituido por 20 ítems que midieron las actitudes hacia la anemia drepanocítica. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa Microsoft Excel. Los resultados ante el componente cognitivo indicaron que 65 personas, (44 %) consideraron tener conocimientos sobre la temática y reconocieron que es necesario se informe sobre la enfermedad. 19 personas (13 %) estaban inseguras de emitir una respuesta; 78 (53 %) manifestaron que, a pesar de tener algún tipo de conocimientos en torno a la enfermedad, requieren más información. En cuanto al componente afectivo, 58 (39 %) manifestaron experimentar temor ante la idea de enfrentarse a este tipo de enfermedad; 30 (20 %) se mostraron inseguras o indiferentes de emitir una respuesta y 61 (41 %) manifestaron que no sabrían que hacer o cómo actuar ante la idea de que ellos o alguien de su familia padezcan de la enfermedad. Se concluyó que existe la necesidad de informar a la población, sobre anemia drepanocítica para saber cómo enfrentarla, tanto a nivel individual como colectivamente.

Attitudes reflect the antecedents and experiences of a person, they are adopted due to a set of forces such as the personality, values and beliefs of each one. Sickle cell disease is a chronic, genetic pathology that is the most common and best known form of structural hemoglobinopathy. The objective was to determine the attitudes (in its cognitive and affective components) that the inhabitants of Masca and Pueblo Nuevo, in Omoa, Cortés have towards sickle cell anemia. A quantitative, non- experimental, transectional study with a descriptive scope was carried out. Population: 274 literate people, aged 15 or over, probability sampling: 148 people, volunteers willing to participate in the research. A Likert scale instrument was developed consisting of 20 items that measured attitudes towards sickle cell anemia. Statistical analysis was carried out with the Microsoft Excel program. The results regarding the cognitive component indicated that 65 people (44%) considered they had knowledge about the subject and recognized that it is necessary to inform themselves about the disease. 19 people (13%) were unsure about giving an answer; 78 (53%) stated that, despite having some kind of knowledge about the disease, they require more information. Regarding the affective component, 58 (39%) expressed fear at the idea of facing this type of illness; 30 (20%) were unsure or indifferent to issue a response and 61 (41%) stated that they would not know what to do or how to act when faced with the idea that they or someone in their family had the disease. It was concluded that there is a need to inform the population about sickle cell anemia in order to know how to deal with it, both individually and collectively.

Effect of Fibre-Enriched Orange Juice on Postprandial Glycaemic Response and Satiety in Healthy Individuals: An Acute, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Crossover Study.

Background: Consumption of fibre-enriched orange juice may be an appropriate way to supplement daily fibre intake and achieve beneficial effects on metabolic health. The present study aimed to assess the short-term effects of fibre-enriched orange juice on postprandial metabolism and satiety in a healthy adult population. Methods: In this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover study 10 healthy subjects underwent two one-day trials in which they consumed an orange juice beverage containing 1.4 g/100 mL of citrus fibre (29.3% soluble and 41.9% insoluble) or a placebo (regular orange juice without added fibre). Postprandial glucose, insulin, gut hormones (GLP1, GIP and ghrelin), leptin and qualitative appetite/satiety assessment were measured every 15 or 30 min over the 120 min test period. Results: The fibre-enriched orange juice decreased postprandial serum glucose and circulating insulin levels at 15 min compared with the placebo. In addition, after intake of the fibre-enriched juice, a significant effect on qualitative feelings of satiety and fullness was observed at 15 and 120 min, and was accompanied by a significant decrease in GLP1 response at 15 min. No significant changes were observed in leptin, GIP and ghrelin after juice intake. Conclusions: In healthy individuals, a single acute consumption of fibre-enriched orange juice has short-term beneficial effects on postprandial glycaemia, circulating insulin levels and satiety through GLP1 secretion.

Prevalencia de anemia drepanocitica en dos comunidades de Omoa, Cortés durante el año 2017 / Prevalence of sickle-cell anemia in two communities Omoa Cortés, during the year 2017

La anemia drepanocítica (AD) es la anemia hemolítica congénita más común en el mundo. La frecuencia del estado de portador de hemoglobina S (AS) abarca un rango que oscila entre 5 y 15% de la población mundial. Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia de anemia drepanocítica en las comunidades de Masca y Pueblo Nuevo, Omoa Cortés, duran- te el año 2017. Pacientes y Métodos: Estu- dio con enfoque cuantitativo, diseño no expe- rimental, longitudinal y alcance descriptivo. El Universo, estuvo constituido por (2545 perso- nas): 1511 de Masca y 1,034 de Pueblo Nuevo. Se calculó muestra probabilística aleatoria, de 369. La primera fase del estudio incluyó la realización de hemograma y meta- bisulfito de sodio al 2%, la segunda fase con- sistió en la toma de electroforesis de Hemog- lobina a los pacientes con metabisulfito posi- tivo. Las pruebas fueron procesadas en un laboratorio clínico certificado. Los datos fueron analizados con SPSS. Resultados De los 369 participantes: las edades estuvieron comprendidas entre 1-83 años, 250 (67.8%) eran femeninos y 119 (32.2%) masculinos, los valores de hemoglobina estuvieron com- prendidos entre 7.85- 17.4 g/dl y 20 resulta- ron con metabisulfito positivo haciendo una prevalencia de 5.4%. En la segunda fase del estudio, se encontró que 13 (65%) de los pacientes eran del sexo femenino, 12 (60%) eran asintomáticos. Se realizó electroforesis de hemoglobina, encontrando, 18 (94.7%) Artículos Originales con HbAS y 1 (5.3%) paciente con 100% de HbSS. Conclusión: La prevalencia obtenida es similar a otros estudios encontrados, pero cabe recalcar que la raza predominante para heterocigotos fue la mestiza y no la afrodes- cendiente.

Shock séptico por Rhodococcus equi en paciente con leucemia mielomonocítica crónica / Septic Shock Due to Rhodococcus equi in a Patient With Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia

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Equation of state, refractive index and polarizability of compressed water to 7 GPa and 673 K.

The equation of state (EoS), refractive index n, and polarizability α of water have been determined up to 673 K and 7 GPa from acoustic velocity measurements conducted in a resistively heated diamond anvil cell using Brillouin scattering spectroscopy. Measured acoustic velocities compare favorably with previous experimental studies but they are lower than velocities calculated from the extrapolation of the IAPWS95 equation of state above 3 GPa at 673 K and deviations increase up to 6% at 7 GPa. Densities calculated from the velocity data were used to propose an empirical EoS suitable in the 0.6-7 GPa and 293-673 K range with a total estimated uncertainty of 0.5% or less. The density model and thermodynamic properties derived from the experimental EoS have been compared to several EoS proposed in the literature. The IAPWS95 EoS provides good agreement, although underestimates density by up to 1.2% at 7 GPa and 673 K and the thermodynamic properties deviate greatly (10%-20%) outside the estimated uncertainties above 4 GPa. The refractive index n of liquid water increases linearly with density and do not depend intrinsically on temperature. The polarizability decreases with pressure by less than 4% within the investigated P-T range, suggesting strong intermolecular interactions in H(2)O that are consistent with the prevalence of the hydrogen bond network in the fluid. The results will allow the refinement of interaction potentials that consider polarization effects for a better understanding of solvent-solvent and ion-solvent interactions in aqueous fluids at high pressure and temperature conditions.

Thermodynamic properties of aqueous sodium sulfate solutions to 773 K and 3 GPa derived from acoustic velocity measurements in the diamond anvil cell.

The thermodynamic properties of a 1 m Na(2)SO(4) solution have been determined to 773 K and 3 GPa from acoustic velocity measurements in externally heated diamond anvil cell using Brillouin spectroscopy. The measured acoustic velocities were inverted to obtain the density of the aqueous electrolyte solution with an accuracy of 0.3%-0.5%, and an equation of state (EoS) valid in the 293-773 K and 0.4-3 GPa range is proposed. The new EoS reproduces the experimental acoustic velocity data with a maximal deviation of 1.5% and allows deriving all thermodynamic properties of the aqueous solution, including isobaric heat capacity (C(P)), thermal expansion (α(P)), and compressibility (ß) with an accuracy better than 3%-8%. The addition of dissolved sulfate species decreases the compressibility of water, consistent with the structure-maker character of SO(4)(2-) ions in solution that enhance the hydrogen-bond network of the solvent.

Presentación atípica de poliangeítis microscópica / Atypical presentation of microscopic polyangiitis

La poliangeítis microscópica es una vasculitis sistémica que afecta a pequeños vasos, con afectación renal y pulmonar. A continuación se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente con manifestación atípica de esta enfermedad, que debutó con afectación del sistema nervioso central, en forma de déficit motor (AU)

Microscopic polyangiitis is a systemic vasculitis that affects small caliber vessels, with renal and lung compromise. We present the case of a patient with an atypical presentation of this disease and an onset characterized by central nervous system affection in the form of a motor deficit (AU)

Tratamiento de las neumonías de adquisición comunitaria en adultos: ¿ertapenem o cefditorén? / Treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: er-tapenem versus cefditoren?

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[Atypical presentation of microscopic polyangiitis]. / Presentación atípica de poliangeítis microscópica.

Microscopic polyangiitis is a systemic vasculitis that affects small caliber vessels, with renal and lung compromise. We present the case of a patient with an atypical presentation of this disease and an onset characterized by central nervous system affection in the form of a motor deficit.