Impact of creating a hemodynamics room, a coronary care unit, and a primary angioplasty program on the prognosis of acute coronary syndrome in a district hospital.

OBJECTIVE: This work aims to analyze the prognosis and mortality of patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome before and after the implementation of a coronary care unit, hemodynamics room, and the Código Corazón [Infarction Code] primary angioplasty program. METHODS: We conducted an observational, retrospective study that analyzed the epidemiological characteristics, reperfusion strategies, adverse cardiovascular events, and mortality over a follow-up period of five years. The results from the post-code period (March 1 - December 31, 2012; n=471) were compared with those from the pre-code period (March 1 - December 31, 2009; n=432). RESULTS: There were no differences in the baseline characteristics of the two groups. However, an increase in ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (STE-ACS) from 17.6% to 34.8% (p<.001) was observed during the postcode phase. The use of percutaneous coronary intervention was made widespread at the hospital and was used in 64.8% of non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) cases and in 95.5% of STE-ACS cases. A reduction was observed in readmissions (from 38.2% to 25.1% for NSTE-ACS (p=.001) and from 23.7% to 11.0% for STE-ACS (p=.018)), the composite prognostic variable of adverse cardiovascular events and 5-year mortality (from 58.7% to 45% (p=.001) for NSTE-ACS and from 40.8% to 23.8% (p=.009) for STE-ACS), and a decrease in 30-day mortality in STE-ACS (from 11.8% to 3.7%; p=.021). CONCLUSIONS: With the structural changes in the hospital, the use of percutaneous coronary intervention was made widespread and improved the prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome, decreasing admissions, adverse cardiovascular events, and mortality.

Impacto de la creación de una sala de hemodinámica, una unidad coronaria y un programa de angioplastia primaria en el pronóstico del síndrome coronario agudo en un hospital comarcal / Impact of creating a haemodynamics room, a coronary unit and a primary angioplasty programme on the prognosis of acute coronary syndrome in a district hospital

Objetivo Analizar el pronóstico y mortalidad de los pacientes ingresados en un hospital por síndrome coronario agudo antes y después de la implantación de la unidad coronaria, la sala de hemodinámica y el programa de angioplastia primaria (Código corazón). Métodos Estudio observacional y retrospectivo. Se analizaron las características epidemiológicas, las estrategias de reperfusión, los eventos adversos cardiovasculares y la mortalidad durante 5 años de seguimiento. Los resultados del periodo post-código (1 marzo 2012-31 diciembre 2012; n=471) se compararon con la etapa precódigo (1 marzo 2009-31 diciembre 2009; n=432). Resultados No hubo diferencias en las características basales de ambos grupos, pero en la fase poscódigo se observó un incremento del síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del ST (SCACEST) del 17,6 al 34,8% (p<0,001). Se generalizó el intervencionismo coronario percutáneo, que alcanzó cifras del 64,8% en el síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST (SCASEST) y del 95,5% en el SCACEST. Se redujeron los reingresos (38,2 vs. 25,1% en el SCASEST, p=0,001 y 23,7 vs. 11% en el SCACEST, p=0,018), la variable pronóstica combinada de eventos adversos cardiovasculares y mortalidad en 5 años de seguimiento (58,7 vs. 45%, p=0,001 en el SCASEST y 40,8 vs. 23,8%, p=0,009 en el SCACEST) y, además, en el SCACEST disminuyó la mortalidad a los 30 días (11,8 vs. 3,7%, p=0,021). Conclusiones Con los cambios estructurales realizados en el hospital se ha generalizado el intervencionismo coronario percutáneo y ha mejorado el pronóstico de los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo, disminuyendo los ingresos, los eventos adversos cardiovasculares y la mortalidad (AU)

Objective This work aims to analyze the prognosis and mortality of patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome before and after the implementation of a coronary care unit, hemodynamics room, and the Código Corazón [Infarction Code] primary angioplasty program Methods We conducted an observational, retrospective study that analyzed the epidemiological characteristics, reperfusion strategies, adverse cardiovascular events, and mortality over a follow-up period of five years. The results from the post-code period (March 1 – December 31, 2012; n=471) were compared with those from the pre-code period (March 1 – December 31, 2009; n=432). Results There were no differences in the baseline characteristics of the two groups. However, an increase in ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (STE-ACS) from 17.6% to 34.8% (p<.001) was observed during the postcode phase. The use of percutaneous coronary intervention was made widespread at the hospital and was used in 64.8% of non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) cases and in 95.5% of STE-ACS cases. A reduction was observed in readmissions (from 38.2% to 25.1% for NSTE-ACS (p=.001) and from 23.7% to 11.0% for STE-ACS (p=.018)), the composite prognostic variable of adverse cardiovascular events and 5-year mortality (from 58.7% to 45% (p=.001) for NSTE-ACS and from 40.8% to 23.8% (p=.009) for STE-ACS), and a decrease in 30-day mortality in STE-ACS (from 11.8% to 3.7%; p=.021). Conclusions With the structural changes in the hospital, the use of percutaneous coronary intervention was made widespread and improved the prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome, decreasing admissions, adverse cardiovascular events and mortality (AU)

Consecutive strabismus after infantile nystagmus syndrome surgery and potential risk factors.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence of consecutive strabismus after infantile nystagmus surgery and its potential risk factors. METHODS: A retrospective study including 89 patients was conducted. Patients presented infantile nystagmus (idiopathic or ocular disease-associated nystagmus) without previous or coincidental strabismus. Sex, age at surgery, amblyopia, botulinum toxin (BT) injection before surgery, spherical equivalent, anisometropia, surgery procedure (Anderson's or retroequatorial recessions of four horizontal recti), and follow-up were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier and univariate Cox regression were performed. RESULTS: The median age at surgery was 5 years. The median follow-up was 36 months. The incidence of consecutive strabismus was 11.2%. There were eight patients with exotropia and two patients with esotropia. Consecutive strabismus was associated with severe bilateral amblyopia (p = 0.036), previous treatment with BT injection (p = 0.025), and large recessions of the four horizontal muscles (p = 0.001). The hazard ratio for patients with severe bilateral amblyopia was 5.4 (95% CI 1.1-25.8), and for patients previously treated with BT was 6.1 (1.3-29.3). The survival rate was 95.4% at 6 months and 88.5% at 3 years. CONCLUSION: Severe bilateral amblyopia, previous BT treatment, and type of surgery seem to be associated with consecutive strabismus after infantile nystagmus surgery. Most cases appear within the first months after surgery.

Impact of creating a haemodynamics room, a coronary unit and a primary angioplasty programme on the prognosis of acute coronary syndrome in a district hospital. / Impacto de la creación de una sala de hemodinámica, una unidad coronaria y un programa de angioplastia primaria en el pronóstico del síndrome coronario agudo en un hospital comarcal.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the prognosis and mortality of patients hospitalised for acute coronary syndrome before and after the implementation of a coronary unit, haemodynamics room and the Código corazón primary angioplasty programme. METHODS: We conducted an observational and retrospective study that analysed the epidemiological characteristics, reperfusion strategies, adverse cardiovascular events and mortality for 5 years of follow-up. The results of the post-code period (March 1 - December 31, 2012; n=471) were compared with those of the pre-code stage (March 1 - December 31, 2009; n=432). RESULTS: There were no differences in the baseline characteristics of the 2 groups; however, an increase in ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (STE-ACS) from 17.6% to 34.8% (P<.001) was observed during the post-code phase. The use of percutaneous coronary intervention was made widespread at the hospital, achieving rates of 64.8% in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) and of 95.5% in STE-ACS. Readmissions were reduced (from 38.2% to 25.1% for NSTE-ACS [P=.001] and from 23.7% to 11.0% for STE-ACS [P=.018]), the combined prognostic variable of adverse cardiovascular events and mortality at 5 years of follow-up was reduced (from 58.7% to 45% [P=.001] for NSTE-ACS and from 40.8% to 23.8% [p=.009] for STE-ACS), and 30-day mortality was decreased for STE-ACS (from 11.8% to 3.7%; P=.021). CONCLUSIONS: With the structural changes in the hospital, the use of percutaneous coronary intervention was made widespread and improved the prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome, decreasing admissions, adverse cardiovascular events and mortality.

Strabismus-associated myopia. Review. / Revisión del estrabismo en miopes.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of strabismus associated with myopia is often a therapeutic challenge for the ophthalmologist. The strabismus associated with myopia has certain peculiarities and there are even certain types of strabismus that occur exclusively in myopia, such as strabismus fixus, requiring treatments with specific surgical techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is important to make a correct differential diagnosis, because there are many conditions described with this association. A review is presented of strabismus associated with myopia, together with its treatment adjusted to refractive error. RESULTS: Measurements of strabismus may be altered by the prismatic effect of the spectacles. Surgical results may be unpredictable if myopia is not taken into account. Better results were obtained with the techniques of anatomical replacement described by Yokoyama than with traditional retro-insertion-resection. CONCLUSION: For the diagnosis and appropriate treatment of strabismus, it is important to make a correct measurement of the angle of deviation, and perform image tests prior to surgery in certain cases. The anatomical characteristics of the myopic eye should also be taken into account during surgery.

Epidemiology of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in children: differences between RSV and non-RSV bronchiolitis.

We study the clinical, management and outcome differences between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) positive and negative bronchiolitis. A retrospective review of the medical records of children ≤ 2 years of age with acute bronchiolitis between January 1995 and December 2006 was done. There were 2,384 patients hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis, and 1,495 (62.7%) were RSV infections. Overall, hospitalization rate was 55/1,000 admissions. Mortality occurred in 0.08% of cases. Bronchiolitis due to RSV was more frequent from November to March (97%). RSV bronchiolitis had longer hospital stays (6 vs. 5 days, P<0.0001), higher risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission (OR 2.7; 95%CI 1.87-3.9) and more oxygen use (OR 2.2; 95%CI 1.8-2.6). Infants < 2 months had longer median hospital stay (6 vs. 5 days, P <0.0001) and higher risk of ICU admission (OR 3.4; 95%CI 2.5-4.6). Prematures of < 32 gestational weeks, congenital heart disease, and atelectasis/condensation were the main risk factors for ICU admission in both RSV and non-RSV bronchiolitis. The introduction of palivizumab in prematures diminished hospitalization for RSV bronchiolitis, oxygen need, length of hospital stay and mechanical ventilation. In conclusion, this study supports that RSV bronchiolitis seems to be a more severe disease than that caused by other viruses.

Melamine urinary bladder stone.

We report a unique case of a melamine bladder urinary stone. A physiopathologic mechanism of formation is proposed and discussed.

Diagnostic value of interleukin-12 p40 in tuberculous pleural effusions.

The diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion (TBPE) is frequently problematic. Several markers of TBPE in pleural fluid have been evaluated, with different results. Pleural effusions from 96 patients were classified on the basis of definitive diagnosis as tuberculous (n = 39), neoplastic (n = 42) or parapneumonic (n = 15). Adenosine deaminase (ADA), ADA isoform ADA-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma, CD3(+)/DR(+) T-lymphocytes and interleukin (IL)-12 p40 were determined in all 96 effusions. The efficiency of IL-12 p40 for diagnosis of TBPEs was evaluated, in comparison with those of the other parameters, by comparing the areas under their receiver operating characteristics. With the threshold value of 550 pg.mL(-1), IL-12 p40 had a sensitivity of 92.3% (36 out of 39) and specificity of 70.2% (17 false positives). The misclassification rate of IL-12 p40 was significantly greater than those of ADA-2 and ADA. Among TBPEs, ADA correlated significantly with ADA-2, and IFN-gamma with ADA and IL-12 p40. Although tuberculous pleural effusions show values of interleukin-12 p40 that are significantly higher than neoplastic and parapneumonic fluids, this parameter is less efficient than adenosine deaminase, adenosine deaminase isoform 2 and interferon-gamma. Its routine determination is, accordingly, not justified.

Consumption costs of inappropriate medicines estimated from bulk purchase data: The example of NSAids in Guatemala.

OBJECTIVE: In contexts where access to medicines is limited or troublesome, it may be important to identify the cases in which there exists access to medicines, but where this access is "inefficient" because it results in non-healing, avoidable toxicity or excessive cost in conditions of similar efficacy. Despite obvious limitations, bulk medicines purchase data of public institutions used to be the only available approximation on what is consumed in some countries. The aim of this study was to describe the results of a qualitative analysis of bulk consumption data, focusing on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as an example. METHOD: The list of all drugs purchased by the Health Ministry of Guatemala in 2004 was quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed both according to the number of units and value. All NSAIDs bought during that period were analyzed in order to find potential intervention areas which could be addressed to improve drug selection. RESULTS: The studied list included 693 products with a value of 102 million US dollars. Among the top-20 purchased medicines by defined daily doses (DDDs) were several NSAIDs (including aceclofenac, meloxicam and piroxicam). Ranitidine, ciprofibrate and dimethicone were also among these top-20 drugs. In addition, aceclofenac was among the top-20 drugs according to value. The cost of "second-line" NSAIDs was several times higher than the "first-line" diclofenac or ibuprofen. Providing equal efficacy and similar toxicity exists, a theoretical switch from second- to first-line NSAIDs could save up to 2,377 million US dollars/year. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is an old and well-known method, the analysis of bulk consumption data continues to provide information that may help to identify areas of potential improvement in settings without many resources. In the present theoretical example, educative interventions addressed to rational selection of NSAIDs could save more than 2% of the annual drug expenditure of the country. Co-ordinated actions addressed to other drugs could decrease inefficient drug expenditure and improve the quality of health-care.

Pulmonary valve endocarditis: mid-term follow up of pulmonary valvectomies.

Four males aged 20-37 years (three drug addicts and one with a congenital mixed pulmonary valve lesion) were diagnosed in 1989, 1991 and 1993 with pulmonary valve endocarditis without tricuspid infection. Three patients were positive for hepatitis B, C or both, and one patient was HIV-positive. The predominant organism in blood cultures was Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotic treatment of pulmonary valve endocarditis had failed; thus partial or total valvectomies were performed. Postoperatively, all patients were cured of infection and initial recovery was good. At mid-term follow up (5-10 years) there were no recurrences, and tolerance of the resultant pulmonary insufficiency was good. Slight to severe tricuspid valve insufficiency developed, together with right ventricular dilatation, in all cases. Hepatomegaly was apparent in two cases and peripheral edema in one. Despite treatment, the latter patient remained in moderate right ventricular failure, and may require homograft valve replacement. The other three patients remained in good clinical condition. Eradication of the infection was achieved in all patients. It is concluded that pulmonary valve resection is the treatment of choice for pulmonary valve endocarditis when antibiotic treatment has failed. Complete resection of all affected tissue should be performed in these cases. Analysis of preoperative data did not permit differentiation of those patients likely to develop right heart failure.

Lymphocyte populations in tuberculous pleural effusions.

Different systemic and local responses to mycobacterial antigens suggest an active compartmentalization of responsive lymphocytes to tubercular antigens. This fact, observed in pleuritic processes, raises doubts about the accuracy of information obtained in the study of cells taken solely from peripheral blood. For this reason we decided to study the concept of compartmentalization in 140 patients suffering from pleural effusions. Patients were classified into six groups according to the aetiology of the effusion: group I, tuberculous, n = 23; group II, paraneoplastic, n = 41; group III, metapneumonic empyematous, n = 5; group IV, transudate, n = 38; group V, miscellaneous exudate, n = 19; group VI, unknown aetiology, n = 14. In each group we studied the lymphocyte population by using flow cytometry with doubly fluorescent monoclonal antibodies: B [expressing human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-DR on the surface], T (CD3+), CD4+ and CD8+, and the subpopulation of activated T lymphocytes (together expressing CD3 and HLA-DR on the surface) (CD3+DR+). The study of these subpopulations in peripheral blood did not yield valuable results, but the CD3+DR+ population in pleural fluid demonstrated a diagnostic efficiency of 84% [positive predictive value (PPV) 51%, negative predictive value (NPV) 96%] at a cut-off value of 80.4 cells/mm3. The CD3+DR+ pleural fluid/peripheral blood ratio demonstrated an efficiency of 83% (PPV 50%, NPV 96%), and showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.02) with regard to all the diagnostic groups, with the exception of the paraneoplastic effusions. The lymphocytic subpopulations study confirms the concept of compartmentalization in tuberculous pleuritis, as shown by the greater number of activated T lymphocytes present in pleural fluid in comparison with peripheral blood in tuberculous pleuritis, a 98% efficiency of adenosine deaminase (ADA) determination in pleural fluid versus a 50% value in peripheral blood, predominance of helper cells (CD4+) in pleural fluid and suppressor cells (CD8+) in peripheral blood, a greater CD4+/CD8+ ratio in pleural fluid than in peripheral blood, and a significant correlation of ADA-CD3+DR+ in pleural fluid, which does not occur in peripheral blood.

Tuberculous pleurisy: a study of 254 patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the age at which tuberculous pleural effusions occur, the radiological and biochemical characteristics of the effusions, the sensitivities of the various diagnostic tests, and the utility of combining clinical, radiological, and analytic data in diagnosis. METHODS: We studied the case histories of 254 patients in whom tuberculous pleural effusions were diagnosed with certainty between January 1, 1989, and June 30, 1997, in a Spanish university hospital in a region with a high incidence of tuberculosis. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) age of the patients was 34.1+/-18.1 years, and 62.2% were younger than 35 years. The effusion was on the right side in 55.9% of patients, on the left side in 42.5% of patients, and on both sides in 1.6% of patients. In 81.5% of patients, less than two thirds of the hemithorax was affected. Associated pulmonary lesions were detected in 18.9% of patients, of whom 14.6% exhibited cavitation. In 93.3% of the effusions, more than 50% of leukocytes were lymphocytes, and almost all had the biologic characteristics of exudates (98.8% had high total protein contents, 94.9% had high cholesterol levels, and 82.3% had high lactate dehydrogenase levels). All but 1 effusion (99.6%) had an adenosine deaminase (ADA) concentration higher than 47 U/L, 96.8% (123/127) of the effusions had high ADA2 levels, and 89% (73/82) of the effusions had high interferon gamma levels. Adenosine deaminase 2 contributed 72.2%+/-12.5% (mean +/- SD) of total ADA activity. Total ADA activity was significantly correlated with ADA2 (r = 0.83) and with interferon gamma (r = 0.30) levels. Definitive diagnosis was based on the observation of caseous granulomas in pleural biopsy tissue samples in 79.8% of patients, on the results of biopsy cultures in 11.7% of patients, and on pleural effusion cultures in the remaining 8.5% of patients. Results of the tuberculin skin test were positive in only 66.5% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: In these patients, lymphocyte-rich exudative pleural effusions occurred, on average, at a young age, with no preference for either the right or the left side; normally affected no more than two thirds of the hemithorax; and were generally unaccompanied by pulmonary infiltrates. High ADA concentration was a highly sensitive diagnostic sign and was caused by a rise in ADA2 concentration. The most sensitive criterion based on pleural biopsy was the observation of caseous granulomas, and culture of biopsy material further increased overall sensitivity. Negative skin test results were no guarantee of the effusion being nontuberculous. This, together with the low mean age of the patients and the low frequency of associated pulmonary lesions, suggests that tuberculous pleural effusion is a primary form of tuberculosis in this region.

Utility of tumour markers in the diagnosis of neoplastic pleural effusion.

Approximately 20% of pleural effusions are caused by neoplastic processes. Although cytology is the most specific routine diagnostic procedure, its sensitivity of 50-60% is insufficient, and thus diagnosis is usually carried out by more invasive techniques such as pleural biopsy, thoracoscopy or thoracotomy. The object of this study is to evaluate the use of determining some tumour markers in pleural fluid obtained by thoracocentesis for diagnosis of neoplastic pleural effusion. Patients (271) with pleural effusions were classified in five groups: I: neoplasms n = 88; II: tuberculosis n = 63; III: parapneumonics n = 53; IV: miscellaneous exudates n = 39 and V: transudates n = 28. The tumour markers studied were: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA 125, squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC), and neuron specific enolase (NSE). The tumour makers had the following diagnostic efficiencies for neoplastic origin of the pleural effusion: CEA 76% (sensitivity 31%, specificity 93%); CA 125 66% (70% and 61%); SCC 65% (48% and 80%) and NSE 53% (30% and 89%). The diagnostic efficiencies for pulmonary neoplastic origins were 68% for NSE (sensitivity 83%, specificity 53%); 65% for SCC (54% and 75%); 63% for CEA (80% and 48%) and 61% for CA 125 (79% and 42%). We believe that the routine testing of tumour markers in pleural fluid obtained by thoracocentesis would greatly increase diagnostic effectiveness and could avoid the practice of more aggressive diagnostic techniques on the patient.

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) isoenzyme analysis in pleural effusions: diagnostic role, and relevance to the origin of increased ADA in tuberculous pleurisy.

The rise in adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in the pleural fluid of tuberculous pleurisy patients, though used for diagnosis, is of unknown origin. In this work, we determined ADA activity and the activities of 2'-deoxyadenosine deaminase and ADA-2 in 350 patients. We also considered whether the results throw light on the origin of high pleural fluid ADA in tuberculous pleurisy and estimated the diagnostic efficiency of 2'-deoxyadenosine deaminase, ADA-2 and total ADA activities with and without the inclusion of the 2'-deoxyadenosine deaminase/ADA activity ratio in a combined criterion. The 350 pleural effusions were classified by previously established criteria as transudates (60 males/18 females) or as tuberculous (49 males/27 females), neoplastic (50 males/39 females), parapneumonic (36 males/19 females), empyematous (11 males/3 females), or miscellaneous (25 males/13 females) exudates. Total ADA, ADA-2 and 2'-deoxyadenosine deaminase activities were, respectively, 127.5 +/- 2.9, 103 +/- 29.5 and 42.8 +/- 14 U.L-1 in tuberculous exudates. With diagnostic thresholds of 47, 40 and 22 U.L-1 respectively, the sensitivities of ADA, ADA-2 and 2'-deoxyadenosine deaminase for tuberculosis were 100, 100 and 95%; their specificities 91, 96 and 92%; and their efficiencies 93, 97 and 93%, respectively. One hundred and one effusions (all 76 tuberculous, 12 neoplastic, 4 parapneumonic and 9 empyematous exudates) had total ADA levels > 47 U.L-1; of these, 8 neoplastic, 1 parapneumonic and all the tuberculous exudates had a 2'-deoxyadenosine deaminase/ADA activity ratio < 0.49. The criterion of simultaneously having ADA > 47 U.L-1, ADA-2 > 40 U.L-1 and a 2'-deoxyadenosine deaminase/ADA activity ratio < 0.49 was satisfied by all the tuberculous effusions but only eight others (all neoplastic) (sensitivity 100%, specificity 97%, efficiency 98%). We conclude that: 1) high total ADA activity in tuberculous pleural effusions is due mainly to an increase in ADA-2, and, therefore, originated from the only known source monocytes and macrophages; 2) ADA-2 was a more efficient diagnostic marker of tuberculous pleurisy than total ADA activity, although the difference was not statistically significant; and 3) among effusions with high total ADA the 2'-deoxyadenosine deaminase/ADA activity ratio differentiates tuberculous effusions from empyemas and parapneumonic effusions, but fails to discriminate well between tuberculous and neoplastic effusions.

The etiology of pleural effusions in an area with high incidence of tuberculosis.

To investigate the etiology of pleural effusions in our region, we undertook a prospective study of patients with this condition in our centers. During a 5-year period, we studied 642 pleural effusion patients aged 57.1 +/- 21.1 years, of whom 401 were men aged 56.5 +/- 21 years and 241 were women aged 57.8 +/- 21.4 years; the male/female ratio was 1.6:1. The most frequent cause of pleural effusion was tuberculosis (25%), followed by neoplasia (22.9%) and congestive heart failure (17.9%). The etiology of 48 cases (7.5%) remained uncertain. In the neoplastic effusion group, the most frequent locations of the primary tumor were lung (32.6%), breast (11.5%), lymphoma (10.8%), and ovary (7.5%); in 21 cases (14.3% of the neoplastic group), it was not possible to identify the primary tumor. The 111 patients aged younger than 40 years with tuberculous effusions made up 69.4% of tuberculous effusion cases and the same percentage of patients younger than 40 years; the proportion of effusions that were tuberculous peaked in the 11- to 30-year-old age group and declined steadily thereafter. Of the patients with neoplastic effusions, 83% were older than 50 years; the proportion of effusions that were neoplastic rose steadily from zero in the 0- to 30-year-old age group to a peak among 60- to 70-year-olds. The age-wise distribution of effusions secondary to congestive heart failure was similar to that of neoplastic effusions. Of the effusions secondary to congestive heart failure, 86% (99/115) affected the right pleura or both, and 83% of effusions secondary to pulmonary thromboembolism (15/18) affected the right side. Neoplastic, tuberculous, parapneumonic, empyematous, and other exudative effusions showed no preference for either side. Of the 97 bilateral effusions, 77 (79.4%) were secondary to heart failure (59, 60.8%) or neoplasia (18, 18.6%). We conclude that in our region, the most frequent cause of pleural effusion is tuberculosis, followed by neoplasia and congestive heart failure. We suggest that all those interested in pleural disease should determine the etiologic pattern of pleural effusion in their region with a view to the adoption of regionally optimized diagnostic and therapeutic attitudes.

Cirrhosis of the liver, an exceptional cause of chylothorax: two cases.

Chylothorax, a condition featuring an infrequent form of pleural effusion, is generally caused by tumours or traumatism. Only about 1% of chylothorax cases are caused by cirrhosis of the liver. Two such cases are described in these case reports.

[Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mexican patients. I. Clinical features and risk factors]. / Resistencia de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en pacientes mexicanos. I. Características clínicas y factores de riesgo.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical manifestations associated with resistant M. tuberculosis infection and the antimicrobial resistance in isolates from Mexican patients. STUDY DESIGN: Epidemiological surveillance. PATIENTS: Tuberculosis confirmed cases. METHODS: Primary resistance: no history of treatment prior to diagnosis. The following critical concentrations (micrograms/mL) were used for susceptibility: isoniazid 0.2 and 1; rifampin 1 and 5; ethambutol 5 and 10; streptomycin 2 and 10; ethionamide 5; kanamycin 6; and para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) 2 and 10. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients with a mean age of 44.7 years were included; 54 men (64%) and 30 women (36%); most patients were from the Mexico City metropolitan area. In 34 patients there was clinical information available, 26 presented fever and weight loss and 8 respiratory symptoms. Fifty-nine patients (70%) were infected by pan-susceptible M. tuberculosis, and 25 (30%) by a resistant isolate; 17 (68%) of them were resistant to at least two drugs, 16 (64%) to isoniazid and rifampin. The proportion of resistance was: isoniazid 24%, rifampin 19%, streptomycin 12%, ethambutol 10%, PAS 9%, etionamide 7%, and kanamycin 6%. Of 47 patients without previous treatment, eight had a resistant microorganism (17%): 9% resistant to isoniazid, 6% to rifampin, 2% to streptomycin, 6% to PAS and 6% multiresistant. Of 37 patients with history of previous treatment for tuberculosis, 17 (46%) had a resistant isolate; 44% were resistant to isoniazid, 35% to rifampin, 24% to streptomycin, 19% to ethambutol, 12% to PAS and 35% multiresistant. Of the 84 patients, four were physicians infected by a resistant isolate, and seven HIV-infected patients, one with a multiresistant isolate, and another with isoniazid resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial resistance among M. tuberculosis is alarmingly high in Mexico City; these results emphasize the importance of case detection and early isolation of patients.