Respuesta biológica en las pacientes con cáncer de mama tratadas con radioterapia intraoperatoria / Biological response in breast cancer patients using intraoperative radiotherapy

Introducción: el tratamiento conservador de la mama junto con la radioterapia es de elección en las pacientes con cáncer de mama precoz. Gracias a un mayor conocimiento de la radiobiología tumoral, la tendencia actual consiste en utilizar técnicas de irradiación parcial acelerada, entre las que destaca la radioterapia intraoperatoria (RIO). Métodos: estudio prospectivo multicéntrico dividido en 2 grupos comparativos con casos consecutivos de las pacientes a que han recibido una cirugía conservadora por cáncer de mama asociada o no a RIO. Se valora la relación de esta terapia con los valores de las proteínas involucradas en la respuesta biológica (IL6, IL8, CXCL10, IL1β y TNF- α) en muestras de suero preoperatorio y a las 24 h desde la cirugía, y de drenaje quirúrgico a las 6 y 24 h desde la cirugía. Resultados: se ha objetivado en las pacientes tratadas con RIO una disminución significativa de IL6 e IL8, así como un aumento de CXCL10 favorable para la lucha contra la progresión del tumor (p valor < 0,05). Las alteraciones del sistema inmunológico se manifiestan tanto en suero como en débito del drenaje quirúrgico a las 6 y 24 h desde la cirugía. Conclusiones: la RIO modifica la respuesta biológica en las pacientes con cáncer de mama. A pesar de que se deben desarrollar más líneas de investigación, la comprensión de los mecanismos de desarrollo del tumor, abre una nueva etapa en el desarrollo de tratamientos perioperatorios dirigidos a dianas concretas que compensen las consecuencias dañinas de la cirugía. (AU)

Introduction: Breast conserving surgery with radiotherapy is the treatment of choice in patients with early breast cancer. Due to a better understanding of tumour radiobiology, the current trend is to use accelerated partial irradiation techniques, among which intraoperative radiotherapy (RIO) stands out. Methods: Prospective multicentre study divided into two comparative groups with consecutive cases of patients who have undergone conservative surgery for breast cancer associated or not with RIO. The relation of this therapy with the values of proteins involved in the biological response (IL6, IL8, CXCL10, IL1β y TNF- α) is assessed in serum samples preoperative and 24 hours after surgery, and surgical drainage samples at 6 and 24 hours after surgery. Results: A significant decrease in IL6 and IL8, as well as an increase in CXCL10 favourable for the fight against tumour progression (p-value < 0.05) was observed in patients treated with RIO. Immune system alterations are manifested in both serum and surgical drainage debit at 6 and 24 hours after surgery. Conclusions: RIO modifies the biological response in breast cancer patients. Although more lines of research need to be developed, the understanding of the mechanisms of tumour development opens a new stage in the development of perioperative treatments directed at specific targets that compensate for the harmful consequences of surgery. (AU)

Cirugía conservadora de cáncer de mama y radioterapia intraoperatoria. ¿Podemos predecir la fibrosis? / Breast-conserving surgery in breast cancer and intraoperative radiotherapy. Can we predict the fibrosis?

Introducción: Las técnicas de radioterapia asociadas a la cirugía conservadora del cáncer de mama precoz han evolucionado gracias a un mayor conocimiento de la radiobiología tumoral, destacando entre ellas la radioterapia intraoperatoria (RIO). Sin embargo, se han documentado complicaciones con dicha técnica, principalmente la fibrosis. El factor de crecimiento transformante beta (TGF-β) es una citocina relacionada con la fibrosis inducida después de la radiación que podría servir como marcador temprano del riesgo de desarrollo de la misma. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico de 60 pacientes a las que se les ha sometido a cirugía conservadora por cáncer de mama, asociada a RIO en 30 de ellas. Se evalúan los valores de TGF-β en muestras de suero preoperatorio y a las 24 h desde la cirugía, y de muestras de drenaje a las 6 y 24 h desde la cirugía. Resultados: Los valores de TGF-β objetivados en el suero y en el débito de drenaje a las 24 h desde la cirugía de las pacientes que recibieron RIO fueron significativamente mayores que los de aquellas que no la recibieron (p < 0,0001). De entre ellas, 8 pacientes presentaron valores superiores a 1.000 pg/ml. Estas diferencias entre los grupos no se modifican por el tipo de muestra utilizada, bien sea suero, bien débito de drenaje (p = 0,5881). Conclusiones: Aunque deben realizarse más estudios, valores elevados de TGF-β en las pacientes con cáncer de mama a las que se les realiza cirugía conservadora asociada a RIO pueden predecir el riesgo de fibrosis

Introduction: Radiotherapy techniques associated with breast-conserving surgery have evolved in early breast cancer thanks to a better knowledge of tumor radiobiology, highlighting intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT). However, complications have been documented with this procedure, mainly fibrosis. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a cytokine with an active role in radiation-induced fibrosis, which could be used as an early biomarker for the development of fibrosis. Methods: Multicentric prospective analysis of 60 patients with breast cancer who underwent breast-conserving surgery, 30 of whom had received additional IORT. TGF-β values were evaluated in serum pre-surgery and in serum collected 24 h after surgery. In addition, we evaluated surgical wound fluids collected 6 h and 24 h following surgery. Results: Serum and surgical wound fluids TGF-β values collected over 24 h following surgery were significantly higher in patients who received additional IORT (P < .0001). Notably, 8 of these patients showed values above 1,000 pg/ml. There were no differences between the samples (serum or surgical wound fluids) (P = .5881). Conclusions: Although further investigation is needed, higher TGF-β values in IORT during breast-conserving surgery can be used as an early biomarker for the development of fibrosis

Breast-conserving surgery in breast cancer and intraoperative radiotherapy. Can we predict the fibrosis? / Cirugía conservadora de cáncer de mama y radioterapia intraoperatoria. ¿Podemos predecir la fibrosis?

INTRODUCTION: Radiotherapy techniques associated with breast-conserving surgery have evolved in early breast cancer thanks to a better knowledge of tumor radiobiology, highlighting intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT). However, complications have been documented with this procedure, mainly fibrosis. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) is a cytokine with an active role in radiation-induced fibrosis, which could be used as an early biomarker for the development of fibrosis. METHODS: Multicentric prospective analysis of 60 patients with breast cancer who underwent breast-conserving surgery, 30 of whom had received additional IORT. TGF-ß values were evaluated in serum pre-surgery and in serum collected 24h after surgery. In addition, we evaluated surgical wound fluids collected 6h and 24h following surgery. RESULTS: Serum and surgical wound fluids TGF-ß values collected over 24h following surgery were significantly higher in patients who received additional IORT (P<.0001). Notably, 8 of these patients showed values above 1,000pg/ml. There were no differences between the samples (serum or surgical wound fluids) (P=.5881). CONCLUSIONS: Although further investigation is needed, higher TGF-ß values in IORT during breast-conserving surgery can be used as an early biomarker for the development of fibrosis.

Nódulo de la hermana María José como primera manifestación de cáncer pancreático / Sister Mary Joseph’s nodule as initial pancreatic cancer manifestation

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[Adult intestinal malrotation associated with intestinal volvulus]. / Malrotación intestinal en adulto asociada a vólvulo intestinal.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal malrotation is a congenital anomaly of the intestinal rotation and fixation, and usually occurs in the neonatal age. OBJECTIVE: Description of a clinical case associated with acute occlusive symptoms. CLINICAL CASE: A case of intestinal malrotation is presented in a previously asymptomatic woman of 46 years old with an intestinal obstruction, with radiology and surgical findings showing an absence of intestinal rotation. CONCLUSIONS: Intestinal malrotation in adults is often asymptomatic, and is diagnosed as a casual finding during a radiological examination performed for other reasons. Infrequently, it can be diagnosed in adults, associated with an acute abdomen.

Sister Mary Joseph's nodule as initial pancreatic cancer manifestation.

We report the case of an 85-year-old female patient who presented with umbilical pain associated with an indurated growth, the whole being apparently consistent with incarcerated umbilical hernia, which prompted an urgent surgical procedure for its removal. The pathology study revealed dermal infiltration by a malignancy. Gland tumor cells expressed an immunohistochemical profile initially consistent with a pancreatic origin. In view of these findings a CT scan was performed, which revealed a pancreatic tail tumor as well as multiple hepatic metastasis. Skin metastasis is a rare sign usually reflecting a carcinoma of unknown origin. Umbilical skin metastasis, called Sister Mary Joseph´s nodule, reflect an intra-abdominal tumor, being pancreatic cancer strange.

Ecografía y Escala de Alvarado en el diagnóstico de la apendicitis aguda. Impacto en la tasa de apendicectomía negativa / Ultrasonography and the Alvarado score in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: impact on the negative appendectomy rate

Objetivo: Establecer la tasa de apendicectomía negativa (TAN) y evaluar las diferencias entre la Escala de Alvarado y la ecografía abdominal en los pacientes con apendicitis aguda (AA) y aquellos con apendicectomía negativa. Método: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal. Se recogieron los pacientes intervenidos de urgencia bajo sospecha de AA durante un año en un hospital de tercer nivel. Resultados: Se incluyeron 225 pacientes. La TAN fue de 7,11%. Una puntuación en la Escala de Alvarado mayor o igual de 5 obtuvo una odds ratio (OR) de 7,46 (p = 0,0002) para padecer AA, con una sensibilidad del 94,2%. La ecografía compatible con AA obtuvo una OR 3,58 (p = 0,0125) y una TAN del 5%. Conclusiones: La elevada sensibilidad de la Escala de Alvarado para puntuación mayor o igual de 5 hace aconsejable su aplicación en todo paciente que acude al Servicio de Urgencias con dolor en la fosa iliaca derecha. Puntuaciones mayores o iguales a 7 disminuyen la TAN hasta el 3%. La ecografía abdominal es una prueba rápida y barata con una TAN baja (AU)

Objective: To establish the negative appendectomy rate (NAR) after patients with acute abdomen were evaluated with the Alvarado score and compare it to the NAR in patients evaluated with abdominal ultrasound. Methods: Cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive study in patients who underwent emergency surgery for suspected acute appendicitis in a tertiary-care hospital over a period of 1 year. Results: A total of 225 patients were included. The NAR was 7.11% for the series. An Alvarado score of 5 or more had an odds ratio (OR) of 7.46 (P=.0002) for acute appendicitis; sensitivity was 94.2%. Ultrasound findings consistent with acute appendicitis had an OR of 3.58 (P=.0125) for the diagnosis; the NAR was 5%. Conclusions: The high sensitivity of an Alvarado score of 5 or more supports using this tool to evaluate all patients who come to the emergency department with pain in the right iliac fossa. With scores of 7 or more the NAR falls to 3%. Abdominal ultrasound is a rapid, inexpensive diagnostic procedure associated with a low NAR (AU)

[Ultrasonography and the Alvarado score in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: impact on the negative appendectomy rate]. / Ecografía y Escala de Alvarado en el diagnóstico de la apendicitis aguda. Impacto en la tasa de apendicectomía negativa.

OBJECTIVES: To establish the negative appendectomy rate (NAR) after patients with acute abdomen were evaluated with the Alvarado score and compare it to the NAR in patients evaluated with abdominal ultrasound. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive study in patients who underwent emergency surgery for suspected acute appendicitis in a tertiary-care hospital over a period of 1 year. RESULTS: A total of 225 patients were included. The NAR was 7.11% for the series. An Alvarado score of 5 or more had an odds ratio (OR) of 7.46 (P=.0002) for acute appendicitis; sensitivity was 94.2%. Ultrasound findings consistent with acute appendicitis had an OR of 3.58 (P=.0125) for the diagnosis; the NAR was 5%. CONCLUSION: The high sensitivity of an Alvarado score of 5 or more supports using this tool to evaluate all patients who come to the emergency department with pain in the right iliac fossa. With scores of 7 or more the NAR falls to 3%. Abdominal ultrasound is a rapid, inexpensive diagnostic procedure associated with a low NAR.

OBJETIVO: Establecer la tasa de apendicectomía negativa (TAN) y evaluar las diferencias entre la Escala de Alvarado y la ecografía abdominal en los pacientes con apendicitis aguda (AA) y aquellos con apendicectomía negativa. METODO: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal. Se recogieron los pacientes intervenidos de urgencia bajo sospecha de AA durante un año en un hospital de tercer nivel. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 225 pacientes. La TAN fue de 7,11%. Una puntuación en la Escala de Alvarado mayor o igual de 5 obtuvo una odds ratio (OR) de 7,46 (p = 0,0002) para padecer AA, con una sensibilidad del 94,2%. La ecografía compatible con AA obtuvo una OR 3,58 (p = 0,0125) y una TAN del 5%. CONCLUSIONES: La elevada sensibilidad de la Escala de Alvarado para puntuación mayor o igual de 5 hace aconsejable su aplicación en todo paciente que acude al Servicio de Urgencias con dolor en la fosa iliaca derecha. Puntuaciones mayores o iguales a 7 disminuyen la TAN hasta el 3%. La ecografía abdominal es una prueba rápida y barata con una TAN baja.