[Effect of restraining growth pigs with snare restraints on plasma levels of catecholamines, cortisol, insulin and metabolic parameters]. / Einfluss einer Fixation von Mastschweinen mittels Oberkieferschlinge auf das Verhalten der Plasmakonzentrationen an Catecholaminen, Cortisol, Insulin und Stoffwechselparametern.

The aim of the experiments was to evaluate the effect of an acute stressor (snare restraint for 5 min) on hormonal and metabolic parameters in pigs and to look for parameters which reflect best the stress intensity. The snare restraint resulted in an increase in plasma level of epinephrine from 88 +/- 12 to 2264 +/- 470 pg/ml and in plasma level of norepinephrine from 206 +/- 14 to 7727 +/- 1969 pg/ml within a minute. In contrast, the cortisol level showed a delayed increase from 30.8 +/- 4.9 to 101.8 +/- 12.0 nmol/l. The inhibitory effect of catecholamines on insulin secretion resulted in a delayed increase of plasma level of insulin from 0.14 +/- 0.01 to 0.29 +/- 0.04 nmol/l. Moreover, there was a significant increase in haematocrit and in plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, free glycerol and ascorbic acid. A biphasic pattern in plasma level of potassium was observed. The present results suggest that besides the level of lactate the plasma concentration of catecholamines reflects best the individual degree of excitement and the time of physical strain.

[Effect of acute stress on plasma levels of catecholamines and cortisol in addition to metabolites in stress-susceptible growing swine]. / Einfluss einer akuten Belastung auf die Plasmakonzentrationen an Catecholaminen und Cortisol sowie an Metaboliten bei stressempfindlichen Mastschweinen.

The purpose of this study was to show the behaviour of the plasma level of catecholamines in stress-susceptible pigs during an acute stress and to gain new insights in the role of catecholamines in the initiation of malignant hyperthermia. Therefore, a halothane challenge test was performed in stress-susceptible growing pigs, and the changes of haematocrit, hormones and metabolites were monitored during the handling before the test, during halothane exposure and thereafter. Already in connection with the handling before the test, haematocrit values and plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucose, lactate and potassium increased significantly. However, the plasma concentration of cortisol and free glycerol increased gradually and the level of nonesterified fatty acids did not show any changes. While the levels of catecholamines and potassium decreased already during halothane exposure, haematocrit values and concentrations of glucose and lactate continued to increase. The present results indicate that the catecholamines are not involved in the initiation of malignant hyperthermia.

[The content of DNA, RNA and protein and the wet weight:DNA, the protein:DNA and the RNA:DNA ratio in 19 different tissues of bovine fetuses of different body weight]. / Der Gehalt an DNA, RNA und Protein sowie der Frischmasse:DNA-, der Protein:DNA- und der RNA:DNA-Quotient in 19 verschiedenen Geweben von Rinderfeten unterschiedlicher Körpermasse.

In 3 groups of fetuses (n = 6 each) of cattle with a body mass of 4.18 +/- 2.1 (about 160 days old), of 9.72 +/- 0.97 (about 200 days old) and of 17.12 +/- 2.61 kg (about 230 days old) the content of DNA, RNA and protein in 19 different tissues was analysed. The wet weight:DNA-, the protein:DNA- and the RNA:DNA-ratios were calculated. The growth of the different tissues in the mentioned period of the development of the fetuses by hyperplasia and hypertrophy is discussed.

[The concentration of ascorbic acid, total protein, alpha-amino-N, glucose, 3-hydroxybutyrate and cholesterol and the activity of adenosine deaminase in the blood of sheep in five different periods of pregnancy and the content of ascorbic acid in 14 tissues]. / Die Konzentration an Ascorbinsäure, Gesamtprotein, alpha-Amino-N, Glucose, 3-Hydroxybutyrat und Cholesterol sowie die Aktivität der Adenosin-Desaminase im Plasma von Schafen in fünf verschiedenen Abschnitten der Trächtigkeit und der Gehalt an Ascorbinsäure in 14 Geweben.

Analyses of different compounds in the plasma of healthy sheep before birth were conducted from day 70 to 43 (group 1), 42 to 22 (group 2), 21 to 15 (group 3), 14 to 8 (group 4) and 7 to 1 (group 5). There were significant differences in the concentration of ascorbic acid, total protein, total alpha-Amino-N, glucose, 3-hydroxybutyrate and of adenosine deaminase in the plasma between several groups, their significance is discussed. There was no difference in the concentration of cholesterol in the plasma of the sheep of the 5 groups. The content of ascorbic acid in 14 different tissues of sheep of the age of 6 and 12 months was analysed. There were significant differences between the 2 groups in the levels of ascorbic acid of the cerebrum and cerebellum, the hypophysis, the lungs, the kidneys and the spleen.

[The content of DNA, RNA and protein and the fresh weight:DNA, protein:DNA and RNA:DNA ratios in tissue of male calves, bulls, short-scrotum bulls and oxen during the growth period]. / Der Gehalt an DNA, RNA und Protein sowie das Frischmasse: DNA-, das Protein: DNA- und das RNA: DNA-Verhältnis in Geweben von männlichen Kälbern, von Bullen, von Muchsen und von Ochsen während der Wachstumsperiode.

In male calves, in bulls, in short scrotum bulls and in oxen of different age the content of DNA, RNA and protein in various tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord, ventricles, lung, liver, cortex of the kidney, spleen, testicles, M. semimembranosus) was analysed. The fresh weight: DNA-, the protein: DNA- and the RNA: DNA-ratios were calculated. In the age of 78 weeks the short scrotum bulls had a body weight of 577 +/- 44, the bulls of 550 +/- 21 and the oxen of 462 +/- 41 kg. The testicles of the short scrotum bulls were smaller than that of the bulls. The differences in the content of DNA, RNA and protein per g tissue between male calves, bulls, short scrotum bulls and oxen of the same age were in part significant. The total content of DNA, of RNA and of protein for the 78 weeks old as well as the number of nuclei of the lung, the liver, the spleen and the testicles for the 6 and 78 weeks old animals were calculated. The biochemical parameters can be used for the characterization of the inhibition of growth of the different organs of calves and cattle by malnutrition and diseases.

[The content of DNA, RNA and total protein in different skeletal muscles, in the diaphragm, in the right and left heart ventricles and in the musculature of the esophagus, the stomach and the urinary bladder of normally developed piglets and splayleg piglets of different body weights]. / Untersuchungen über den Gehalt an DNA, RNA and Gesamtprotein in verschiedenen Skelettmuskeln, im Zwerchfell, in der rechten und linken Herzkammer sowie in der Muskulatur des Osophagus, des Magens und der Harnblase von normal entwickelten Ferkeln und von Grätschferkeln unterschiedlicher Körpermasse.

Studies were conducted into concentrations of RNA, DNA, and total protein in various skeletal muscles, diaphragm, right and left ventricles as well as in musculature of the oesophagus, stomach, and urinary bladder of 25 normally developed piglets and 24 sprayleg piglets of differentiated body weight (B.W.). DNA concentration was found to be at its highest in piglets of lowest B.W. The Protein: DNA-quotient increased along with growing B.W. The average value of this quotient in the anterior tibial muscle and brachial triceps muscle of sprayleg piglets was lower than that in normally developed piglets. Average values of the RNA:DNA quotients in the brachial triceps muscle, anterior section of the long dorsal muscle, left ventricle, and stomach muscles were also lower in sprayleg piglets. In newborn piglets, DNA concentrations in ventricles as well as in the muscles of the stomach and oesophagus were higher than those recordable from skeletal muscles. Causes of incapability of newborn piglets to stand on their own feet are discussed in some detail.

[The content of fresh material, DNA and RNA in different tissues of turkeys during growth. 1. Analysis of the M. pectoralis superficialis, the M. quadriceps femoris, the cerebrum and cerebellum and the spinal cord]. / Untersuchungen über den Gehalt an Frischmasse, DNA und RNA in verschiedenen Geweben von Puten während des Wachstums. 1. Mitteilung: Analysen des M. pectoralis superficialis, des M. quadriceps femoris, des Gross- und Kleinhirns sowie des Rückenmarks.

First Communication: Analyses of M. pectoralis superficialis, M. quadriceps femoris, Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Spinal Cord. The fresh matter level in the M. pectoralis superficialis of turkey was found to increase by a factor of 915, between the first and 224th days from hatching. DNA went up by a factor of 169. The protein: DNA quotient was increased 8.5 times. RNA concentrations in the same muscle went up from 2.65 +/- 0.06 to 6.02 +/- 0.30 mg/g of fresh matter, within the first and seventh days from hatching, and then dropped to 3.61 +/- 0.21 mg/g of fresh matter up to the 14th day, to 2.98 +/- 0.11 mg/g by the 28th day, and to 1.16 +/- 0.05 mg/g by the 224th day. The M. quadriceps femoris exhibited a 111-fold fresh matter increase, from the first through 224th days, while DNA went up by a factor of 44. The cerebrum exhibited a 3.9-fold increase of fresh matter and a 5.2-fold increase of DNA, between the first and 224th day. The cerebellum rises were 6.4-fold or 3.2-fold. Spinal cord values for the same period of time were 27.8-fold for fresh matter and 13.2-fold for DNA.

[The content of fresh material, DNA and RNA in different tissues of turkeys during growth. 2. Analysis of the myocardium, the liver, the lungs, the kidney, the pancreas, the spleen and the duodenum]. / Untersuchungen über den Gehalt an Frischmasse, DNA und RNA in verschiedenen Geweben von Puten während des Wachstums. 2. Mitteilung: Analysen des Herzmuskels, der Leber, der Lunge, der Nieren, des Pankreas, der Milz und des Duodenums.

The highest DNA concentration so far recorded from organs of turkey chicken one day after hatching was the lung value of 8.61 +/- 0.20 mg/g of fresh matter, while the lowest level amounted to 1.92 +/- 0.11 mg/g and was linked to the myocardium. DNA concentrations in the spleen went up from 5.93 +/- 0.26 mg/g on the first day to 13.04 +/- 0.93 mg/g on the 224th day. The highest total amount of DNA on the 224th day was 314.6 +/- 30.23 mg/g in the liver. A high RNA concentration on the first day from hatching was 8.74 +/- 0.14 mg/g in the liver and the lowest 2.51 +/- 0.12 mg/g in the myocardium. DNA levels for the whole period under review (first through 224th days) rose by the following factors: 246.3 in the spleen, 87.4 in the pancreas, 76.6 in the liver, 60 in the duodenum, 40.5 in the kidneys, 18 in the lung, and 31.3 in the myocardium. Functional implications relating to DNA, RNA, and protein variations are discussed in some detail.

[The effect of intravenous administration of arginine and glycine on the blood plasma content of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids and total alpha-amino-N-compounds in lambs of different ages]. / Untersuchungen über den Einfluss der intravenösen Verabreichung von Arginin und von Glycin auf den Gehalt des Blutplasmas von Lämmern unterschiedlichen Alters an Glucose, Insulin, freien Fettsäuren und Gesamt-alpha-Amino-N-Verbindungen.

Intravenous infusion of 0.5 mmol/kg B.W. to lambs aged eight to 14, 15 to 21, 22 to 28, and 29 to 35 days led to higher blood plasma levels of insulin and total alpha-amino-N. Rises were stronger and longer lasting after infusion of 1.25 mmol/kg B.W. of arginine. Blood plasma levels of glucose and free fatty acids were temporarily decreased in response to infusion. Infusion to lambs aged between eight and 14 days of 0.5 mmol/kg B.W. of glycin did not change insulin, glucose nor free fatty acids, though total alpha-amino-N was very slightly increased for very short time. Infusion of 1.25 mmol/kg B.W. of glycin proved less effective than that of arginine with regard to higher levels of insulin and total alpha-amino-N.

[The effect of intravenous administration of butyrate, isobutyrate and isovalerate to lambs aged 8-45 days on the blood plasma content of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids and total alpha-amino-N]. / Untersuchungen über den Einfluss der intravenösen Verabreichung von Butyrat, Isobutyrat und Isovalerat bei Lämmern im Alter von 8-45 Tagen auf den Gehalt des Blutplasmas an Glucose, Insulin, freien Fettsäuren und Gesamt-alpha-Amino-N.

Massive dose injections of butyrate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate (1.25 mmol/kg body weight) as well as of physiological saline solutions were applied to 4 groups of lambs aged 8 to 15, 16 to 22, 23 to 29, and 30 to 45 days. Blood samples were drawn prior to infusion as well as 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes from mid-infusion. Original glucose and insulin levels in the blood plasma of 87 lambs had been 5.24 +/- 0.85 mmol/l or 191 +/- 106 pmol/l, respectively. Infusion of these solutions led to temporary rise in blood plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and free fatty acids. The highest insulin level increase resulted from isovalerate infusion. Total alpha amino nitrogen in blood plasma went down. It appeared to be obvious that lambs, even before their forestomachs came into action, responded to infusion of volatile fatty acids by increase in insulin secretion.