ABSTRACT
Hand fractures are the most common fractures of the upper extremity, with a reported incidence of 3.7 per 1000 per year for men and 1.3 per 1000 per year for women. Understanding the diagnosis and management of these injuries is vital for any clinician working in the emergency department, plastic or orthopaedic surgery or providing community care. This review identifies the most common presentations and outlines how to assess and manage such fractures appropriately, with an emphasis on clinical and radiographic examination. The majority of hand fractures are managed conservatively and operative management should be carefully considered on a case-by-case basis with analysis of patient and fracture-related factors, in order to achieve optimal hand function following treatment.
Subject(s)
Fractures, Bone , Hand Injuries , Orthopedic Procedures , Female , Fractures, Bone/diagnosis , Fractures, Bone/epidemiology , Fractures, Bone/therapy , Hand Injuries/diagnosis , Hand Injuries/epidemiology , Hand Injuries/therapy , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The incidence of head and neck cancer (H&N) continues to increase together with the need for reconstructive surgery. Head and Neck microsurgeons are likely to encounter challenging secondary free flap surgery on the background of failed primary flaps, radiotherapy treatment or recurrence. The aim of this study was to review our experience of treating such cases in a tertiary referral centre in the United Kingdom. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing sequential free flap surgery for head and neck defects in our unit during 2010-2017. Parameters recorded included indication for surgery, type and sequence of reconstruction, recipient vessel use and post-operative complications. RESULTS: We identified 17 patients who underwent 39 free tissue transfers for the reconstruction of head and neck defects (five transfers were performed at other units). The radial forearm and anterolateral thigh flaps were most commonly used. Almost a quarter of patients underwent three or more free flap reconstructive procedures. In over a third, the same vein and artery were used for subsequent anastomoses, and we used five vein grafts over 68 anastomoses. There were no flap failures recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary free flaps in the head and neck are required for a variety of aetiologies and can have success rates similar to those for primary free tissue transfers with minimal morbidity and mortality. Free tissue transfer is the best reconstructive option in H&N patients and should still be considered the first choice option in salvage cases until the patient's donor sites have been depleted.
Subject(s)
Free Tissue Flaps/transplantation , Head and Neck Neoplasms/surgery , Microsurgery/methods , Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods , Reoperation/methods , Adult , Aged , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery , Female , Free Tissue Flaps/blood supply , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neuroblastoma/surgery , Postoperative Complications/diagnosis , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Sarcoma/surgery , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The incidence and mortality due to malignant melanoma has increased three- to four-fold across males and females in England and Wales over the past thirty years. Ninety percent of patients with primary melanoma have no clinical evidence of lymphadenopathy at presentation. In this paper we describe our management of impalpable axillary melanoma deposits in a patient with a pedicled latissimus dorsi (LD) flap reconstruction to the ipsilateral breast. No such case has been previously described in the literature.
