ABSTRACT
Important cell populations reside within tissues and are not accessed by traditional blood draws used to monitor the immune system. To address this issue at an essential barrier tissue, the skin, we created a microneedle-based technology for longitudinal sampling of cells and interstitial fluid, enabling minimally invasive parallel monitoring of immune responses. Solid microneedle projections were coated by a cross-linked biocompatible polymer, which swells upon skin insertion, forming a porous matrix for local leukocyte infiltration. By embedding molecular adjuvants and specific antigens encapsulated in nanocapsules within the hydrogel coating, antigen-specific lymphocytes can be enriched in the recovered cell population, allowing for subsequent detailed phenotypic and functional analysis. We demonstrate this approach in mice immunized with a model protein antigen or infected in the skin with vaccinia virus. After vaccination or infection, sampling microneedles allowed tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) to be longitudinally monitored in the skin for many months, during which time the antigen-specific T cell population in systemic circulation contracted to low or undetectable counts. Sampling microneedles did not change the immune status of naïve or antigen-exposed animals. We also validated the ability of cell sampling using human skin samples. This approach may be useful in vaccines and immunotherapies to temporally query TRM populations or as a diagnostic platform to sample for biomarkers in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, allowing information previously accessible only via invasive biopsies to be obtained in a minimally invasive manner from the skin or other mucosal tissues.
