Quorum sensing molecules as a novel microbial factor impacting muscle cells.

Skeletal muscle makes up the largest part of human body mass and a good maintenance of this organ is essential for general health. In accordance, muscle wasting, a frequent phenomenon in many diseases, is associated with functional decline and a decrease in quality of life. Unfortunately, due to a lack of knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology, no targeted therapies exist today to encounter muscle wasting. Recent studies suggest a role for the gut microbiome in muscle wasting, without the mediators of this gut-muscle axis being identified. Here we evaluated the possible effects of 75 quorum sensing molecules (QSM), traditionally only seen as intra-bacterial communication molecules, on C2C12 muscle cells, studying viability, differentiation, inflammation, mitochondrial changes and protein degradation as biological outcomes. The responses were evaluated using different approaches: median absolute deviation, quartiles, strictly standardized mean difference and robust strictly standardized mean difference. This study resulted in 30 QSM, with effects observed on C2C12 cells. Known producers of the 27 peptide QSM belong to species of the genus Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Escherichia, while the 3 non-peptide QSM are produced by a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Altogether, these proof-of-concept findings provide the first evidence that QSM produced by microbiota play a role in the gut-muscle axis, opening new perspectives for diagnostic and therapeutic targets in muscle wasting diseases.

WITHDRAWN: This article has been withdrawn.

This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author for administrative reasons. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.