Study on the Relationship between Nurses' Mentoring Relationship and Organizational Commitment.

The mentoring relationship affects the growth and development of new employees. For nurses, the uncertainty of the influence of the mentoring relationship may be magnified by the unique nature of hospitals as public departments, however it is unclear whether and how nurses' mentoring relationship influence the outcome. Protean career orientation defined as a tendency of individuals to achieve subjective career success through self-management of their career is crucial to the influence mechanism of the mentoring relationship. The aim of this study was to explore the path and boundary conditions of the influence of the nurses' mentoring relationship on organizational commitment. As a cross-sectional sample, 371 nurses were investigated. The results showed that protégé career optimism plays an intermediary role in the influence of the mentoring relationship on organizational commitment, and protean career orientation plays a moderating role in the influence of the mentoring relationship on career optimism. The mentor relationship between mentors and protégés facilitates protégés' career optimism, enhancing the protégés' organizational commitment, especially for protégés with low protean career orientation. These findings contribute to the improving nurses' organizational commitment through mentoring relationship. Hospitals should provide space for nurses to exert their abilities, enhance opportunities to improve their team cooperation ability, clearly define the scope of nurses' work and rights, and give nurses the right to make decisions.

Effects of Gain/Loss Frames on Telling Lies of Omission and Commission.

An increased focus on fake news and misinformation is currently emerging. But what does it mean when information is designated as "fake?" Research on deception has focused on lies of commission, in which people disclose something false as true. However, people can also lie by omission, by withholding important yet true information. In this research, we investigate when people are more likely to tell a lie of omission. In three studies, with tests among undergraduates, online sample respondents, and candidates for U.S. Senate, we found that people in a gain frame were more likely to lie by omission (vs. commission), and vice versa for a loss frame. Moreover, participants rated lies of commission in a gain frame as the least acceptable type of deception, suggesting why people may avoid telling this kind of lie. Overall, our results emphasize that from frame-to-frame, lying is not only different in degree but different in kind.

Fostering climate change consensus: The role of intimacy in group discussions.

This study examined if creating intimacy in a group discussion is more effective toward reaching consensus about climate change than a focus on information. Participants were randomly assigned to either a group that spent the first part of an online discussion engaging in self-disclosure and focusing on shared values (intimacy condition) or discussing information from an article about climate change (information condition). Afterward, all groups were given the same instructions to try to come to group consensus on their opinions about climate change. Participants in the intimacy condition had higher ratings of social cohesion, group attraction, task interdependence, and collective engagement and lower ratings of ostracism than the information condition. Intimacy groups were more likely to reach consensus, with ostracism and the emotional tone of discussion mediating this effect. Participants were more likely to change their opinion to reflect that climate change is real in the intimacy than information condition.

The Moderating Role of Ethical Leadership on Nurses' Green Behavior Intentions and Real Green Behavior.

AIM: This study is aimed at exploring the relationship between green behavior intentions and green behavior and analyzing the moderating role of ethical leadership in this relationship. BACKGROUND: Nurses' green behavior can directly reduce costs and protect the natural environment and organizational sustainability by saving resources and energy. It is not clear how green behavior intention affects green behavior or how the positive influence of green behavior intention on green behavior can be enhanced. Design and Methods. This is a cross-sectional study, and the surveys are collected from 3 hospitals in China. Of the initial cohort of 489 nurses, 89.6% were female. There were 327 subjects (66.9%) aged 35 or less, 267 subjects (54.6%) with 10 years or less of work experience, and 220 unmarried subjects (44.9%). Data were collected from January to July 2018, using three surveys: green behavior intentions, green behavior, and ethical leadership. RESULTS: Green behavior intentions impacted employee green behavior (b = 0.32, t = 5.37, p < 0.01). The interaction term for green behavior intentions and ethical leadership was significant (b = 0.28, t = 2.53, p ≤ 0.01); the conditional direct effect of green behavior intentions was only significant at a high level of ethical leadership (conditional effect = 0.53, SE = 0.16, t = 3.38, p < 0.01, 95% confidence interval of 0.22-0.84). CONCLUSION: The intention to engage in green behavior influences nurses' green behavior positively, and the relationship is stronger when ethical leadership is high in the organization than when ethical leadership is low. The results of this study can help both academics and practitioners to understand the micromechanism of environmentally sustainable development in more detail and to identify the mechanisms and boundary conditions of green behavioral intentions, green behavior, and ethical leadership.

Relationship between nurse's voice and self-leadership: A time-lagged study.

AIM: Less empirical attention has been paid to the positive relationship between voice behaviour and voice speaker development, such as self-leadership. The present study explores the relationship among nurses' voice, perceived insider status and self-leadership. METHOD: This study was based on time-lagged survey data collected from 608 frontline nurses. jamovi and PROCESS macro were used for analysis. RESULTS: Promotive voice and prohibitive voice were positively associated with self-leadership. Perceived inside status mediated the relationship between promotive voice/prohibitive voice and self-leadership. Prohibitive voice was more strongly related to self-leadership than promotive voice. CONCLUSIONS: When nurses dare to voice, nurses' self-leadership can be enhanced through perceived insider status improving, especially for nurses who dare to prohibitive voice. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Nurse managers should protect the privacy of voice, continually provide feedback on voice and set up special encouragement for prohibitive voice.

Relationship between protégés' self-concordance and life purpose: The moderating role of mentor feedback environment.

Aim: To deepen our research on how to develop a more positive life purpose, this study investigates the role of protégés' self-concordance and mentor feedback environment in shaping protégés' life purpose. Method: This study was a cross-sectional study using a sample of nurses. 700 valid questionnaires were collected. Jamovi and Process Macro were used for analysis. Results: The positive association between self-concordance and protégés' life purpose is stronger when mentor feedback environment is high than when mentor feedback environment is low. Conclusion: Protégés' life purpose can be enhanced by self-concordance, especially for protégés who work in supportive mentor feedback environment. Implications for nursing management: It is important to build a supportive mentor feedback environment. Further, protégés should promote the transformation of extrinsic motivation to intrinsic motivation.

Linguistic Predictors of Problematic Drinking in Alcohol-related Facebook Posts.

Emerging adults often increase problematic drinking during college. Although they generally do not seek help for problematic drinking, college students discuss their drinking on social media. This study followed college students' Facebook profiles from the inception of their attendance at a university and identified alcohol-related posts. Within 28 days of their first alcohol-related Facebook post, participants were interviewed to assess problematic drinking (binge drinking episodes and number of drinks). Linguistic analysis of alcohol-related Facebook posts found that use of negative emotion language and swear words were related to problematic drinking, in support of proposed hypotheses. Results are situated within alcohol use disorder and health research examining the link between problematic drinking and anxiety, deviant behavior, and negative emotions.

Trust improves during one-day resident operating room management course preceded by directed study of required statistical content.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Evaluate feasibility of 1-day OR management course for anesthesiology residents and determine if course content increases trust in OR management science. DESIGN: Pre- and post-course survey evaluations. SETTING: OR management course. PATIENTS: University of Florida anesthesiology residents. INTERVENTIONS: OR management course adapted for anesthesiology residents. MEASUREMENTS: Course preparation required statistical review, learning scientific vocabulary, and reading 2 peer-reviewed articles. Pre-course, participants were surveyed on course preparation and rated their confidence on statistical application to management sciences. Pre-and post-course, participants completed a 9-item survey assessing trust in course content with 3 different facets (reliability, quality and usefulness). MAIN RESULTS: 17 residents participated. Pre-course trust survey scores (total of 3 scales) and preparation items were not significantly correlated (all p ≥ 0.30). Confidence scales were correlated with each other (τb = 0.67, p < 0.001). Participants had moderate ratings for confidence in understanding and using statistics (median = 5, IQR = 3) and applying management science (median = 4, IQR = 2.25). Neither confidence in understanding and using statistics nor applying management sciences was significantly correlated with pre-course trust survey scores (τb = 0.17, p = 0.375 and τb = 0.02, p = 0.899, respectively). Overall trust increased from pre- to post-course (mean change = 0.63, SD = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.23-1.04, t = 3.34, df = 16, p = 0.005). Controlling for each participant's pre-course trust, both confidence in statistics (ß = -0.24, SE = 0.10, p = 0.033) and management sciences (ß = -0.27, SE = 0.10, p = 0.018) significantly effects change in trust. For both scales, participants with lower initial confidence showed the greatest increases in trust. CONCLUSIONS: The 1-day course increases resident trust in OR course management content. Participants with less pre-course confidence in statistical application and decision making had greater increases in trust.

With directed study before a 4-day operating room management course, trust in the content did not change progressively during the classroom time.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: A 4-day course in operating room (OR) management is sufficient to provide anesthesiologists with the knowledge and problem solving skills needed to participate in projects of the systems-based-practice competency. Anesthesiologists may need to learn fewer topics when the objective is, instead, limited to comprehension of decision-making on the day of surgery, We tested the hypothesis that trust in course content would not increase further after completion of topics related to OR decision-making on the day of surgery. DESIGN: Panel survey. SETTING: A 4-day 35hour course in OR management. Mandatory assignments before classes were: 1) review of statistics at a level slightly less than required of anesthesiology residents by the American Board of Anesthesiology; and 2) reading of peer-reviewed published articles while learning the scientific vocabulary. SUBJECTS: N=31 course participants who each attended 1 of 4 identical courses. MEASUREMENTS: At the end of each of the 4days, course participants completed a 9-item scale assessing trust in the course content, namely, its quality, usefulness, and reliability. MAIN RESULTS: Cronbach alpha for the 1 to 7 trust scale was 0.94. The means±SD of scores were 5.86±0.80 after day #1, 5.81±0.76 after day #2, 5.80±0.77 after day #3, and 5.97±0.76 after day #4. Multiple methods of statistical analysis all found that there was no significant effect of the number of days of the course on trust in the content (all P≥0.30). CONCLUSIONS: Trust in the course content did not increase after the end of the 1st day. Therefore, statistics review, reading, and the 1st day of the course appear sufficient when the objective of teaching OR management is not that participants will learn how to make the decisions, but will comprehend them and trust in the information underlying knowledgeable decision-making.

Influence of Data and Formulas on Trust in Information from Journal Articles in an Operating Room Management Course.

To make good decisions, operating room (OR) managers often act autocratically after obtaining expert advice. When such advice is provided by e-mail, attachments of research articles can be included. We performed a quasi-experimental study using an evaluation of 4 articles used in a 50-hour OR management course to assess how their content influences trust in the article's content, including its quality, usefulness, and reliability. There were (a) 2 articles containing data with specific examples of application for health systems and 2 without and (b) 2 articles containing appendices of formulas and 2 without. Some of the formulas in the readings were relatively complicated (e.g., stochastic optimization using the Lagrange method) and unlikely to be used by the subjects (i.e., they show what does not need to be done). Content complexity (±data, ±formulas) served both as sources of limitation in understanding the content and potentially as peripheral cues influencing perception of the content. The 2-page evaluation forms were generated with random sequences of articles and response items. The N = 17 subjects each completed 9 items about each of the 4 articles (i.e., answered 36 questions). The 9-item assessment of trust provided a unidimensional construct (Cronbach α, 0.94). Formulas in the articles significantly increased trust in the information (P = 0.0019). Presence of data did not significantly influence trust (P = 0.15). Therefore, when an expert sends e-mail to a manager who has completed this basic OR management science and asks a question, choosing a paper with formulas has no disadvantage.

Performance and process in collective and individual memory: the role of social decision schemes and memory bias in collective memory.

To assess performance and processes in collective and individual memory, participants watched two job candidates on video. Beforehand, half the participants were told they would be tested on their memory of the interviews, and the other half were asked to make a decision to hire one of the candidates. Afterwards, participants completed a recognition memory task in either a group or individual condition. Groups had better recognition memory than individuals. Individuals made more false positives than false negatives and groups exaggerated this. Post-hoc analysis found that groups only exaggerated the tendency towards false positives on items that reflected negatively on the job candidate. There was no significant difference between instruction conditions. When reaching consensus on the recognition task, groups tended to choose the correct answer if at least two members had the correct answer. This method of consensus is discussed as a factor in groups' superior memory performance.

Factors affecting the acceptance of expert advice.

This paper expands research on the judge advisor system (JAS) by examining advice utilization and trust. Experiment 1 examined five factors that could increase utilization of expert advice: judge's trust in the advisor, advisor confidence, advisor accuracy, judge's prior relationship with the advisor, and judge's power to set payment to the advisor. While judge's trust and advisor confidence correlated with the judge matching the advisor's advice, a stepwise regression found that of the five variables, advisor confidence was the only significant predictor of the judge matching the advisor. Experiment 2 examined trust without the role assignment to judge or advisor. While trust expressed in partner was not higher for the judge than the advisor in Experiment 1, in Experiment 2 trust in partner expressed by the low-expertise dyad member was higher than trust expressed by the high-expertise dyad member. Results from the two experiments are discussed in the context of Sniezek and Van Swol (2001).

Trust, Confidence, and Expertise in a Judge-Advisor System.

The relationship between trust, confidence, and expertise in Judge-Advisor Systems is examined in two experiments with Judge-Advisor pairs, one with strangers and another with participants in ongoing relationships. There was expertise asymmetry so that Judges had less expertise than their Advisors. The dyads could receive money for accurate Judge decisions. Either the Judge or Advisor had the power to allocate this money between dyad members, before task interaction in study one and after task completion in study two. Because Judges were more dependent on Advisors than vice versa, it was predicted that trust would be more important to Judges. Results were supportive. Judges had higher and more variable ratings of trust in their partner than did Advisors, suggesting that Judges were more motivated to evaluate trust. High confidence by Advisors had a positive impact on Judges' ratings of trust and tendency to follow their advice. Judges' trust in their Advisors was significantly related their taking the advice and being confident in their final decisions. Although participants in study two had higher levels of trust in their partners, they allocated less money to them. The implications for establishing trust are discussed. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.