ABSTRACT
The design and synthesis of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) (1-22), which display high potency against HIV-1 wild-type and multi-PI-resistant HIV-mutant clinical isolates, is described. Lead optimization was initiated from compound 1, a Phe-Phe hydroxyethylene peptidomimetic PI, and was directed towards the discovery of new PIs suitable for a long-acting (LA) injectable drug application. Introducing a heterocyclic 6-methoxy-3-pyridinyl or a 6-(dimethylamino)-3-pyridinyl moiety (R(3)) at the para-position of the P1' benzyl fragment generated compounds with antiviral potency in the low single digit nanomolar range. Halogenation or alkylation of the metabolic hot spots on the various aromatic rings resulted in PIs with high stability against degradation in human liver microsomes and low plasma clearance in rats. Replacing the chromanolamine moiety (R(1)) in the P2 protease binding site by a cyclopentanolamine or a cyclohexanolamine derivative provided a series of high clearance PIs (16-22) with EC(50)s on wild-type HIV-1 in the range of 0.8-1.8 nM. PIs 18 and 22, formulated as nanosuspensions, showed gradual but sustained and complete release from the injection site over two months in rats, and were therefore identified as interesting candidates for a LA injectable drug application for treating HIV/AIDS.
Subject(s)
Carbamates/chemical synthesis , Dipeptides/chemical synthesis , Drug Design , HIV Protease Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , HIV Protease/chemistry , HIV-1/enzymology , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Alkylation , Animals , Carbamates/chemistry , Carbamates/pharmacokinetics , Dipeptides/chemistry , Dipeptides/pharmacokinetics , HIV Protease/metabolism , HIV Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , HIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Half-Life , Halogenation , Humans , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Pyridines/chemistry , Pyridines/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A novel series of P3-truncated macrocyclic HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors containing a P2 proline-urea or carbamate scaffold was synthesized. Very potent inhibitors were obtained through the optimization of the macrocycle size, urea and proline substitution, and bioisosteric replacement of the P1 carboxylic acid moiety. Variation of the lipophilicity by introduction of small lipophilic substituents resulted in improved PK profiles, ultimately leading to compound 13Bh, an extremely potent (K(i)=0.1 nM, EC(50)=4.5 nM) and selective (CC(50) (Huh-7 cells)>50 microM) inhibitor, displaying an excellent PK profile in rats characterized by an oral bioavailability of 54% and a high liver exposure after oral administration.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Hepacivirus/drug effects , Proline/chemical synthesis , Proline/pharmacology , Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Urea/analogs & derivatives , Urea/chemical synthesis , Urea/pharmacology , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Administration, Oral , Animals , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Carbamates/pharmacology , Carbamates/therapeutic use , Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques , Drug Design , Male , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Proline/analogs & derivatives , Proline/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Urea/chemistryABSTRACT
SAR analysis performed with a limited set of cyclopentane-containing macrocycles led to the identification of N-[17-[2-(4-isopropylthiazole-2-yl)-7-methoxy-8-methylquinolin-4-yloxy]-13-methyl-2,14-dioxo-3,13-diazatricyclo [13.3.0.0(4,6)]octadec-7-ene-4-carbonyl](cyclopropyl)sulfonamide (TMC435350, 32c) as a potent inhibitor of HCV NS3/4A protease (K(i)=0.36nM) and viral replication (replicon EC(50)=7.8nM). TMC435350 also displayed low in vitro clearance and high permeability, which were confirmed by in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. TMC435350 is currently being evaluated in the clinics.
