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1.
J Anat ; 233(4): 460-467, 2018 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29984496

ABSTRACT

Although the form-function relation of muscles and tendons has been studied extensively, little in vivo data exist on the musculotendon properties of the gastrocnemius complex in dogs. Using a combination of ultrasound and 3D motion tracking, musculotendon parameters were obtained in vivo from the lateral gastrocnemius muscle and the gastrocnemius tendon in nine healthy Labrador Retrievers. These parameters include musculotendon length and excursion potential, tendon slack length, muscle belly length, muscle fibre length, pennation angle and architectural index. This study also examined the variation of muscle and tendon length contributions to musculotendon length, as well as the relation between musculotendon excursion potential and muscle fibre length or tendon length. To facilitate comparison between dog breeds, the femur length as a potential scaling parameter was examined. In the Labrador gastrocnemius musculotendon complex, the tendon contributes 41% (± 9%) of musculotendon length. In longer musculotendon complexes, the contribution of the muscle belly increases while the tendon contribution decreases. Longer muscle belly and musculotendon complexes were, however, associated with shorter muscle fibres. No significant relations were found between musculotendon excursion potential and muscle fibre length or tendon slack length, and femur length did not prove to be a reliable scale factor for the length-related musculotendon parameters examined in this study. Longer musculotendon complexes exhibit relatively longer muscle bellies, which are in turn associated with shorter muscle fibre lengths. This trade-off between gastrocnemius muscle belly length and muscle fibre length might have the advantage that muscle volume stays constant regardless of the length of the limbs.


Subject(s)
Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Tendons/anatomy & histology , Animals , Dogs , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Tendons/physiology
3.
J Vet Intern Med ; 31(3): 849-853, 2017 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28426173

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Little is reported about the role of medical management in the treatment of spinal arachnoid diverticula (SAD) in dogs. OBJECTIVES: To describe the outcome of 96 dogs treated medically or surgically for SAD. ANIMALS: Ninety-six dogs with SAD. METHODS: Retrospective case series. Medical records were searched for spinal arachnoid diverticula and all dogs with information on treatment were included. Outcome was assessed with a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: Fifty dogs were managed medically and 46 dogs were treated surgically. Dogs that underwent surgery were significantly younger than dogs that received medical management. No other variables, related to clinical presentation, were significantly different between both groups of dogs. The median follow-up time was 16 months (1-90 months) in the medically treated and 23 months (1-94 months) in the surgically treated group. Of the 38 dogs treated surgically with available long-term follow-up, 82% (n = 31) improved, 3% (n = 1) remained stable and 16% (n = 6) deteriorated after surgery. Of the 37 dogs treated medically with available long-term follow-up, 30% (n = 11) improved, 30% (n = 11) remained stable, and 40% (n = 15) deteriorated. Surgical treatment was more often associated with clinical improvement compared to medical management (P = .0002). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The results of this study suggest that surgical treatment might be superior to medical treatment in the management of SAD in dogs. Further studies with standardized patient care are warranted.


Subject(s)
Arachnoid Cysts/veterinary , Dog Diseases/surgery , Amines/therapeutic use , Animals , Arachnoid Cysts/drug therapy , Arachnoid Cysts/surgery , Carbazoles/therapeutic use , Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids/therapeutic use , Dog Diseases/drug therapy , Dogs , Female , Gabapentin , Male , Prednisone/therapeutic use , Retrospective Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Treatment Outcome , gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/therapeutic use
4.
Vet J ; 216: 202-6, 2016 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27687953

ABSTRACT

Compressive hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion (HNPE) in dogs is defined as acute extradural compression by hydrated nucleus pulposus material at the level of the associated intervertebral disc. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice for diagnosis of HNPE. The aims of this study were to determine the usefulness of unenhanced computed tomography (CT) and contrast enhanced CT (CE-CT), and the sensitivity and specificity of CE-CT, for detection of compressive HNPE. Using CE-CT, HNPE was visualised as a hypodense extradural compressive lesion with rim enhancement immediately dorsal to the intervertebral disc space, with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 100%. CE-CT is a useful technique to detect compressive HNPE in dogs. However, if no clear lesion is identified with CE-CT, or if additional information about intramedullary changes is required, MRI still needs to be performed.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Intervertebral Disc Displacement/veterinary , Intervertebral Disc/diagnostic imaging , Multidetector Computed Tomography/veterinary , Nucleus Pulposus/diagnostic imaging , Animals , Dogs , Female , Intervertebral Disc/pathology , Intervertebral Disc Displacement/diagnostic imaging , Male , Multidetector Computed Tomography/methods , Nucleus Pulposus/pathology , Sensitivity and Specificity
5.
J Small Anim Pract ; 55(3): 164-9, 2014 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24745060

ABSTRACT

Canine pancreatic tumours are rare compared to human medicine and the detection and differentiation of pancreatic neoplasia is challenging with B-mode ultrasonography, which often leads to late clinical diagnosis and poor prognosis. This case report describes the findings of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in four dogs with pancreatic adenocarcinoma or insulinoma. B-mode ultrasonography of the pancreas revealed a hypoechoic nodule in three dogs and heterogenous tissue in one dog. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography was able to differentiate between two tumour types: adenocarcinomas showed hypoechoic and hypovascular lesions, whereas insulinomas showed uniformly hypervascular lesions. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography findings were confirmed by cytology and/or histopathology. The results demonstrated that contrast-enhanced ultrasonography was able to establish different enhancement patterns between exocrine (adenocarcinoma) and endocrine (insulinoma) tumours in dogs.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Pancreatic Neoplasms/veterinary , Adenocarcinoma/diagnostic imaging , Adenocarcinoma/veterinary , Animals , Contrast Media , Dogs , Female , Insulinoma/diagnostic imaging , Insulinoma/veterinary , Male , Pancreas/diagnostic imaging , Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Ultrasonography
6.
J Small Anim Pract ; 55(6): 337-9, 2014 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24602076

ABSTRACT

A three-year-old neutered male whippet was presented with intermittent, exercise-induced paraparesis. Femoral pulses were bilaterally absent. Neurologic examination was suggestive of a thoracolumbar myelopathy. Blood pressure measurements revealed hypotension in both pelvic limbs, hypertension in the right thoracic limb and it was immeasurable in the left thoracic limb. Echocardiography was within reference limits. A clear vascular pulsation was palpable on the right ventral abdominal wall. Computed tomographic angiography revealed a dissection of the aortic wall between the left subclavian artery and the brachiocephalic trunk with subsequent thrombus formation. A shunt between the right internal thoracic, cranial and caudal epigastric arteries to preserve blood flow to the pelvic limbs was visualized. Necropsy was declined by the owner. This is the first case report describing the formation of a unilateral vascular shunt following a thoracic aortic occlusion, which presented as exercise-induced paraparesis.


Subject(s)
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/veterinary , Aortic Dissection/veterinary , Arteriovenous Fistula/veterinary , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Aortic Dissection/complications , Aortic Dissection/diagnosis , Aortic Dissection/pathology , Animals , Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/complications , Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/diagnosis , Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/pathology , Arteriovenous Fistula/etiology , Brachiocephalic Trunk/pathology , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Male , Paraparesis/etiology , Paraparesis/veterinary , Subclavian Artery/pathology
7.
J Vet Intern Med ; 28(1): 175-81, 2014.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24428321

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Most information about spinal arachnoid diverticula (SADs) in dogs has been retrieved from relatively small case series. The aim of this study was to describe this disease in a larger number of dogs. OBJECTIVES: Description of the signalment, clinical presentation, and imaging findings of a large number of dogs with SADs. ANIMALS: One hundred and twenty-two dogs with SADs. METHODS: Retrospective case series study. All medical records were searched for a diagnosis of SAD. The diagnosis was made based on myelography, computed tomography myelography (CT-m), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: In the 122 dogs, 125 SADs were identified. Sixty-five were located in the cervical region and 60 in the thoracolumbar region. A higher body weight was significantly associated with a cervical localization of the SAD (P < .001). Ninety-five dogs were male and 27 dogs were female. Male dogs were significantly overrepresented (P < .0001). The most commonly affected breed was the Pug dog. Previous or concurrent spinal disorders, in the near proximity of the diagnosed SAD, were seen in 26 dogs. Eight of 13 French Bulldogs and 7 of 21 Pug dogs with SADs had a previous or concurrent spinal disease, whereas other spinal disorders occurred in only 1 of 17 Rottweilers with SADs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Pug dogs and French Bulldogs might have a predisposition for SAD development. In a large percentage of these dogs, a concurrent spinal disorder, which might predispose to SAD formation, was diagnosed. The high prevalence in male dogs warrants further investigation.


Subject(s)
Arachnoid Cysts/veterinary , Cervical Vertebrae/pathology , Dog Diseases/pathology , Spinal Cord Diseases/veterinary , Thoracic Vertebrae/pathology , Animals , Arachnoid Cysts/diagnosis , Arachnoid Cysts/pathology , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dogs , Female , Logistic Models , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/veterinary , Male , Myelography/veterinary , Retrospective Studies , Spinal Cord Diseases/diagnosis , Spinal Cord Diseases/pathology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary
8.
Vet J ; 193(1): 129-34, 2012 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22078389

ABSTRACT

This article describes the ultrasonographic (US) appearance of bony abnormalities on the dorsal aspect of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone of the equine fetlock in cadavers with radiographic signs of osteoarthrosis. After US, computed tomography was undertaken to better characterise the lesions. Twelve fetlock joints were collected and all had more than one bone abnormality on US. Normal subchondral bone appeared on US as a well-defined and regular hyperechoic line with distal acoustic shadowing. Bone abnormalities detected on US included (1) gaps in the proximal subchondral bone filled with material of heterogeneous echogenicity, (2) bone fragments represented as small straight smoothly delineated hyperechoic lines with distal shadowing located superficial to the surface of the adjacent bone, (3) proximal new bone formation visible as mild to severe cortical protrusions, (4) marginal osteophytoses seen as an elevation of the hyperechoic surface of the subchondral bone at the edges of the joint surfaces, (5) indentations in subchondral bone seen as a concave deviation of the hyperechoic line without interruption, (6) focal or diffuse irregularities of the subchondral bone seen as disruptions of the normal smooth bony contours, and (7) focal hyperechoic spikes originating from the subchondral plate and invading the articular cartilage. These findings are discussed.


Subject(s)
Horse Diseases/pathology , Horses/abnormalities , Joint Diseases/veterinary , Joints/abnormalities , Animals , Arthrography/veterinary , Cadaver , Forelimb/abnormalities , Forelimb/diagnostic imaging , Forelimb/pathology , Hindlimb/abnormalities , Hindlimb/diagnostic imaging , Hindlimb/pathology , Horse Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Joint Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Joint Diseases/pathology , Joints/diagnostic imaging , Joints/pathology , Osteoarthritis/diagnostic imaging , Osteoarthritis/pathology , Osteoarthritis/veterinary , Ultrasonography
9.
Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol ; 24(2): 132-6, 2011.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21225084

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether in navicular bones (NB) from warmbloods, distal border fragmentation is associated with the shape of the proximal articular border or other radiological findings. METHODS: Radiographs of the front feet of 325 normal, subadult horses presented for admission as breeding stallions were reviewed. RESULTS: The proximal articular border of the total of 650 NB was classified as straight (n = 278), convex (n = 184), undulating (n = 147) or concave (n = 41). Distal border fragments were present in 57 NB (8.8%). They were significantly more prevalent in NB with a concave (9/41; 22%) or undulating (19/147; 13%) proximal articular border compared to NB with a straight (17/278; 6%) or convex shape (12/184; 7%). No other significant associations were found. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Hypothetically, since a shape-fragment association was found and the distribution of biomechanical forces exerted on the navicular bone are assumed to be shape dependent, distal border fragments may be a result of unfavourable loading of the navicular region.


Subject(s)
Foot Diseases/veterinary , Fractures, Bone/veterinary , Horse Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Sesamoid Bones/abnormalities , Sesamoid Bones/injuries , Animals , Foot Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Forelimb/abnormalities , Forelimb/diagnostic imaging , Forelimb/injuries , Fractures, Bone/diagnostic imaging , Horses , Male , Radiography , Sesamoid Bones/diagnostic imaging
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