ABSTRACT
Inspired by the experience of a river contract in Wallonia (Belgium) since 1990, the implementation of a first river contract has been initiated in a West African country, Burkina Faso. This application is not limited to a simple transposition of the Walloon model. The Burkina context calls for adaptation to the local environmental and socio-economical realities with an adequate partnership management. The importance of the mobilization around this project of institutional partners, as well as local collectivities, agricultural producers and water users in general reveals the great expectations of the actors concerning this new tool of water participative management. But will the latter be equal to the task? A first assessment has been drawn up one year after the launch. During the first year of the project, a participative diagnostic was implemented but the understanding of basic notions of water management such as 'river' (not translatable in the local language), 'watershed', 'contract' were not obvious. After the identification of functions and uses of water in the basin, an environmental survey was started. This approach allows study with the river committees of the priority actions to be developed as a first project of restoration of the gallery forest alongside the stream to fight against desertification. This project of integrated and participative management of water at sub-basin level is a concrete example of solidarity and exchange know-how between North and South in the context of a sustainable development.
Subject(s)
Conservation of Natural Resources , Waste Disposal, Fluid , Agriculture , Belgium , Burkina Faso , Conservation of Natural Resources/economics , Conservation of Natural Resources/methods , International Cooperation , Models, Theoretical , Rivers , Waste Disposal, Fluid/economics , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methodsABSTRACT
The interaction of the receptor-binding domain (R domain) of diphtheria toxin with a pure lipid membrane has been characterized by several approaches. Using a photoactivatable lipid, the R domain has been shown to deeply insert in the lipid membrane. Three regions of the R domain (residues 380-421, 422-441, and 442 to about 483) are protected by their interaction with the membrane from externally added proteases. At least one of these regions is deeply interacting with the lipid membrane, as evidenced by the location of Cys 461 and 471 determined by fluorescence experiments. Binding of the R domain to the lipid membrane is characterized by the appearance of an alpha-helical component whose orientation is compatible with a transmembrane orientation.
Subject(s)
Diphtheria Toxin/chemistry , Membrane Lipids/chemistry , Peptide Fragments/chemistry , Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Diphtheria Toxin/metabolism , Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins , Liposomes/chemistry , Peptide Fragments/isolation & purification , Protein Structure, Secondary , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Proteolipids/chemistry , Receptors, Cell Surface/isolation & purification , Spectrometry, Fluorescence , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , TryptophanABSTRACT
The records of 44 patients who underwent internal fixation for metastatic fractures between 1970 and 1989 were studied. Excluded were pathologic fractures involving the spine, pelvis, ribs and clavicles. None of the patients was still alive at the time of the study.
