Climas empowering y disempowering, necesidades psicológicas e intención de práctica deportiva futura en jóvenes deportistas / Empowering and disempowering climates, psychological needs and future sports practice intention in young athletes

Resumen Introducción: El objetivo principal de este trabajo es conocer la interrelación entre la percepción de los climas empowering y disempowering generados por los entrenadores (nivel equipo) con la satisfacción y frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, y estas, a su vez, con las intenciones de continuar y abandonar la práctica deportiva (nivel individual) en jóvenes deportistas. Método: Participaron 251 deportistas mexicanos (M = 13.22, DT = 1.28) pertenecientes a 19 equipos. Se les aplicó una batería de cuestionarios para la recolección de datos y se realizó un análisis multinivel de ecuaciones estructuradas. Resultados: El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales reveló asociaciones positivas entre las percepciones de climas empowering desde una perspectiva grupal sobre la satisfacción de necesidades psicológicas básicas y de estas sobre las intenciones de continuar la práctica deportiva desde una perspectiva individual, así como entre las percepciones de un clima disempowering sobre la frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas y de estas sobre las intenciones de abandono. Conclusión: Los hallazgos de este estudio sugieren en un nivel aplicado que el clima empowering actúa como catalizador del bienestar psicológico y como protector de la aparición de frustración, mientras que el clima disempowering facilita el desarrollo de respuestas psicológicas desadaptativas en el deporte.

Abstract Introduction: The main objective of this work is to know the interrelation between the perception of empowering and disempowering climates generated by coaches (team level) with basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration, and these in turn, with the intentions to continue and abandon sports practice (individual level) in young athletes. Method: 251 Mexican athletes participated (M = 13. 22, SD = 1.28) belonging to 19 teams. A battery of questionnaires was applied for data collection and a multilevel structured equation analysis was performed. Results: The structural equation model revealed positive associations between perceptions of empowering climates from a group perspective on the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and of these on intentions to continue practicing sports from an individual perspective; as well as between perceptions of a disempowering climate on the frustration of basic psychological needs and of these on intentions to drop out. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest at an applied level that the empowering climate acts as a catalyst of psychological well-being and as a protector against the occurrence of frustration, while the disempowering climate facilitates the development of maladaptive psychological responses in sport.

Adaptación de la escala de apoyo social familiar y de amigos (AFA-R) como medida del apoyo social de pareja en mujeres mexicanas embarazadas / Adaptation of the Social Support from Parents and Friends Scale (AFA-R) as a measure of social partner support in Mexican pregnant women

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El apoyo social representa un factor protector para la mujer embarazada, contribuyendo al afrontamiento favorable de estresores. De ahí la importancia del apoyo social de la pareja, ya que su involucramiento propicia la adaptación de la mujer al embarazo, repercutiendo en su salud física y psicológica. El objetivo del estudio fue adaptar y evaluar la estructura interna de la escala AFA-R como medida del apoyo social familiar y de pareja. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Participaron 284 mujeres mexicanas embarazadas. El muestreo por conveniencia se realizó en clínicas del sector salud. Se realizaron análisis de consistencia interna, análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) (n = 100) y análisis confirmatorio (AFC) (n = 184). RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un alfa de .927 y evidencia de validez de criterio evaluada con medidas de estrés (rs = -.391) y ansiedad (rs = -.401). El AFE determinó una estructura bifactorial que explica el 68.07% de la varianza. El AFC mostró buena confiabilidad compuesta (CR > .8) y adecuada validez convergente (AVE > .5) en ambas variables latentes. CONCLUSIONES: Se confirma la estructura bifactorial para valorar el apoyo social familiar y de pareja en mujeres embarazadas con la versión adaptada del AFA-R

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Social support represents a protective factor for pregnant women, contributing to the favorable coping of stressors. Hence the importance of a partner's social support, since their involvement promotes a woman's adaptation to pregnancy, affecting her physical and psychological health. The objective of the study was to adapt and evaluate the internal structure of the AFA-R scale as a measure of family and partner's social support. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred and eighty fourMexican pregnant women participated. Sampling for convenience was performed in health sector clinics. Internal consistency analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (n = 100) and confirmatory analysis (CFA) (n = 184) were performed. RESULTS: An alpha of .927 was obtained, and evidence for criteria validity was assessed with stress measures (rs = -.391) and anxiety (rs = -.401) The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) determined a bifactorial structure that explains 68.07% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed good composite reliability (CR > .8) and an adequate average variance was extracted (AAV > .5) from both latent variables. CONCLUSIONS: The bifactorial structure is confirmed to assess family and partner's social support in pregnant women with the AFA-R's adapted version

Cuestionario de bruxismo autoinformado. Estudio piloto en el noreste de México / Self-reported bruxism questionnaire. A pilot study in northeastern Mexico

Resumen El diagnóstico adecuado del bruxismo incluye el análisis y la correlación de signos y síntomas con diferentes métodos de diagnóstico, siendo esencial la interpretación y evaluación de los síntomas que reporta el paciente. El presente es un trabajo inicial sobre las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de bruxismo autoinformado (CBA). Participaron 100 personas (34 hombres y 66 mujeres) del noreste de México, la muestra se dividió en dos grupos, uno con diagnóstico clínico y autoinforme de bruxismo (N = 50) y otro sin bruxismo. Se evaluó la confiablidad por consistencia interna, la estructura factorial y la validez convergente entre la escala de estrés percibido PSS-14 y el CBA. Los resultados muestran consistencia interna entre los 11 ítems (α = .88). El análisis factorial confirmatorio para un solo factor presentó índices estadísticos de bondad de ajuste adecuados (χ2/gl = 1.461; GFI = .916; AGFI = .857, CFI = .967, RMSEA = .068). La correlación entre las escalas PSS-14 y CBA fue positiva (r = .27; p = .001), y entre la escala de estrés percibido y las subescalas bruxismo de sueño r = .20 (p = .039) y bruxismo de vigilia r = .29 (p = .002), La correlación entre las subescalas BS y BV fue r = .71 (p = .001), Los resultados del CBA muestran alta confiabilidad, consistencia interna y correlación inter-ítems apropiada, y respaldan la validez convergente del cuestionario. Asimismo, contribuyen a mejorar los estándares de calidad al evaluar los datos subjetivos aportados por personas con bruxismo y se considera de interés continuar con el análisis del CBA, evaluando su comportamiento en otras poblaciones.

Abstract Bruxism is defined as a repetitive jaw-muscle activity, characterized by grinding or clenching the teeth, and /or by bracing or thrusting of the mandible, which has different circadian manifestations, either during sleep (sleep bruxism) or when wakefulness (awake bruxism). For an appropriate clinical diagnosis of bruxism different techniques have been proposed; the most common technique is the usage of a self-reported questionnaire combined with a professional evaluation. While the first is a questionnaire in which the patient expresses their symptoms, the second depends on the presence of observed signs associated according to an evaluator, including tooth wear as well as identify symptoms associated to this jaw-muscle activity, to confirm a clinical diagnosis, there must be a correlation between the self-report questionnaire and clinical diagnosis. Therefore, there is no quantifiable measure that may help to evaluate, from a patient's perspective, the signs and symptoms that belongs to his/her muscle and mandibular activity while assessing both its proportion and measure. To strengthen the self-report technique as a reliable procedure for assessing the information expressed by patient with bruxism, this initial study reports the reliability and validity proprieties of the self-report bruxism questionnaire (CBA). The present study was conducted in Mexico and includes one hundred participants. Fifty percent of them presented a clinical diagnosis of bruxism (n = 50), the other half (control group) do not. In both groups the perceived stress scale (PSS) and the self-reported bruxism questionnaires (CBA) were equally completed on a self-administered way. Both a high internal consistency (α = .884) was found on the eleven items and a corrected item-total correlation ranged from .43 to .78, reflects an adequate reliability. The exploratory factor analysis was used to group the CBA variables; the extraction was made using a main component with Varimax rotation method. The sample adequacy coefficients, the Kaiser Meyer-Olkin (KMO = .826) and Bartlett's Sphericity test (χ2 = 579.866, p = .000) were assessed and expressed an appropriate intercorrelation between items. The factor analysis showed a bifactorial: the latent variables explained one factor of 47.8 % (eigenvalue = 5.26) variance and another of 11.5 % (eigenvalue = 1.27), thus its cumulative variance of this model was 59.36 %. Due to amount of explained variance and the difference between the eigenvalues of this initial solution we considered to prove a unidimensional model. A one solution factor scale was feasible, with factor weights greater than .52 on all items. This single-factor structure was verified in a confirmatory factor analysis, which presented significant values and suitable goodness of fit indexes (χ2/df = 1.461; GFI = .916; AGFI = .857, CFI = .967, RMSEA = .068). Also, a convergent analysis was performed proving a positive (r = .27; p = .001) correlation between the PSS-14 and CBA scales, the correlation with the subscales of self-reported awake bruxism, SAB was positive (r = .299, p = .002). Regarding self-reported sleep bruxism, SAB the correlation was also positive (r = .207, p = .039). The correlation between the subscales was both positive and strong (r = .713, p = .001). Based on the results obtained, we can conclude that, there are a positive, significant, and adequate correlation between PSS-14 scale and the scale of self-reported bruxism, as though as in the sub-scales SAB and SSB. These results suggested that the one factor solution of the CBA has high reliability, internal consistency, and an appropriate inter-item correlation; also, it supports the convergent validity of the questionnaire. Due to the possible contributions of the CBA to the improvement of the quality standards of the evaluation of subjective data provided by people with bruxism, it is suggested to continue with the analysis of the scale in future studies with other populations.

Presentación de las tareas proporcionado por el profesor, necesidades psicológicas y vitalidad subjetiva en alumnos de educación física / Task presentation provided by the teacher, psychological needs and subjective vitality in physical education students / Apresentação das tarefas fornecidas pelo profesor, das necesidades psicológicas e da vitalidade subjetiva dos alunos de educação física

Tomando como base la teoría de las necesidades psicológicas básicas (Deci y Ryan, 2002), en este estudio se examinó si la percepción que tiene el alumno de la presentación de las tareas por parte del profesor predice la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, y éstas a su vez predicen el bienestar (vitalidad subjetiva) de los alumnos en la sesión de educación física. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 515 niños (272 hombres [M = 11.28 años; DT = .49] y 243 mujeres [M = 11.36 años; DT = .48]) estudiantes de sexto grado de primaria (M = 11.32; DT = .48), que cumplimentaron los instrumentos que evaluaban las variables del estudio. Los resultados del análisis de ecuaciones estructurales indicaron que la presentación de las tareas actuó como predictor positivo de la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, y que éstas a su vez predijeron positivamente la vitalidad subjetiva. Los análisis de mediación indicaron que la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas medió parcialmente la relación entre la percepción que tiene el alumno de la presentación de las tareas por el profesor y el bienestar psicológico de los alumnos de educación física

Tendo como base a teoria das necessidades psicológicas básicas (Deci e Ryan, 2002), este estudo busca analisar se a percepção predefinida pelos alunos sobre a apresentação das atividades propostas pelo professor predizem à satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas, e estas por sua vez, definem o bem-estar (vitalidade subjetiva) dos alunos na aula de educação física. A amostra está conformada por 515 crianças (272 meninos [M = 11.28 anos; DT = .49] e 243 meninas[M = 11.32 anos; DT = .48]) estudantes de sexto ano da primária (M = 11.32 anos; DT = .48), que preencheram os instrumentos de avaliação das variáveis do estudo. Os resultados da análise de equações estruturais mostraram que a apresentação das atividades atuou como influenciador positivo da satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas e que estas, por sua vez, manifestaram-se positivamente frente a vitalidade subjetiva. As análises de mediação indicaram que a satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas mediu parcialmente a relação entre a percepção do aluno sobre a apresentação das tarefas pelo professor e o bem-estar psicológico dos alunos de educação física

Within the framework of basic psychological needs theory (Deci & Ryan, 2002), in this study we examined the students' perception of the coach's task presentation as a predictor of the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs, which in turn predicted psychological wellbeing (subjective vitality) of students in the physical education context. Participants were 515 children (272 men [M = 11.28 years; SD = .49] and 243 women [M = 11.32 years; SD = .48]) students in the sixth grade of primary school (M = 11.32 years, SD = .48), who completed the questionnaires measuring the study variables. Results of structural equation analyses showed that coach's task presentation positively predicted satisfaction of the basic psychological needs, which in turn positively predicted subjective vitality. Satisfaction of the basic psychological needs partially mediated the relationship between coach's task presentation and well-being of students in the physical education context

Dog-Assisted Therapy and Dental Anxiety: A Pilot Study.

Animal-assisted therapy aimed at improving individuals' mental or physical health has been widely reported. However, the data on how a therapy dog could help control anxiety during dental procedures is scarce. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of dog-assisted therapy on people with a history of dental anxiety while receiving preventive dental treatment. Twelve adults participated (women: n = 11 (91.7%) and men: n = 1 (8.3%), mean age = 31.25 years, D.E. = 5.78). The Corah Dental Anxiety Scale was applied, the patient's mood was assessed with a Likert scale before and after receiving the dental treatment, and their blood pressure was recorded for each of the three stages of treatment. A therapy dog accompanied the participants during the dental procedure. The main results indicated that a decrease in discomfort was perceived during the intervention, and there was also an improvement in the patient's evaluation of the experience. The results are based on the decrease in patients' blood pressure when taken in the middle of the dental treatment.

Modelo estructural para explicar el bruxismo desde la teoría transaccional del estrés / Structural model to explain bruxism from the transactional stress theory

Con la finalidad de explicar la influencia de los factores psicosociales en las personas con bruxismo autoinformado, el presente trabajo evalúa un modelo explicativo, analizando el proceso estrés-emoción-manejo, basado en la teoría transaccional del estrés. Participaron 128 personas que autoinformaron síntomas de bruxismo. Las variables psicológicas estrés percibido, ansiedad, afrontamiento de autocrítica inadecuado y retirada social, y el rasgo neuroticismo se evaluaron usando cuestionarios autoadministrados de adecuada validez y fiabilidad. Los resultados del modelo estructural final muestran adecuados índices de bondad de ajuste y sugieren que, en este grupo de personas, el afrontamiento como recurso cognitivo y conductual influye en la evaluación cognitiva del estresor y en la manera en la que se interpreta, dando como respuesta física al estrés psicológico la actividad músculo-mandibular de bruxismo

In order to explain the influence of psychosocial factors in people with self-reported bruxism, an explanatory model was evaluated by analyzing the stress-emotion-handling process based on the transactional stress theory. One hundred and twenty eight people, who self-reported symptoms of bruxism, participated in this study. The following psychological variables were evaluated using self-administered questionnaires of adequate validity and reliability: perceived stress, anxiety, inadequate self-critical coping and social withdrawal, and trait neuroticism. The results of the final structural model show adequate Goodness-of-fit indexes and suggest that, within this group of people, coping as a cognitive and behavioral resource has an influence on the cognitive appraisal of the stressor. In addition, the muscle-mandibular activity of bruxism is interpreted as a physical response to psychological stress

Síntomas de ansiedad, el manejo inadecuado de las emociones negativas y su asociación con bruxismo autoinformado / Anxiety symptoms, the mismanagement of negative emotions and the association with self-reported bruxism

El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la relación entre la ansiedad y el manejo inadecuado de las emociones negativas en personas con síntomas de bruxismo, en una muestra de 192 participantes, separados en grupos sin bruxismo (n = 64) y bruxismo (n = 128), dividido este en los subgrupos bruxismo de sueño (n = 26), bruxismo en vigilia (n = 52) y bruxismo combinado (n = 50). Se utilizó un método descriptivo, no experimental y transversal. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de autoinforme de bruxismo (SBQ), el Inventario de ansiedad de Beck (BAI) y el Inventario de estrategias de afrontamiento (CSI). El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, con estadísticos de bondad de ajuste de valores adecuados. Los resultados muestran una asociación fuerte y positiva entre el afrontamiento inadecuado, los síntomas de ansiedad y el bruxismo autoinformado. Las estrategias autocritica y retirada social tienen efecto directo sobre los síntomas de ansiedad afectivo-cognitivos y somáticos, y estos síntomas predicen los síntomas clínicos de bruxismo

The aim of this paper was to assess the relationship between anxiety and the mismanagement of negative emotions in people with bruxism symptoms. A total of 192 participants were included and divided into non-bruxism (n = 64) and bruxism (n = 128) groups. The bruxism group was subdivided into sleep bruxism (n = 26), awake bruxism (n = 52), and combined bruxism (n = 50). A non-experimental and cross-sectional descriptive method was used. The self-reported bruxism questionnaire (SBQ), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) were used. Statistical analysis was performed using structural equation modelling and the goodness of fit figures presented adequate values. Results showed a strong positive association between inadequate coping, anxiety symptoms and self-reported bruxism. The model showed that self-criticism and social withdrawal strategies have a direct effect on affective-cognitive and somatic anxiety symptoms; these symptoms predicted the clinical symptoms of bruxism

Versión mexicana de la escala de uso del tiempo libre para el afrontamiento (LCSS-M) / Mexican version of the leisure coping strategy scale (LCSS-M)

El presente estudio analiza las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario Leisure Coping Strategy Scale (LCSS) en población mexicana, nombrada como LCSS-M. Método: La escala se analizó con una muestra de 141 adultos. Su validez convergente fue obtenida mediante la Escala de Estrés Percibido (PSS) y el Inventario de Satisfacción con la Vida. La estructura factorial de las tres subescalas se revisó mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio con el método de componentes principales y rotación VARIMAX; posteriormente se hizo el análisis factorial confirmatorio. Resultados: Ambas escalas, de estrés percibido y satisfacción con la vida, aportaron evidencia de la validez convergente en ítems. Los análisis factoriales, exploratorio y confirmatorio, apoyan la dimensionalidad y estructura en los tres factores del modelo original. La consistencia interna del inventario refleja una adecuada confiabilidad. En general éste estudio indica a la LCSS-M como una medida valida y fiable para el estudio del uso de pasatiempos como estrategia de afrontamiento en población mexicana.

The present study tested the psychometric properties of the Leisure Coping Strategy Scale (LCSS), named as LCSS-M, in Mexican population. Method: Survey in a sample of 141 adults. Evidence of convergent validity was obtained with the PSS and Satisfaction with Life Scale. The factor structure of the three subscales were examined through an exploratory factor analysis using the principal component method with VARIMAX rotation, subsequently confirmatory factor analysis was performed. Results: Both scales, PSS and Satisfaction with Life, gave evidence of convergent validity. Also, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, support the dimensionality and factor structure of the original three factor model. The internal consistencies of the subscales were acceptable. The present study shows that the LCSS-M seems to be a valid and reliable measure for Mexican samples for future research on leisure as a coping strategy.

Dimensionalidad del Inventario Breve de Creencias Obsesivas en México / Dimensionality of the Brief Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire in Mexico

Las creencias y su valoración son fundamentales a investigar para explicar la etiología y mantenimiento del trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo de acuerdo a modelos actuales. Éste estudio presenta el desarrollo y validación de una versión corta del ICO (Inventario de Creencias Obsesivas, Belloch et al. 2003) en población mexicana. Para ello se realizaron dos estudios con grupos de universitarios. Estudio 1: Análisis factorial exploratorio de la versión reducida (200 participantes no clínicos). Reveló una estructura factorial diferente al instrumento original. Estudio 2: Análisis de la estructura factorial latente de la versión reducida mediante un análisis multigrupo (200 y 202 participantes no clínicos). La mejor solución factorial posible fue de tres factores con 20 ítems, y propiedades psicométricas semejantes a una versión inglesa (OBQ, Obsessional Beliefs Questionaire, 2003). Por su consistencia interna y repetibilidad, la versión mexicana es adecuada para la evaluación de creencias disfuncionales, pero se necesitan estudios con muestras clínicas.

Recent models emphasized the importance in research of beliefs and its appraisal in the etiology and maintenance of OCD. The aim of the present study is the development and validation of a short form of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ, Belloch et al. 2003) in Mexican population. This topic was addressed through two different studies. Study 1: Exploratory factor analysis of the short version (200 non clinical subjects). The results show a different factor solution. Study 2: Testing for the equivalence of latent mean structures in multi-group analyses (200 and 202 non clinical subjects). A three-factor, 20 items, model emerged as the best factorial solution with similar psychometric properties to those of an English version (OBQ, Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire, 2003). Given its consistency and repeatability, the Mexican version of the OBQ is a suitable instrument for the assessment of dysfunctional beliefs, although studies with clinical samples are needed.

Los pasatiempos y sus efectos en el manejo del estrés y el burnout / Leisure activities effects on stress coping and burnout

Este estudio plantea similitudes y diferencias entre los niveles de estrés percibido y factores de Burnout en personas que realizan distintos tipos de pasatiempos. Como método, se utiliza la Escala breve de Burnout (MBI, Moreno, Bustos, Matallana & Miralles, 1997) y el Cuestionario de Estrés Percibido (Cohen, Kamarak & Mermelstein, 1983), en su versión para México de González & Landero, 2007) en una muestra de 70 personas, mexicanas, del área metropolitana de Monterrey. El análisis de los resultados indica diferencias significativas en el manejo del estrés y los factores de Burnout, relacionadas con el grado de interacción y reto.

In this article differences and similarities within perceived stress index and burnout factors are established between persons who practice a range of different leisure activities. A sample of 70 Mexican participants from Monterrey’s metropolitan area were survey using the short questionnaire of burnout (Moreno, et al., 1997) and the perceived stress scale (Cohen, et al.’s Mexican verion of González & Landero, 2007). The analysis support differences on the perceived stress and burnout factors within leisure activities groups having distinct amount of interaction and challenge.