ABSTRACT
What motivates family members to share resources? Past research argues for, on the one hand, love and altruism, and on the other, the expectation of reciprocity. Drawing on this literature, this paper examines intergenerational transfers between small farmers and their non-coresident children in the rural area around the city of Altamira, Pará, Brazil. We apply GoM (Grade of Membership) models to create profiles of private transfers, using data collected in 2005 by a team from Indiana University. The results show three profiles: low intergenerational transfers, high levels of transfers of visits and help, and high levels of transfers of visits and money. There is no clear difference in profile by birth order, but we do find sex differences in profile. Men are more likely to send money while women provide time transfers (work and visits). Upward transfers are most common from children with high levels of education or living in urban areas, suggesting a repayment of prior investments made by parents. Thus, our empirical evidence supports theories arguing that transfers are motivated by intertemporal contracts between parents and children, and that altruistic theories of family transfers should be rethought among rural agricultural populations in contexts characterized by many environmental and institutional challenges.
ABSTRACT
Este artigo apresenta a estratégia usada em uma pesquisa realizada em Santarém - PA, em 2003, para amostrar lotes delimitados em mapas do Incra e as unidades domésticas ali existentes, de modo a capturar as mudanças populacionais e ambientais na escala das propriedades rurais e na da região. A amostra foi selecionada conforme a distribuição dos lotes ao longo de quatro eixos rodoviários relacionados a distintos processos de ocupação. Em cada um dos eixos foram selecionadas aleatoriamente 20 células com 9km². Em cada uma delas, foram selecionados aleatoriamente os lotes que deveriam ser visitados. No campo, entrevistaram-se todas as unidades domésticas existentes em cada um dos lotes selecionados. Descreve-se a amostragem por segmentação sucessiva da área de estudo, destacando-se como os dados resultantes podem ser usados diferentemente nas escalas das unidades domésticas, dos lotes e da região, conforme as questões e variáveis de interesse.
This article describes the strategy used in a study carried out in Santarém, State of Parß, Brazil, in 2003, to sample plots represented on maps produced by the Brazilian Government's Land Reform Department (INCRA). The purpose of this sampling strategy is to describe demographic and environmental changes on the scale of the rural landholdings and on a regional scale. The sample was chosen according to the distribution of plots of land along four different roads that underwent different processes of occupation. Twenty cells of 9km2 each were chosen at random along each road and, in each direction, plots were chosen to be visited. In the field work, persons at all the domestic units existing in each of the plots selected were interviewed. Sampling carried out by successive segmentation of the area of study is described, as well as the way in which the resulting data can be used differently on the scales of domestic units, plots of land, and regions, according to the questions and variables of interest.
Este artículo presenta la estrategia usada en una investigación realizada en Santarém - PA, en 2003, para mostrar lotes delimitados en mapas del Incra [Instituto Nacional de Colonización y Reforma Agraria] y las unidades domésticas allí existentes, de modo de captar los cambios poblacionales y ambientales en la escala de las propiedades rurales y en la de la región. La muestra fue seleccionada de acuerdo a la distribución de los lotes a lo largo de cuatro ejes viales relacionados a distintos procesos de ocupación. En cada uno de los ejes fueron seleccionadas aleatoriamente 20 células con 9km2. En cada una de ellas, fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente los lotes que deberían ser visitados. En el área establecida, se entrevistaron todas las unidades domésticas existentes en cada uno de los lotes seleccionados. Se describe el muestreo por segmentación sucesiva del área de estudio, destacándose, como los datos resultantes pueden ser usados de forma diferente en las escalas de las unidades domésticas, de los lotes y de la región, de acuerdo a los aspectos y a las variables de interés.
