ABSTRACT
Malaria remains a major global health problem. Emerging resistance to existing antimalarial drugs drives the search for new antimalarials, and protein translation is a promising pathway to target. Here we explore the potential of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS) family as a source of antimalarial drug targets. First, a battery of known and novel ARS inhibitors was tested against Plasmodium falciparum cultures, and their activities were compared. Borrelidin, a natural inhibitor of threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS), stands out for its potent antimalarial effect. However, it also inhibits human ThrRS and is highly toxic to human cells. To circumvent this problem, we tested a library of bioengineered and semisynthetic borrelidin analogs for their antimalarial activity and toxicity. We found that some analogs effectively lose their toxicity against human cells while retaining a potent antiparasitic activity both in vitro and in vivo and cleared malaria from Plasmodium yoelii-infected mice, resulting in 100% mice survival rates. Our work identifies borrelidin analogs as potent, selective, and unexplored scaffolds that efficiently clear malaria both in vitro and in vivo.
Subject(s)
Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases/antagonists & inhibitors , Antimalarials/therapeutic use , Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy , Animals , Antimalarials/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Humans , Mice , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effectsABSTRACT
The physiological functions of PrP(C) remain enigmatic, but the central domain, comprising highly conserved regions of the protein may play an important role. Indeed, a large number of studies indicate that synthetic peptides containing residues 106-126 (CR) located in the central domain (CD, 95-133) of PrP(C) are neurotoxic. The central domain comprises two chemically distinct subdomains, the charge cluster (CC, 95-110) and a hydrophobic region (HR, 112-133). The aim of the present study was to establish the individual cytotoxicity of CC, HR and CD. Our results show that only the CD peptide is neurotoxic. Biochemical, Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy experiments demonstrated that the CD peptide is able to activate caspase-3 and disrupt the cell membrane, leading to cell death.
Subject(s)
Neurons/physiology , Peptide Fragments/physiology , PrPC Proteins/physiology , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Apoptosis , Benzothiazoles , Caspase 3/metabolism , Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/chemistry , Enzyme Activation , Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry , Kinetics , Lipid Bilayers/chemistry , Mice , Mice, 129 Strain , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Molecular Mimicry , Molecular Sequence Data , Neurons/drug effects , Peptide Fragments/chemistry , Peptide Fragments/pharmacology , PrPC Proteins/chemistry , PrPC Proteins/pharmacology , Primary Cell Culture , Protein Multimerization , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Thiazoles/chemistryABSTRACT
Kahalalide F (KF) is a natural product currently under phase II clinical trials. Here, we report the solid phase synthesis of 132 novel analogues of kahalalide F and their in vitro activity on a panel of up to 14 cancer cell lines. The structure-activity relationship of these analogues revealed that KF is highly sensitive to backbone stereotopical modification but not to side chain size modification. These observations suggest that this compound has a defined conformational structure and also that it interacts with chiral compounds through its backbone and not through its side chains. The N-terminal aliphatic acid appears to be a hydrophobic buoy in a membrane-like environment. Moreover, significant improvement of the in vitro activity was achieved.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Depsipeptides/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Depsipeptides/chemistry , Humans , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The preparation of oligomers made up of several chromophore units as compounds with potential fluorescent and antiproliferative properties is described. Specifically, chromophore units with protected-amino groups and one carboxylic group are described, together with methods to assemble these units using peptide chemistry. Some of these compounds have antiproliferative activity.
