Bilateral Painful Hand Seizures: An Atypical Somatotopic Syndrome.

Painful Hand Seizures are a rarely reported form of secondary sensory seizures (SSS) characterized by painful, bilateral sensorimotor hand involvement and preserved consciousness. We report our case to aid neurologists in recognizing SSS as an atypical presentation of seizures.

Repeated intravenous cardiosphere-derived cell therapy in late-stage Duchenne muscular dystrophy (HOPE-2): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) ameliorate skeletal and cardiac muscle deterioration in experimental models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The HOPE-2 trial examined the safety and efficacy of sequential intravenous infusions of human allogeneic CDCs in late-stage Duchenne muscular dystrophy. METHODS: In this multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial, patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, aged 10 years or older with moderate upper limb impairment, were enrolled at seven centres in the USA. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) using stratified permuted blocks to receive CAP-1002 (1·5 × 108 CDCs) or placebo intravenously every 3 months for a total of four infusions. Clinicians, caregivers, patients, and clinical operations personnel were fully masked to treatment groups. The primary outcome was the change in mid-level elbow Performance of Upper Limb version 1.2 (PUL 1.2) score at 12 months, assessed in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was assessed in all individuals who received an investigational product. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03406780. FINDINGS: Between March 1, 2018, and March 31, 2020, 26 male patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were enrolled, of whom eight were randomly assigned to the CAP-1002 group and 12 to the placebo group (six were not randomised due to screening failure). In patients who had a post-treatment PUL 1.2 assessment (eight in the CAP-1002 group and 11 in the placebo group), the mean 12-month change from baseline in mid-level elbow PUL1.2 favoured CAP-1002 over placebo (percentile difference 36·2, 95% CI 12·7-59·7; difference of 2·6 points; p=0·014). Infusion-related hypersensitivity reactions without long-term sequelae were observed in three patients, with one patient discontinuing therapy due to a severe allergic reaction. No other major adverse reactions were noted, and no deaths occurred. INTERPRETATION: CAP-1002 cell therapy appears to be safe and effective in reducing deterioration of upper limb function in patients with late-stage Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Various measures of cardiac function and structure were also improved in the CAP-1002 group compared with the placebo group. Longer-term extension studies are needed to confirm the therapeutic durability and safety of CAP-1002 beyond 12 months for the treatment of skeletal myopathy and cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. FUNDING: Capricor Therapeutics.

Recognition and Management of Neuromuscular Emergencies.

Acute neuromuscular disorders represent an important subset of neurologic consultation requests in the inpatient setting. Although most neuromuscular disorders are subacute to chronic, hospital-based neurologists encounter neuromuscular disorders presenting with rapidly progressive or severe weakness affecting limb movement, respiratory, and bulbar function. Recalling fundamentals of neurologic localization assists in prompt recognition and diagnosis. Despite the differing localizations and the causal diagnoses, the initial management principles of acute myopathies, neuropathies, and neuromuscular junction disorders are similar.

Laboratory monitoring of nusinersen safety.

INTRODUCTION: This retrospective study reports our tertiary care center's experience with intrathecal nusinersen administration in children and adults with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). METHODS: We reviewed safety monitoring laboratory results and need for procedural sedation and fluoroscopy-guidance in all SMA patients receiving nusinersen between February 2017 and March 2020. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients ages 1 mo- 56 y received 494 nusinersen doses. There were 166 laboratory abnormalities in 45 patients. Most were either mild (145 [87.3%]) or were transient proteinuria (18 [10.8%]). None altered nusinersen treatment. Twenty-eight patients required either general anesthesia (75 doses) or anxiolysis with oral midazolam (133 doses, including 6 patients [23 doses] with SMA type I). Eight patients with complicated spines (45 doses) required fluoroscopic guidance. One treatment-related serious adverse event (emesis leading to intubation) occurred during general anesthesia. Two children had asymptomatic increased intracranial pressure. No patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events. DISCUSSION: Intrathecal nusinersen is generally safe and well-tolerated, including in patients requiring oral anxiolysis, general sedation, and fluoroscopic guidance. Frequent serial laboratory monitoring did not identify any persistent significantly abnormal findings or alter treatment.

Deficits in the Skeletal Muscle Transcriptome and Mitochondrial Coupling in Progressive Diabetes-Induced CKD Relate to Functional Decline.

Two-thirds of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have or will develop chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is characterized by rapid renal decline that, together with superimposed T2DM-related metabolic sequelae, synergistically promotes early frailty and mobility deficits that increase the risk of mortality. Distinguishing the mechanisms linking renal decline to mobility deficits in CKD progression and/or increasing severity in T2DM is instrumental both in identifying those at high risk for functional decline and in formulating effective treatment strategies to prevent renal failure. While evidence suggests that skeletal muscle energetics may relate to the development of these comorbidities in advanced CKD, this has never been assessed across the spectrum of CKD progression, especially in T2DM-induced CKD. Here, using next-generation sequencing, we first report significant downregulation in transcriptional networks governing oxidative phosphorylation, coupled electron transport, electron transport chain (ETC) complex assembly, and mitochondrial organization in both middle- and late-stage CKD in T2DM. Furthermore, muscle mitochondrial coupling is impaired as early as stage 3 CKD, with additional deficits in ETC respiration, enzymatic activity, and increased redox leak. Moreover, mitochondrial ETC function and coupling strongly relate to muscle performance and physical function. Our results indicate that T2DM-induced CKD progression impairs physical function, with implications for altered metabolic transcriptional networks and mitochondrial functional deficits as primary mechanistic factors early in CKD progression in T2DM.

Clinical Problem-Solving: Fever and Rapidly Progressive Weakness in an Immunocompromised Patient.

Here we report the challenging case of a 41-year-old man with HIV complicated by AIDS and a history of prior neurologic injury from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy who presented with headache, fevers, lower extremity weakness, hyperreflexic upper extremities, and diminished lower extremity reflexes. We review the clinical decision-making and differential diagnosis for this presentation as the physical examination evolved and diagnostic testing changed over time.

Autoimmune Encephalitis With Multiple Autoantibodies: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge.

INTRODUCTION: Indications for autoantibody testing in patients with rapid-onset cognitive impairment have expanded in step with the growing number of disease-associated autoantibodies and clinical syndromes. Although increased access to autoantibody testing has broadened our understanding of the spectrum of autoimmune encephalitis (AE), it has also produced new challenges associated with deciphering the contributions of disease-associated autoantibodies in patients with atypical clinical features and/or multiple autoantibodies. These challenges are illustrated through presentation of a patient with AE associated with autoantibodies against intracellular and cell-surface neuronal antigens. The implications of detection of multiple autoantibodies are considered in the context of relevant literature, and used to frame a diagnostic and therapeutic approach. CASE REPORT: A previously well 67-year-old man presented with encephalopathy and psychosis, impaired visual fixation, and ataxia, emerging over 3 months. Hu, CRMP-5, and NMDAR autoantibodies were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid. No malignancy was discovered despite extensive investigations. An aggressive course of immunotherapy temporarily stabilized his course; however, the patient succumbed to his illness 10 months after symptom onset. Lack of sustained response to immunotherapy and neuropathologic findings suggested that AE associated with Hu antibodies was primarily responsible for this patient's progressive decline. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple autoantibodies may be detected in patients with AE. When antibodies targeting intracellular and cell-surface antigens are detected together, investigation and treatment of syndromes associated with intracellular antibodies should be prioritized, acknowledging the link between these antibodies and irreversible neuronal injury. In paraneoplastic cases, prognosis may be tied to early detection and treatment of the underlying malignancy.

In vivo kinetic approach reveals slow SOD1 turnover in the CNS.

Therapeutic strategies that target disease-associated transcripts are being developed for a variety of neurodegenerative syndromes. Protein levels change as a function of their half-life, a property that critically influences the timing and application of therapeutics. In addition, both protein kinetics and concentration may play important roles in neurodegeneration; therefore, it is essential to understand in vivo protein kinetics, including half-life. Here, we applied a stable isotope-labeling technique in combination with mass spectrometric detection and determined the in vivo kinetics of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), mutation of which causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Application of this method to human SOD1-expressing rats demonstrated that SOD1 is a long-lived protein, with a similar half-life in both the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and the CNS. Additionally, in these animals, the half-life of SOD1 was longest in the CNS when compared with other tissues. Evaluation of this method in human subjects demonstrated successful incorporation of the isotope label in the CSF and confirmed that SOD1 is a long-lived protein in the CSF of healthy individuals. Together, the results of this study provide important insight into SOD1 kinetics and support application of this technique to the design and implementation of clinical trials that target long-lived CNS proteins.

Mitochondrial pathology in immune and inflammatory myopathies.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Acquired immune and inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are typically subdivided into dermatomyositis, polymyositis and inclusion body myositis. However, many types of IIMs do not fit well into this scheme. Several myopathologic and autoantibody features of IIMs, that are not considered in standard classifications, are useful for defining individual disorders. We will review one set of myopathologic features that occur in some IIMs, mitochondrial abnormalities, and consider its diagnostic, treatment-related and pathogenic implications. RECENT FINDINGS: Myopathologic changes that indicate mitochondrial disorders are often widespread in regions of muscle fiber abnormality in dermatomyositis. They distinguish dermatomyositis with vascular pathology from other inflammatory myopathies with skin changes that have prominent perimysial connective tissue lesions, but no mitochondrial, abnormalities. Mitochondrial abnormalities in scattered muscle fibers occur in sporadic inclusion body myositis and clinically similar disorders. Mitochondrial abnormalities in scattered nonnecrotic muscle fibers in IIM biopsies predict a poor response to immunosuppression. SUMMARY: Muscle biopsy, including evaluation of mitochondrial stains, is important for the correct diagnosis of inflammatory myopathies. By recognizing the full range of distinctive myopathologic changes in the diverse group of IIMs, the clinician can improve diagnostic accuracy and apply appropriate treatment.

Quantitation of "autophagic flux" in mature skeletal muscle.

Reliable and quantitative assays to measure in vivo autophagy are essential. Currently, there are varied methods for monitoring autophagy; however, it is a challenge to measure "autophagic flux" in an in vivo model system. Conversion and subsequent degradation of the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1-LC3/LC3) to the autophagosome associated LC3-II isoform can be evaluated by immunoblot. However, static levels of endogenous LC3-II protein may render possible misinterpretations since LC3-II levels can increase, decrease or remain unchanged in the setting of autophagic induction. Therefore, it is necessary to measure LC3-II protein levels in the presence and absence of lysomotropic agents that block the degradation of LC3-II, a technique aptly named the "autophagometer." In order to measure autophagic flux in mouse skeletal muscle, we treated animals with the microtubule depolarizing agent colchicine. Two days of 0.4 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal colchicine blocked autophagosome maturation to autolysosomes and increased LC3-II protein levels in mouse skeletal muscle by >100%. The addition of an autophagic stimulus such as dietary restriction or rapamycin led to an additional increase in LC3-II above that seen with colchicine alone. Moreover, this increase was not apparent in the absence of a "colchicine block." Using this assay, we evaluated the autophagic response in skeletal muscle upon denervation induced atrophy. Our studies highlight the feasibility of performing an "in vivo autophagometer" study using colchicine in skeletal muscle.

Atherosclerosis, antiphospholipid syndrome, and antiphospholipid antibodies.

In antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) patients, some antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) are directed against negatively-charged phospholipids, while other APA are specific for phospholipid-proteins such as beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2GPI). Increased levels of oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDL) are present in atherosclerosis patients and these patients develop anti-oxLDL antibodies. Several studies have reported cross-reactivities between APA and anti-oxLDL antibodies, and some authors have suggested that most APA are specific for oxidized forms of phospholipids. In contrast, other studies report that APA react with both reduced and oxidized cardiolipin. In this context, we have re-examined the literature surrounding antibodies found in atherosclerosis and the APS. We have also included results from a panel of anti-phospholipid monoclonal antibodies from W/B mice, an APS model, which indicates that these antibodies do not display any preference for oxidized epitopes on lipid molecules.