Dysphagia in COVID-19 Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

Patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are infrequently nourished via oral feeding due to aspiration risks. Patients with COVID-19 and on ECMO represent a subpopulation that has additional factors that may affect their swallow function. This study aimed to describe the swallow function and ability to maintain oral feeding in patients with COVID-19 while on ECMO. A retrospective study of patients with COVID-19 who started veno-venous ECMO at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020 and August 2020) was conducted at a tertiary care hospital. Clinical swallow evaluations and videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) were analyzed using standardized measurement scales. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) identified relationships between ECMO and swallowing function at different time points. 19 patients were included; all underwent clinical swallow evaluation and 4 underwent VFSS while on ECMO. Mean age was 43.2 years (standard deviation: 9.2), mean duration of ECMO was 65.7 days (58.7), and mean duration of intubation was 14.4 days (8.6). All patients were able to undergo swallow function evaluation, regain swallow function, and resume oral feeding while cannulated. Duration of ECMO and time to feeding tube removal was positively correlated (r = 0.747, p < 0.001) with patients demonstrating less functional swallowing independence and requiring a more modified diet upon oral diet initiation. Clinical swallow evaluation and videofluoroscopic swallowing evaluation are possible for COVID-19 patients actively on ECMO. Patient swallow function can improve, and oral diet can be achieved while on ECMO, demonstrating benefit of SLP surveillance and swallowing assessment prior to ECMO decannulation.

High-Resolution Profiling of Human Vocal Fold Cellular Landscapes With Single-Nuclei RNA Sequencing.

INTRODUCTION: The function of the vocal folds (VFs) is determined by the phenotype, abundance, and distribution of differentiated cells within specific microenvironments. Identifying this histologic framework is crucial in understanding laryngeal disease. A paucity of studies investigating VF cellular heterogeneity has been undertaken. Here, we examined the cellular landscape of human VFs by utilizing single-nuclei RNA-sequencing. METHODS: Normal true VF tissue was excised from five patients undergoing pitch elevation surgery. Tissue was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and subjected to cellular digestion and nuclear extraction. Nuclei were processed for single-nucleus sequencing using the 10X Genomics Chromium platform. Sequencing reads were assembled using cellranger and analyzed with the scanpy package in python. RESULTS: RNA sequencing revealed 18 global cell clusters. While many were of epithelial origin, expected cell types, such as fibroblasts, immune cells, muscle cells, and endothelial cells were present. Subcluster analysis defined unique epithelial, immune, and fibroblast subpopulations. CONCLUSION: This study evaluated the cellular heterogeneity of normal human VFs by utilizing single-nuclei RNA-sequencing. With further confirmation through additional spatial sequencing and microscopic imaging, a novel cellular map of the VFs may provide insight into new cellular targets for VF disease. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 2024.

Reanimation of the Lower Lip with the Anterior Belly of Digastric Transfer: A Systematic Review.

Background: Dynamic reanimation of the lower lip is a challenging issue for patients, with depressor asymmetry commonly addressed with chemodenervation, selective neurectomy, or myectomy. Objective: To determine whether the anterior belly of digastric transfer is an effective method of lower-lip reanimation for patients with either isolated marginal mandibular branch weakness or inadequate depressor function after hemifacial reanimation, as measured by patient satisfaction and objective symmetry evaluation. Method: Systematic review of the literature was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Abstracts and full texts were reviewed. A Risk of Bias assessment was performed. Results: Nine studies with 164 patients were included. Anterior belly of digastric transfer was successfully performed in 162 patients. Most patients (52%) underwent one-staged reanimation innervated by the native nerve to the mylohyoid. A two-staged approach after placement of a cross face nerve graft was performed in 46%. Patient satisfaction was excellent (90.6%), with minimal complications including revision (4/162), infection (4/162), and lipofilling (8/162). Conclusion: In patients seeking a permanent outcome, use of an anterior belly of digastric transfer in either a one-stage or two-stage approach appears to be a safe and effective method to restore symmetry and dynamic function.

Facial Reanimation After Intratemporal Facial Nerve Schwannoma Resection: A Systematic Review.

Objective: To systematically analyze the outcomes of reanimation techniques that have been described for patients undergoing non-fascicle sparing resection of intratemporal facial schwannomas. Methods: A systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines of the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. Results: Eight hundred forty studies were screened with 22 meeting inclusion criteria comprising 266 patients. Most facial nerve reanimations (81.2%) were performed using an interposition nerve graft. The remaining patients underwent hypoglossal-facial nerve transposition (13.9%), primary anastomosis (3.4%), and free muscle transfer (0.1%). Of the reported interposition grafts, the two most utilized were the great auricular (113/199) and sural (86/199) nerves. Interposition nerve grafts resulted in significantly better outcomes in facial nerve function postoperatively than hypoglossal-facial transposition (3.48 vs. 3.92; p < 0.01). There was no difference between interposition grafts. Conclusion: This study systematically reports that interposition nerve grafts, after resection of intratemporal facial schwannoma, result in superior outcomes than hypoglossal-facial nerve transposition in these patients.

Standardized Behavioral Treatment Improves Chronic Cough.

OBJECTIVES: Neurogenic Laryngeal Hypersensitivity (NLH) refers to a constellation of upper airway symptoms thought to be caused by a disturbance in afferent and/or efferent neural pathways creating an exaggerated hypersensitive laryngeal response. There is evidence to support behavioral therapy as treatment for improving symptoms from laryngeal motor dysfunction to sensory disturbance. This study aims to determine if there is significant symptomatic improvement in patients with NLH who received non-pharmacologic behavioral treatment performed by trained SLPs. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review. METHODS: A review of all patients with NLH from 2017 to 2020 was performed at a tertiary care voice and swallowing center. Subjects with persistent symptoms despite maximal medical management were considered for inclusion. Newcastle Laryngeal Hypersensitivity Questionnaire (NLHQ) was completed by patients before and after undergoing therapy by one of three trained SLPs. Posttherapy improvement was determined by utilizing the NLHQ's minimal clinically important difference of 1.7 points. RESULTS: A total of 81 patients were included in this study. Study participants included 61 women and 20 men with an average age of 60.64±14.05 years. There was a statistically significant difference between the pre and post therapy scores amongst all patients when treated by each individual SLP and all three SLPs combined (P < 0.008). There was a clinically significant change in 66% of all patients, 76% of which presented with abnormal NLHQ scores, and 14% who presented with normal NLHQ scores. CONCLUSIONS: A standardized behavioral treatment protocol for patients with symptoms consistent with NLH is effective in improving symptoms in a large majority of patients. When following a standardized protocol SLPs can obtain similar results for their patients.

Patient Satisfaction and Acoustic Changes in Trans Women after Gender Affirming Voice Training.

OBJECTIVES: Gains in pitch from gender affirming voice training (GVT) alone in trans women have historically been shown to decline after 1 year. Currently no standard exists for length and type of GVT that yields meaningful behavioral change and patient satisfaction with voice outcomes in trans women. This study aims to determine whether GVT alone leads to sustained pitch elevation and patient satisfaction in trans women. METHODS: Retrospective review from 2016 to 2020 of trans women patients who underwent GVT alone for voice change. Charts were reviewed for acoustic analysis of pitch including sustained vowel fundamental frequency, speaking fundamental frequency, and quality of life data from the Trans Woman Voice Questionnaire at pre-therapy, immediate post-therapy, and extended post-therapy time intervals. RESULTS: A total of 157 patients presented to our Voice Center, of which 34 participated in the full course of GVT. Patients underwent an average of six sessions of GVT (range 5-7) over an average of 13.14 weeks (range 6-16). Average time between completing GVT and presenting for extended follow-up was 11.37 months (range 6-31). Compared to initial presentation prior to therapy, at extended follow-up after completing GVT average change in F0/a/, SF0, and TWVQ were 64.6 Hz, 31.3 Hz, and 32.45. No significant change was noted between immediate post-therapy and extended post-therapy acoustic measures. TWVQ demonstrated continued improvement between immediate post-therapy and extended post-therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In self-selected patients who present for extended follow-up, GVT alone can result in sustained pitch elevation and voice-related quality life in trans women. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 133:2340-2345, 2023.

Prevalence of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in patients diagnosed with subglottic stenosis.

OBJECTIVES: In the wake of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), patients with subglottic stenosis (SGS) have a new, seemingly ubiquitous, respiratory disease to contend with. Whether real or perceived, it is likely that patients with SGS will feel exposed during the current pandemic. This study seeks to determine whether patients with SGS have increased rates of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic relative to healthy controls, as well as how much of an impact the pandemic itself plays in the mental health of this population. METHODS: Retrospective review of 10 patients with a confirmed SGS diagnosis and 21 control patients were surveyed via telephone. Patients of all ages that had an in-person or virtual visit within 3 months of the survey start date were included. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients were surveyed in this study, of whom 67.8 % were in the control group and 32.2 % were comprised of patients diagnosed with SGS. SGS patients reported a significantly higher level of anxiety on the GAD-7 scale with severe anxiety in 20 % of patients, moderate anxiety in 50 % of patients, mild anxiety in 20 %, and 10 % reporting no anxiety. Overall, the average reported GAD-7 score of the SGS patients and control patients were 10.8 ± 4.96 and 6.67 ± 2.96 respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first of its kind to analyze the rates and causes of anxiety within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients diagnosed with subglottic stenosis. SGS patients were found to have a significantly higher anxiety based on the GAD-7 survey in comparison to patients without SGS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Does "Just in Time" teaching of ergonomic principles improve posture of trainees during otologic microscopic surgery?

PURPOSE: Musculoskeletal disorders are prevalent among otolaryngologists and otologists with symptoms starting during residency. Prior data suggested that high-risk joint angles were often adopted at procedure onset, suggesting a detrimental "natural" operating position. Despite its importance, dedicated ergonomic teaching is not systematically introduced into residency training. The objective of this study was to compare initial ergonomic positioning during microscopic temporal bone surgery between those who receive "Just in Time" ergonomic teaching prior to starting dissection with those who did not. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a pilot, prospective trial in which otolaryngology residents at an urban, multicenter tertiary care academic institution (n = 14) wore ergonomic sensors (inertial measurement units) during microscopic temporal bone lab drilling. Prior to recording, participants were randomized to receive an instructional presentation on ergonomic principles (n = 8, intervention group) or not (n = 6, control group). The inertial measurement units analyzed neck and back angles for the initial 5 min of drilling. RESULTS: Of 14 trainees, 78.6 % had prior experience with otologic microscopic cases and 14.3 % reported prior surgical ergonomic training or instruction. The groups were matched in trainee height (P = 0.54), handedness (P = 0.83), stage of otolaryngology training (P = 0.64), prior otologic microscopic surgery experience (P = 0.35), prior temporal bone drilling experience (P = 0.35), and prior teaching in ergonomic principles (P = 0.47). Junior trainees (PGY 1-3) who did not receive "Just in Time" teaching adopted a posture with significantly higher risk back flexion compared to junior trainees who received the training (25.3° vs. 5.7°, P = 0.04). There was no difference in back positioning among senior trainees (12.6° vs. -5.7°, P = 0.13). While there was a trend towards those in the intervention group adopting safer procedural posture, there was no significant difference in the overall cohort between the intervention and control groups in both neck positioning (-11.0° vs. -19.1°, P = 0.17) and back positioning (8.6° vs. 19.1°, P = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: Musculoskeletal related pain is prevalent among otolaryngologists and otologists with data suggesting that symptoms begin during residency. Targeted "Just in Time" teaching of ergonomic principles is feasible and may be effective for development of healthy postural habits, especially among junior trainees.

Laryngopharyngeal Reflux: Effect of Race and Insurance Status on Symptomology.

OBJECTIVES: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is an extraesophageal variant of gastroesophageal reflux disease associated with intermittent dysphonia, throat-clearing, and chronic cough. This study aims to evaluate the impact of race and insurance status on symptoms often attributable to LPR. METHODS: Retrospective review of all patients with suspected LPR from 2017 to 2019 was performed at a tertiary care center. The diagnostic criteria comprised evaluation by a fellowship trained laryngologist and Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) scores. Demographics, patient history, and insurance status were recorded. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each parameter using SPSS version 22. RESULTS: A total of 170 patients (96 White, 44 Black, 26 Latinx, 4 Asian) were included in this study. About 57.1% had private insurance, 30.6% had Medicare, and 11.8% had Medicaid. Black and Latinx patients demonstrated higher RSI scores (26.67 ± 8.61, P = .017) when compared to their White and Asian counterparts. RSI scores between all 3 insurance types also varied significantly (P = .035). Medicaid patients reported higher RSI scores (28.65 ± 10.09, P = .028), while private insurance patients reported significantly lower scores (23.75 ± 7.88, P = .03). Controlling for insurance type eliminates the statistically significant association between RSI scores and Black and Latinx patients. Particularly, within the Medicaid group, Black, Latinx, and White patients did not have statistically different RSI scores. CONCLUSIONS: Black and Latinx patients presented with higher RSI scores than White and Asian patients. Similarly, Medicaid patients reported higher RSI scores than the Non-Medicaid cohort. These findings suggest that access to appropriate healthcare, due to varied insurance coverage and socioeconomic, may potentially influence symptoms attributed to LPR.

1-Year Results of Combined Modified Wendler Glottoplasty with Voice Therapy in Transgender Women.

BACKGROUND: To date, 1-year evaluation of pitch elevation in patients undergoing modified Wendler glottoplasty (WG) in combination with VT has not been assessed. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether 1-year pitch elevation is sustained in patients who undergo modified WG in combination with VT for voice feminization. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients who underwent WG in combination with voice therapy (VT) was performed from 2016 to 2020. Charts were reviewed for sustained vowel fundamental frequency (F0/a/), speaking fundamental frequency (SF0), and Trans Woman Voice Questionnaire (TWVQ) at preoperative, initial postoperative (3-6 months after surgery), and 12-month postoperative visits. RESULTS: Change in average F0/a/, SF0 and TWVQ was 50.25 Hz, 32.96 Hz, and 32.6 at 12-months postoperatively compared to preoperative values. Initial and 12-month postoperative SF0 were significantly higher than preoperative SF0 (Mann-Whitney U test p = 0.0042, p = 0.0010). There was no difference in initial postoperative and 12-month postoperative SF0 (p = 0.50). TWVQ at 12 months was significantly lower than preoperative TWVQ (ANOVA p < 0.001, Tukey honestly significant difference HSD p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pitch elevation remains sustained at one year in patients undergoing modified WG in combination with VT. Modified Wendler glottoplasty combined with VT results in relatively long-term improvements in voice-related quality of life and is possibly a beneficial addition in the long-term management of patients who desire voice feminization. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 133:615-620, 2023.

Efficacy of Office-Based Intralesional Steroid Injections in the Management of Subglottic Stenosis: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of office-based intralesional steroid injections (ILSI) as a management therapy for adult subglottic stenosis (SGS). DATA SOURCES: A systematic review was completed using PubMed and Science Direct for office-based management of SGS due to various etiologies. REVIEW METHODS: The primary end point measured was a change in surgery free interval (SFI) between endoscopic procedures due to office-based serial ILSI. The secondary end point was to determine what percentage of patients did not require further operative intervention for SGS maintenance therapy after changing management to office-based serial ILSI. RESULTS: We identified 187 abstracts, 4 of which were included in the analysis. The total number of participants was 55. The mean age was 50.4, and 78.1% were women. The etiologies were as follows: idiopathic (58.2%), postintubation/tracheotomy (29.1%), and autoimmune (12.7%). The SFI was reported in 3 of the 4 studies. The reported mean pre-ILSI SFI was 362.9 days and the post-ILSI SFI was 582.2 days. The secondary outcome was reported in 3 of the 4 studies. Forty-one of the 55 patients (74.5%) did not require further operative intervention during the duration of the study. CONCLUSION: This review explored office-based ILSI as a potential treatment option for patients with SGS. The limited data presented found ILSI significantly lengthened SFI, potentially reducing surgical burden. In addition, ILSI was found to be safe with few reported side effects.

Prognostic Indicators of Survival in Sinonasal Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A National Cancer Database Analysis.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: This study offers an update on the epidemiologic and prognostic factors and treatment-specific outcomes in patients diagnosed with sinonasal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: National Cancer Database was queried from 2004 to 2016 for patients with sinonasal DLBCL. Univariate Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox-regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of suspected prognostic factors with overall survival (OS). RESULTS: A total of 2,222 patients with sinonasal DLBCL were analyzed. OS was 62% at 5 years and 42% at 10 years. Prognostic factors associated with increased survival included African-American race (HR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.33-0.70), chemotherapy (HR: 0.30, CI: 0.25-0.35), and radiation (HR: 0.80, CI: 0.69-0.93). Prognostic factors associated with decreased survival included patients with Charlson-Deyo scores of 1 (HR: 1.51, CI: 1.25-1.84), 2 (HR: 2.25, CI: 1.67-3.03), and 3 (HR: 2.36, CI: 1.49-3.74) and patients with Lugano stage III (HR: 1.69, CI: 1.09-2.62) and IV (HR: 1.96, CI: 1.46-2.64) disease. Stage-based split multivariate analysis was performed and revealed chemotherapy was independently associated with increased OS in patients with stage I (HR: 0.24, CI: 0.19-0.30), II (HR: 0.17, CI: 0.11-0.28), and IV (HR: 0.41, CI: 0.26-0.64) disease. Radiotherapy was independently associated with increased OS in patients with stage I disease only (HR: 0.67, CI: 0.55-0.83), while immunotherapy was an independent prognostic factor in patients with stage IV disease only (HR: 0.60, CI: 0.37-0.98). CONCLUSION: This study is the largest to date to analyze the association of demographic features and treatment modalities with OS in patients with sinonasal DLBCL. It is the first to investigate the association of immunotherapy with OS in this population. A combination treatment of immunochemotherapy or radioimmunochemotherapy confers increased survival, particularly in patients with advanced disease. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 132:1515-1522, 2022.

Hypoglossal and Masseteric Nerve Transfer for Facial Reanimation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Hypoglossal and masseteric nerve transfer are currently the most popular cranial nerve transfer techniques for patients with facial paralysis. The authors performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare functional outcomes and adverse effects of these procedures. Methods: A review of online databases was performed to include studies with four or more patients undergoing hypoglossal or masseter nerve transfer without muscle transfer or other cranial nerve transposition. Facial nerve outcomes, time to reinnervation, and adverse events were pooled and studied. Results: A total of 71 studies were included: 15 studies included 220 masseteric-facial transfers, and 60 studies included 1312 hypoglossal-facial transfers. Oral commissure symmetry at rest was better for hypoglossal transfer (2.22 ± 1.6 mm vs. 3.62 ± 2.7 mm, p = 0.047). The composite Sunnybrook Facial Nerve Grading Scale was better for masseteric transfer (47.7 ± 7.4 vs. 33.0 ± 6.4, p < 0.001). Time to first movement (in months) was significantly faster in masseteric transfer (4.6 ± 2.6 vs. 6.3 ± 1.3, p < 0.001). Adverse effects were rare (<5%) for both procedures. Conclusions: Both nerve transfer techniques are effective for facial reanimation, and the surgeon should consider the nuanced differences in selecting the correct procedure for each patient.

Can dogs and cats really help our spinal cord stimulation patients?

OBJECTIVES: Pet ownership has been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality in several aspects of health but has not been studied in chronic pain patients. We evaluate whether subjects who underwent spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and own a pet have improved outcomes compared to non-pet owners. METHODS: After obtaining IRB approval, we re-contacted 38 subjects who underwent SCS surgery with preoperative and 1-year postoperative data on Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Pain Catastrophizing scale (PCS). We examined influence of pets and pet ownership-specific behaviors on improvement in SCS outcomes. RESULTS: Patients included 24 males/14 females with a mean age of 59.9 ± 11.5 years. At mean follow-up of 12.2 months (range 10-14), there were improvements in NRS, ODI, BDI, PCS and MPQ. Twenty subjects owned pets and 18 did not; all believed pet ownership could improve health. Pet owners improved more on NRS-right now (p = 0.05) and BDI (p = 0.05), and were more satisfied with SCS (p = 0.04). No significant improvement was seen in ODI, MPQ, or PCS. However, PCS did improve in pet owners who exercised their pet (PCS-total, p < 0.01; PCS-helplessness, p < 0.01; PCS-rumination, p = 0.05; PCS-magnification, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: We provide preliminary evidence that pet ownership is associated with improved pain, depression and SCS satisfaction. Exercising with a pet also appears to be beneficial in limiting pain catastrophizing. Pets show promise as a novel means to improve patient SCS outcomes.

Cobalt(III) Schiff base complexes stabilize non-fibrillar amyloid-ß aggregates with reduced toxicity.

The aggregation of amyloid-ß (Aß) is believed to be foundational to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In vitro aggregation kinetics have been shown to correlate with rates of disease progression in both AD patients and animal models, thus proving to be a useful metric for testing Aß-targeted therapeutics. Here we present evidence of cobalt(III) Schiff base complex ([Co(acetylacetonate)(NH3)2]Cl; Co(III)-sb) modulation of Aß aggregation kinetics by a variety of complementary techniques. These include Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our data was fitted to kinetic rate laws using a mathematical model developed by Knowles et al. in order to extract mechanistic information about the effect of Co(III)-sb on aggregation kinetics. Our analysis revealed that Co(III)-sb alters Aß aggregation by decreasing the polymerization rate and increasing the nucleation rate, suggesting that Co(III)-sb causes Aß to rapidly stabilize oligomeric species with reduced elongation into mature fibrils. This result was corroborated by TEM and AFM of Aß aggregates in vitro. We also demonstrate that Aß aggregate mixtures produced in the presence of Co(III)-sb exhibit decreased cytotoxicity compared to untreated samples.

Identifying Type III Sulcus: Patient Characteristics and Endoscopic Findings.

OBJECTIVE: Type III sulcus is a pathologic structural deformity of the vocal folds that is challenging to accurately diagnose without endoscopic examination under anesthesia. This study aims to further define the clinical presentation and examination features shared among a patient cohort intraoperatively diagnosed with type III sulcus. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. SETTING: Tertiary laryngology practice. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All patients diagnosed intraoperatively with type III sulcus from 2002 to 2014 at a tertiary laryngology practice were included. Clinical history of presenting symptoms, videostroboscopy, and intraoperative and histologic findings were reviewed. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were included in the study. A majority were female (77%) and had a mean age of 32.4 years. All patients endorsed hoarseness, and 86% were defined as professional voice users. Endoscopic examination revealed bilateral type III sulcus in 23% of patients. The most common preoperative stroboscopic findings included decreased mucosal wave (100%), dilated vessel (95%), phase asymmetry (91%), additional benign lesion (91%), and cyst (82%). Histology revealed epithelial changes of atypia and keratosis. CONCLUSION: Both the severity of dysphonia and the difficulty observing structural malformations of the vocal folds make type III sulcus challenging to preoperatively diagnose. This study reports the clinical and endoscopic features seen within a cohort of patients with type III sulcus.

An Update on Level of Evidence Trends in Facial Plastic Surgery Research.

Background: Knowledge of the quality of evidence in facial plastic surgery research is essential for the implementation of evidence-based practices. The purpose of this study is to provide an update over the past decade as to whether the level of evidence in leading journals featuring topics in facial plastic surgery has changed in comparison with prior reports. Materials and Methods: This study is a systematic review, designed to evaluate the level of evidence observed in the facial plastic surgery literature over time. Five journals were queried using facial plastic surgery keywords for four selected years for a 10-year period. After screening, articles were assessed for the presence of various methodological traits and were evaluated for overall level of evidence. These variables were compared across the years studied to evaluate trends in level of evidence. Results: A total of 826 articles were included for final review. For all selected years, level IV or level V evidence was the most prevalent level of evidence. Over time, significantly less level IV (p = 0.009) and significantly more level II (p = 0.007) evidence was published. The proportion of studies reporting confidence intervals (p < 0.001) and p-values (p = 0.02) were significantly greater in later years. Conclusions: The level of evidence of facial plastic surgery literature has increased over time, as demonstrated by an increased proportion of level II evidence, decreased proportion of level IV evidence, and increased use of p-values and confidence intervals. The absolute number of randomized controlled trials continues to remain low.

Cerebrospinal fluid markers detect Alzheimer's disease in nonamnestic dementia.

INTRODUCTION: The accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for detecting Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology has not been fully validated in autopsied nonamnestic dementias. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated CSF amyloid ß 1-42, phosphorylated-tau, and amyloid-tau index as predictors of Alzheimer pathology in patients with primary progressive aphasia, frontotemporal dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy. RESULTS: Nineteen nonamnestic autopsied cases with relevant CSF values were included. At autopsy, nine had AD and 10 had non-AD pathologies. All six patients whose combined CSF phosphorylated-tau and amyloid ß levels were "consistent with AD" had postmortem Alzheimer pathology. The two patients whose biomarker values were "not consistent with AD" had non-AD pathologies. The CSF values of the remaining eight non-AD cases were in conflicting or borderline ranges. DISCUSSION: CSF biomarkers reliably identified Alzheimer pathology in nonamnestic dementias and may be useful as a screening measure for inclusion of nonamnestic cases into Alzheimer's trials.