Immune microenvironment of cervical cancer and the role of IL-2 in tumor promotion.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a heterogeneous mixture of resident and tumor cells that maintain close communication through their secretion products. The composition of the TME is dynamic and complex among the different types of cancer, where the immune cells play a relevant role in the elimination of tumor cells, however, under certain circumstances they contribute to tumor development. In cervical cancer (CC) the human papilloma virus (HPV) shapes the microenvironment in order to mediate persistent infections that favors transformation and tumor development. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an important TME cytokine that induces CD8+ effector T cells and NKs to eliminate tumor cells, however, IL-2 can also suppress the immune response through Treg cells. Recent studies have shown that CC cells express the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R), that are induced to proliferate at low concentrations of exogenous IL-2 through alterations in the JAK/STAT pathway. This review provides an overview of the main immune cells that make up the TME in CC, as well as the participation of IL-2 in the tumor promotion. Finally, it is proposed that the low density of IL-2 produced by immunocompetent cells is used by tumor cells through its IL-2R as a mechanism to proliferate simultaneously depleting this molecule in order to evade immune response.

Trombosis mesénterica asociada a infección por Sars-Cov-2 / Mesenteric thrombosis associated with Sars-Cov-2 infection

La enfermedad COVID-19 se caracteriza principalmente por manifestaciones clínicas respiratorias, que pueden ser leves hasta muy severas, sin embargo, hay un grupo de pacientes que pueden cursar con eventos tromboembólicos en cualquier parte del cuerpo. Se realizó una búsqueda de información científica en tres bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science, con el objetivo de describir y analizar las potenciales causas de la trombosis mesentérica asociada a la infección por SARS-CoV-2, así como los resultados clínicos, de los pacientes que presentaron y fueron tratados por trombosis mesentérica durante el curso de la enfermedad. Se han reportado diferentes mecanismos fisiopatológicos de eventos tromboembólicos asociados a la COVID-19, dentro de ellos se mencionan el estado de hipercoagulabilidad, una mayor producción de factor Von Willebrand, la expresión de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2 en los enterocitos del intestino delgado, que como respuesta a la infección pueden liberar mediadores inflamatorios y el estado de shock presente en las dos terceras partes de los pacientes críticos. Los pacientes con la COVID-19 y sobre todo aquellos que cursan con estadios graves pueden tener diferentes mecanismos que confluyen o exacerban un estado de hipercoagulación, que puede puede afectar cualquier parte del cuerpo como los vasos mesentéricos y llevar a una isquemia gastrointestinal que comprometa su viabilidad y termine en una resección intestinal por necrosis(AU)

COVID-19 disease is mainly characterized by respiratory clinical manifestations, which can be light to very severe; however, there is a group of patients who can present with thromboembolic events in any part of the body. A search of scientific information in three databases, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, was carried out with the aim of describing and analyzing the potential causes of mesenteric thrombosis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the clinical outcomes of patients who presented and were treated for mesenteric thrombosis during the course of the disease. Different pathophysiological mechanisms of thromboembolic events associated with COVID-19 have been reported, among them the hyper-coagulable state, an increased production of Von Willebrand factor, the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in small intestinal enterocytes, which in response to infection can release inflammatory mediators, and the state of shock present in two thirds of critically ill patients. Patients with COVID-19 and especially those with severe stages may have different mechanisms that converge or exacerbate a state of hyper-coagulation, which can affect any part of the body such as the mesenteric vessels and lead to gastrointestinal ischemia that compromises its viability and ends in intestinal resection due to necrosis(AU)

Promoter trapping in microalgae using the antibiotic paromomycin as selective agent.

The lack of highly active endogenous promoters to drive the expression of transgenes is one of the main drawbacks to achieving efficient transformation of many microalgal species. Using the model chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the paromomycin resistance APHVIII gene from Streptomyces rimosus as a marker, we have demonstrated that random insertion of the promoterless marker gene and subsequent isolation of the most robust transformants allows for the identification of novel strong promoter sequences in microalgae. Digestion of the genomic DNA with an enzyme that has a unique restriction site inside the marker gene and a high number of target sites in the genome of the microalga, followed by inverse PCR, allows for easy determination of the genomic region, which precedes the APHVIII marker gene. In most of the transformants analyzed, the marker gene is inserted in intragenic regions and its expression relies on its adequate insertion in frame with native genes. As an example, one of the new promoters identified was used to direct the expression of the APHVIII marker gene in C. reinhardtii, showing high transformation efficiencies.

Primera experiencia clínica en México con un sello de fibrina / First clinical experience in mexico with the use of fibrin glue

Objetivo. Evaluar un sello de fibrina que consiste en dos componentes biológicos: fibrinógeno humano concentrado y trombina bovina tópica (Thrombogen, Johnson & Johnson, Arlington, TX); se aplican localmente en el transoperatori formando un coágulo estable de fibrina que sirve como sello. Sede. Hospital General Regional. Diseño. Estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, sin grupo control. Material y método. De octubre de 1995 a abril de 1996, se identificaron los pacientes que requerían la aplicación del sello, por: a) Peligro de hemorragia en el postoperatorio, b) Anastomosis intestinales de alto riesgo, c) Tratamiento de fístulas viscerocutáneas, d) Prevención de seromas, e) Fugas aéreas. Resultados. Se trataron 24 pacientes divididos en grupos, sumando 26 casos. Grupo A (n=12): Cirugías cardiacas 3, lecho cruento intraabdominal 1, trauma hepático 1, Sugiura torácico 1, hepatoyeyunostomía 1, coartación aórtica 1, cistectomía 1, fístulas A-V (hemodiálisis) 1, trasplante renal 1, y nefrolitotomía 1. Grupo B (n=4): fístula enterocutánea 1, perforación esofágica 1, hepatoyeyunostomía 1 y Sugiura 1. Grupo C (n=3): fístula enterocutánea 1 y fístula broncocutánea 1, que cerraron sin cirugía, fístula salival 1. Grupo D (n=5): quiste tiroideo gigante 1, abdominoplastías 3, y resección de endometriosis de pared abdominal 1. Grupo E (n=2), lobectomía por tuberculosis 1 y decorticación con áreas de fuga aérea 1. No hubo resultados adversos y sólo en un caso no se obtuvo el efecto deseado (fístula salival). Conclusiones. Aunque nuestra serie es pequeña y se requieren de ensayos clínicos controlados, los beneficios iniciales son muy aparentes, sobre todo cuando la cirugía correctora del defecto pudo evitarse. El sello de fibrina es un recurso útil que debe tenerse a la mano en todos los quirófanos para usarse en pacientes seleccionados con factores de riesgo para desarrollar complicaciones como las mencionamos