Exploring Synthesis and Chemotherapeutic Potential of Thiosemicarbazide Analogs.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. Researchers are continually finding new and more effective medications to battle the diseases. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to identify the emerging role of Thiosemicarbazide analogs for different types of cancer targets with a glance at different novel synthetic routes reported for their synthesis. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted from various sources over the last 15 years with the inclusion of published research and review articles that involves the synthesis and use of thiosemicarbazide analogs for different targets of cancer. Data from the literature review for synthesis and anticancer potential for specific targets for cancer studies of thiosemicarbazide analogs are summarized in the paper. RESULTS: There are several emerging studies for new synthetic routes of thiosemicarbazide derivatives with their role in various types of cancers. The main limitation is the lack of clinical trial of the key findings for the emergence of new anticancer medication with thiosemicarbazide moiety. CONCLUSION: Emerging therapies exist for use of a limited number of medications for the treatment of cancer; results of the ongoing studies will provide more robust evidence in the future.

In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches for Screening the Potential of Anticancer Agents: A Review.

BACKGROUND: Anticancer drug development is a tedious process, requiring several in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. In order to avoid chemical toxicity in animals during an experiment, it is necessary to envisage toxic doses of screened drugs in vivo at different concentrations. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have been reported to discover the management of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study focused on bringing together a wide range of in vivo and in vitro assay methods developed to evaluate each hallmark feature of cancer. RESULT: This review provides detailed information on target-based and cell-based screening of new anticancer drugs in the molecular targeting period. This would help in inciting an alteration from the preclinical screening of pragmatic compound-orientated to target-orientated drug selection. CONCLUSION: Selection methodologies for finding anticancer activity have importance for tumor- specific agents. In this study, advanced rationalization of the cell-based assay is explored along with broad applications of the cell-based methodologies considering other opportunities.

Differences in Disrupted Dynamic Functional Network Connectivity Among Children, Adolescents, and Adults With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Resting-State fMRI Study.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most widespread mental disorders and often persists from childhood to adulthood, and its symptoms vary with age. In this study, we aim to determine the disrupted dynamic functional network connectivity differences in adult, adolescent, and child ADHD using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data consisting of 35 children (8.64 ± 0.81 years), 40 adolescents (14.11 ± 1.83 years), and 39 adults (31.59 ± 10.13 years). We hypothesized that functional connectivity is time-varying and that there are within- and between-network connectivity differences among the three age groups. Nine functional networks were identified using group ICA, and three FC-states were recognized based on their dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) pattern. Fraction of time, mean dwell time, transition probability, degree-in, and degree-out were calculated to measure the state dynamics. Higher-order networks including the DMN, SN, and FPN, and lower-order networks comprising the SMN, VN, SC, and AUD were frequently distributed across all states and were found to show connectivity differences among the three age groups. Our findings imply abnormal dynamic interactions and dysconnectivity associated with different ADHD, and these abnormalities differ between the three ADHD age groups. Given the dFNC differences between the three groups in the current study, our work further provides new insights into the mechanism subserved by age difference in the pathophysiology of ADHD and may set the grounds for future case-control studies in the individual age groups, as well as serving as a guide in the development of treatment strategies to target these specific networks in each age group.