Evaluación de la actividad anti-inflamatoria de propóleos chileno sobre cortes histológicos de orejas de ratón / Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of Chilean propolis on histological sections of mouse ears

RESUMEN: El propóleos es un producto resinoso complejo producido por las abejas Apis mellifera, el cual posee diversas actividades biológicas como inmunomodulador, antiinflamatorio, anticancerígeno, antiviral, antibacteriano, antioxidante, entre otros. El propósito del siguiente estudio fue realizar una evaluación in vivo de las propiedades antiinflamatorias de un extracto de propóleos chileno, sobre el modelo de edema auricular inducido por 13-acetato-12-O-tetradecanoilforbol (TPA) en pabellón auricular de ratón, para posterior evaluación y análisis histológico. El extracto de propóleos chileno (EEP) utilizado se obtuvo a partir de un macerado etanólico, rotaevaporado y liofilizado. Se observó que el EEP disminuyó el edema y el infiltrado inflamatorio de forma significativa. Estos resultados sugieren que el extracto etanólico de propóleos chileno posee potenciales efectos antiinflamatorios o moduladores del sistema inmunológico en edema auricular.

SUMMARY: Propolis is a complex resinous product produced by bees Apis mellifera, which has a number of biological activities such as an immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, among others. The purpose of the following study was to perform an in vivo evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of a Chilean propolis extract, on the model of atrial edema induced 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13- acetate (TPA) in the mouse auricular pavilion, for later evaluation and histological analysis. The Chilean propolis extract (EPP) used was obtained from an ethanolic, rotaevaporated and lyophilized macerate. It was observed that the EPP significantly decreased edema and inflammatory infiltrate. These results suggest that the ethanolic extract of Chilean propolis possesses potential anti-inflammatory or modulatory effects of the immune system in atrial edema.

Skin cancer prevention campaign in childhood: survey based on 3676 children in Brazil.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Primary skin cancer prevention campaigns are essential and more effective among children, not only because of the importance of sun exposure effects during this period, but also because this age is when individuals are developing behaviours. The Brazilian Society of Dermatology - Regional State of Sao Paulo developed and conducted the programme named 'The Sun, Friend of Childhood', a school health education and disease prevention project for children and parents. Our objective was to evaluate the cognitive and behavioural effects of the children and parents before and after an education model-based intervention of sun protection. METHODS: We carried out a study on a school population of Social Service of Industry - Regional State of São Paulo, from the first to the fifth years of the regular course (6-10 years). Our educational project was planned to be based on two children's learning tools (comic magazine and a DVD cartoon). Questionnaires in relation to habits and knowledge in sun exposure were applied to the children (3776) before and (2748) after the intervention. A questionnaire was applied to 3663 parents regarding personal details and habits of their children. RESULTS: According to the McNemar's statistical test, all changes in the children in acquiring new knowledge about good practices for sun exposure were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Educative sun exposure programmes in childhood are a relevant tool to modify the history of life for next generations, to concern the skin cancer and good health practices.

1, 25-dihidroxivitamina-D 3 sobre as características ósseas de frangos de corte fêmeas / 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 over bony characteristics of female broilers

Objetivou-se avaliar as características dos tibiotarsos de frangos de corte fêmeas. As variáveis analisadas foram os pesos in natura, secos e desengordurados, o comprimento, os diâmetros, a resistência óssea, o índice de Seedor (IS), os percentuais de proteínas colagenosas (PC), as proteínas não colagenosas (PNC), os minerais (cálcio, fósforo, potássio e sódio) e as cinzas. Foram utilizadas 648 aves, da marca comercial Cobb®, em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e seis repetições, com 18 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram na suplementação de 0,00; 0,50; 1,00; 1,50; 2,00 e 2,50 µg de 1,25-dihidroxivitamina-D3 (1,25(OH)2D3)/kg de ração. Aos 21 e 35 dias de idade, as aves foram pesadas e uma ave por unidade experimental (UE) com o peso médio da UE foi eutanasiada para a obtenção dos tibiotarsos e subsequente análise dos parâmetros ósseos. As variáveis métricas, bem como a composição orgânica (PC), a densidade (IS) e a resistência à quebra dos ossos das aves, não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. No recebimento de 2,50 µg de 1,25(OH)2D3/kg de ração, observou-se maior retenção mineral (cinzas) nos ossos das aves aos 35 dias de idade.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of tibiotarsus of female broilers. The variables analyzed were the weights in natura, dry and degreased, length, diameter, bone strength, Seedor index, percentage of collagenous protein (CP), non-collagenous proteins (NCP), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium), and ash. Six hundred forty-eight, Cobb® birds were used, a design of randomized blocks with six treatments and six replicates of 18 birds each. The treatments consisted of supplementation of 0.00; 0.50; 1.00; 1.50; 2.00 to 2.50 µg of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 (1,25(OH)2D3)/kg of ration. At 21 and 35 days of age the birds were weighed and a unit/experimental unit (EU) with the EU average weight was euthanized to obtain the tibiotarsos and subsequent analysis of the bone parameters. The metric variables, as well as the organic composition (CP), density (IS) and resistance to breakage of the bones of the birds were not affected by treatments. Upon reception of 2.50 µg of 1,25(OH)2D3/kg ration, there was a higher mineral retention (ashes) in the bones of female broilers at 35 days of age.(AU)

Avaliação de níveis de glicina+serina em dietas de frangos de corte com reduzido teor de proteína bruta / Evaluation of glycine+serine levels in low crude protein diets for broiler chickens

O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de glicina+serina (gli+ser) total em dietas de baixa proteína bruta (PB) sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça de frangos de corte de um a 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 750 aves, distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, cinco repetições e 30 aves por unidade experimental. As dietas utilizadas continham 190g/kg de PB e níveis de gli+ser de 16,7; 19,2; 21,7 e 24,2g/kg; a dieta controle continha 230g/kg de PB. Avaliaram-se os efeitos dos níveis de glicina+serina sobre o desempenho e composição de carcaça. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e os resultados obtidos com as dietas de baixos níveis proteicos com diferentes níveis de gli+ser foram comparados à dieta controle pelo teste de Dunnett. Os níveis de gli+ser apresentaram efeito linear sobre a conversão alimentar, ganho de peso e peso aos 21 dias, sendo o nível de 24,2g/kg de gli+ser com resultado semelhante à dieta controle. A redução proteica aumentou o conteúdo de extrato etéreo na carcaça.(AU)

A completely randomized experimental design was carried out to evaluate the effects of total gly+ser levels in low crude protein diets on performance and body composition of male broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age. Seven hundred and fifty broiler chickens were used in each one of the production phases. The birds were randomly allotted to five treatments and five replicates. The diets contained 190g/kg crude protein (CP) and total gly+ser levels of 16.7; 19.2; 21.7 and 24.2g/kg; and a control diet with 230 g/kg CP. The effect of glycine+serine levels on performance and body composition was evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the results obtained with the diets of low crude protein levels with different levels of Gly + Ser were compared to the control diet by Dunnett's test. The gly+ser levels improved the feed linearly: weight gain ratio; weight gain and final weight. The broilers fed 24.2g/kg gly+ser diet showed a performance similar to broilers fed control diets. The carcass fat increased with CP reduction.(AU)

Distribución de receptores de estrógenos beta en el ovario de ovejas prepúberes / Beta estrogen receptors distribution in the ovary of ewe lambs

Las hormonas esteroidales tienen un papel esencial en la fisiología reproductiva, actúan en el ovario estableciendo comunicación entre este y la glándula hipofisiaria y también en forma paracrina como reguladores locales. Se ha descrito expresión de receptores de estrógeno a nivel de ovarios fetales, neonatales y adulto, siendo necesario determinar cuales son los tipos celulares que expresan estos receptores. El ovario ovino es estereogénico activo desde la etapa fetal y por lo tanto los esteroides desempeñan un importante papel en el desarrollo gonadal. La regulación del crecimiento folicular está relacionado a varios factores por un lado la secreción de gonadotropinas por la hipófisis interviene durante el desarrollo folicular tardío, existiendo evidencias de una acción intra-ovárica directa de los estrógenos, en la regulación del crecimiento folicular temprano. Nuestro objetivo fue, evaluar la expresión y distribución de receptores de estrógeno b en las distintas poblaciones celulares del ovario de la oveja prepúber.

Steroid hormones play an essential role in reproductive physiology, acting in the ovary establishing communication between it and the pituitary gland as well as local paracrine regulators. Described estrogen receptor expression level fetal, neonatal and adult ovaries, which are necessary to determine the cell types that express these receptors. Sheep ovarian stereogenic is active from the fetal stage and therefore steroids play an important role in gonadal development. The regulation of follicle growth is related to several factors on the one hand the secretion of gonadotropins by the pituitary follicular development occurring during late, there was evidence of a direct intra-ovarian estrogen action in the early follicular growth regulation. Our objective was to evaluate the expression and distribution of estrogen receptor b in different cell populations of the ovary of prepubertal sheep.

Atopy patch test with Aleuroglyphus ovatus antigen in patients with atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Epicutaneous test made with dust mite antigens. OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the response of the epicutaneous test with Aleuroglyphus ovatus antigen in atopic patients. METHODS: We patch tested 119 individuals, 48 with atopic dermatitis, 50 with respiratory allergy and 21 healthy controls. We compare the positive response frequency to a closed patch test using Aleuroglyphus ovatus antigen in different concentrations and 48 and 96h reading times among those individuals. RESULTS: Six patients with atopic dermatitis (12.5%) and 4 with respiratory atopy (8.0%) had positive reactions. None of the non-atopic controls had a positive response. As the antigen concentration raised, the number of positive reactions to epicutaneous test raised as well. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest a positive relation between Atopy Patch Test positive responses and Aleuroglyphus ovatus antigen concentration, no matter the kind of the atopic clinical expression.

Itraconazole vs. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: A comparative cohort study of 200 patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis endemic to Latin America. Brazil accounts for approximately 80% of cases, where it represents a major public health issue due to its disabling impact and the number of premature deaths it causes. We present a retrospective cohort study that was conducted in order to better understand factors that relate to cure of the infection in the treatment of 200 patients with PCM. We evaluated the influence of sociodemographic and clinical factors as well as therapeutic regimen (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [TMP-SMX] and itraconazole) on the progress of PCM (cure and noncure). There was a higher incidence of cure (83%) among patients who regularly received treatment for their infections and completed the treatment protocol. Moreover, itraconazole (86.4%) was significantly superior to TMP-SMX (51.3%) in terms of cure rate and had a median treatment period that was significantly shorter (12 months) than that for TMP-SMX (23 months). A Cox proportional hazard regression model showed that use of itraconazole increased the hazard of cure, regardless of sex, age, education, clinical form, completion of treatment, and regularity. Although the results of this study show that itraconazole was the best treatment option for PCM patients, a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial is necessary to confirm this conclusion.

Suplemento de 1, 25 dihidroxicolecalciferol e redução de cálcio e fósforo disponível para frangos de corte / Supplement of 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and reduction of calcium and available phosphorus in broiler chickens

Avaliaram-se o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça e cortes nobres de frangos de corte machos com suplemento nas rações de 1,25 dihidroxicolecalciferol e redução de cálcio e fósforo disponível. Foi utilizado um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos: 0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0 e 5,0µg de vitamina D3 ativa/kg de ração, e seis repetições com 17 aves cada. Aos 8 e 42 dias de idade cada unidade experimental foi pesada para avaliação do desempenho. Posteriormente, quatro aves/repetição foram retiradas e abatidas para mensuração do rendimento de carcaça e de cortes nobres. A inclusão da vitamina D3 ativa influenciou positivamente (P<0,05) o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar com as suplementações de 1,0 e 2,0µg/kg. O consumo de ração não apresentou diferença significativa para os níveis estudados. O rendimento de carcaça e de cortes nobres de frangos de corte machos aos 42 dias não foram influenciados pelo suplemento de 1,25 dihidroxicolecalciferol e redução de cálcio e fósforo disponível nas rações. Recomenda-se o fornecimento suplementar de 1,0 a 2,0µg/kg de vitamina D3 ativa nas rações para frangos de corte machos de 8 a 42 dias de idade.

There were evaluated the performance, the carcass yield and noble cuts yield of broilers with supplement of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and reduction of calcium and available phosphorus. It was used a randomized block design, with six treatments: 0.0; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0 and 5.0µg of active vitamin D3/kg of ration, and six repetitions with 17 birds each. At 8 and 42 days of age each experimental unit was weighted in order to evaluated the performance. Later, four broilers/repetition were removed and slaughtered in order to measure the carcass and noble cuts yield. The inclusion of active vitamin D3 influenced positively (P<0.05) the weight gain and the feed conversion at the supplementations of 1.0 and 2.0µg/kg. The feed intake wasn't significative among the studied levels. The carcass and noble cuts of male broilers at 42 days were not influenced by supplement of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and reduction of calcium and available phosphorus in rations. It is recommended to provide additional of 1.0 up to 2.0µg/kg of active vitamin D3 in rations for male broilers from 8 to 42 days of age.

Dermal dendrocytes FXIIIA+ phagocytizing extruded mast cell granules in drug-induced acute urticaria.

BACKGROUND: Few authors have been attempting between mast cells and dermal dendrocytes interactions on urticaria. OBJECTIVE: To describe the extruded mast cell granules and dermal dendrocytes in drug-induced acute urticaria. METHODS: Seven patients with drug-induced acute urticaria were enrolled in the study. We token skin biopsies of urticaria lesion and perilesional skin. The 14 fragments collected were processed to immunogold electron microscopy using single stains to tryptase and FXIIIa, besides double immunogold labeling with both. RESULTS: Some sections demonstrated mast cells in degranulation process, both in anaphylactic and piecemeal degranulation types. After double immunogold staining, 10 nm (FXIIIa) and 15 nm (Tryptase) gold particles were present together over the granules in mast cells indicating that tryptase and FXIIIa are each localized within the granules of these cells. Interestingly, we found a strong evidence of than the exocytosed mast cell granules contents both FXIIIa and tryptase immunolabeled are phagocytized by dermal dendrocytes. CONCLUSIONS: The current observations provide morphological evidence that the exocytosis-phagocytosis mechanisms of mast cell granules represents one pathophysiological example of mast cells-dermal dendrocytes interactions in urticaria.

Detección inmunohistoquímica del receptor de estrógeno en el endometrio de ovejas de alta prolificidad y de prolificidad estándar / Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen receptor in the endometrium of sheep high prolificacy and standard prolificacy

Uno de los factores que incide en la capacidad reproductiva de los ovinos es la presencia de receptores de estrógeno en el tracto genital, donde regulan la expresión de numerosos genes comprometidos en su desarrollo morfológico y funcional. Posiblemente el desempeño reproductivo de diferentes razas de ovejas podría estar determinado por la expresión diferencial de estos receptores. En el presente estudio, se evaluó comparativamente el nivel de expresión del receptor de estrógeno en tejido endometrial de ovejas prepúberes de alta prolificidad (raza Texel) y de prolificidad estándar (raza Araucana) mediante análisis inmunohistoquímico. Se concluye que el nivel de expresión del receptor de estrógeno en tejido estromal, epitelial, de revestimiento y glandular del endometrio de ovejas de raza Texel es significativamente mayor que en ovejas de raza Araucana. Esta diferencia en el nivel de expresión de estos receptores podría estar relacionado con la diferencia de prolificidad entre estas razas...

A factor that affects the reproductive capacity of sheep is the presence of estrogen receptors in the genital tract, where they regulate the expression of numerous genes involved in morphological and functional development. Possibly the reproductive performance of different breeds of sheep could be determined by the differential expression of these receptors. In the present study, we evaluated comparatively level of estrogen receptor expression in endometrial tissue ewe lambs high prolificacy (Texel) and standard prolificacy (Araucana) by immunohistochemical analysis. It is concluded that the level of estrogen receptor expression in stromal tissue, epithelial lining and endometrial glandular Texel Sheep is of greater intensity than in ewes Araucana, this difference in the expression level of these receptors could be related to the increased prolificacy of Texel breed...

Factors associated with epidemic multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a hospital with AIDS-predominant admissions.

INTRODUCTION: Infections caused by multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MR-PA) have been associated with persistent infections and high mortality in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Therefore, understanding the predisposing factors for infection/colonization by this agent is critical for controlling outbreaks caused by MR-PA in settings with AIDS patients. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: To analyze the presence of factors associated with the acquisition of an epidemic MR-PA strain in a hospital with AIDS-predominant admission. A case-control study was carried out in which cases and controls were gathered from a prospective cohort of all hospitalized patients in an infectious disease hospital during a five-year study period. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that enteral nutrition OR = 14.9), parenteral nutrition (OR = 10.7), and use of ciprofloxacin (OR = 8.9) were associated with a significant and independent risk for MR-PA acquisition. CONCLUSIONS: Although cross-colonization was likely responsible for the outbreaks, the use of ciprofloxacin was also an important factor associated with the acquisition of an epidemic MR-PA strain. More studies are necessary to determine whether different types of nutrition could lead to modification of gastrointestinal flora, thereby increasing the risk for infection/colonization by MR-PA in this population.

Teor de metionina + cistina total para codornas de corte do grupo genético EV2 durante o período de crescimento / Total methionine + cystine diet content for EV2 strain of European quail during the growing period

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes porcentagens de inclusão de metionina + cistina sobre o desempenho de codornas de corte durante as fases inicial - nascimento ao 21º dia - e total de criação - nascimento a 35º dia de idade. Foram utilizadas 288 codornas, de ambos os sexos, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis porcentagens de inclusão de metionina + cistina total, 0,73; 0,79; 0,85; 0,91; 0,97 e 1,03%, quatro repetições e 12 aves por unidade experimental. As variáveis avaliadas foram peso corporal, ganho de peso, consumo e conversão alimentar do nascimento ao 21º dia e do nascimento ao 35º dia de idade. Verificou-se efeito quadrático da inclusão do nascimento ao 21º dia de idade para todas as características avaliadas, observando melhor desempenho com 0,97% de metionina + cistina para peso corporal e ganho de peso, e 0,96% para consumo e conversão alimentar. Houve efeito quadrático da adição nível de metionina + cistina do nascimento ao 35º dia de idade para peso corporal, ganho de peso e consumo alimentar, com melhor desempenho com 0,95; 0,95 e 0,96%, respectivamente. A exigência de metionina + cistina para máximo ganho de peso na fase inicial foi de 0,97%, e para fase total de criação 0,95%.

The effect of total methionine + cystine on performance of European quail EV2 strain during two phases of the growth period (from hatch to 21 days and from hatch to 35 days of age) were evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design, with six levels of methinine + cystine (.73; .79; .85; .91; .97 and 1.03), four replicates and 12 quails per experimental unit. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed:weight gain ratio were recorded from hatch to 21 days and from hatch to 35 days of age. The quadratic effect of methionine + cystine was observed for all traits measured from hatch to 21 days of age. Highest body weight and weight gain were estimated for quails fed .95% methionine + cystine diets, while better feed intake and feed:weight gain ratio were estimated for those fed .96% diets. The quadratic effects of methionine + cystine levels on body weight, weight gain and feed intake were also observed from hatch to 35 days of age, with estimated highest performance for quails fed .95%; .95%;and .96% diets, respectively. Methionine + cystine requirement for EV2 strain is .97% from hatch to 21 days of age and .97% from hatch to 35 days of age.

Factors associated with epidemic multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a hospital with AIDS-predominant admissions

INTRODUCTION: Infections caused by multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MR-PA) have been associated with persistent infections and high mortality in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Therefore, understanding the predisposing factors for infection/colonization by this agent is critical for controlling outbreaks caused by MR-PA in settings with AIDS patients. OBJECTIVEAND METHODS: To analyze the presence of factors associated with the acquisition of an epidemic MR-PA strain in a hospital with AIDS-predominant admission. A case-control study was carried out in which cases and controls were gathered from a prospective cohort of all hospitalized patients in an infectious disease hospital during a five-year study period. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that enteral nutrition OR = 14.9), parenteral nutrition (OR = 10.7), and use of ciprofloxacin (OR = 8.9) were associated with a significant and independent risk for MR-PA acquisition. CONCLUSIONS: Although cross-colonization was likely responsible for the outbreaks, the use of ciprofloxacin was also an important factor associated with the acquisition of an epidemic MR-PA strain. More studies are necessary to determine whether different types of nutrition could lead to modification of gastrointestinal flora, thereby increasing the risk for infection/colonization by MR-PA in this population.

Expresión de receptores de estrógenos y progesterona en el tracto genital de ovejas raza Texel / Expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the genital tract of Texel ewes

El comportamiento reproductivo de los ovinos varía entre las diferentes razas. Dentro de los factores que inciden en la capacidad reproductiva, el nivel de expresión de receptores de estrógenos y progesterona en su tracto genital parece tener un rol relevante. En el endometrio, oviducto y ovario los estrógenos y progesterona, regulan la expresión de numerosas proteínas comprometidas en su desarrollo morfofuncional. Factores genéticos como la raza estarian relacionados con los niveles de expresión de estos receptores. Las ovejas de raza Texel tienen elevados índices de fertilidad, son muy prolíficas y presentan un alto porcentaje de gestación múltiple lo cual podría tener relación con la expresión de estos receptores en el tracto reproductivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la expresión de receptores de estrógenos y progesterona en tracto genital de ovejas de raza Texel de alta prolificidad. La expresión de la proteína receptora de ambos receptores se detectó mediante análisis inmunohistoquímico y el nivel de expresión de los transcritos por RT-PCR en Tiempo Real Cuantitativo. Los resultados muestran expresión inmunohistoquímica del receptor de estrógeno principalmente en zonas glandulares y carunculares del endometrio. Se destaca además una menor expresión de ambos receptores en ovario, epitelio del oviducto y cervix. La expresión del receptor de progesterona a nivel inmunohistoquímico es bastante menor en cuanto a la señal destacándose marcas débiles en endometrio y ovarios. El nivel de expresión de los transcritos mantiene la misma distribución que las señales inmunohistoquimicas para ambos receptores. Concluimos que ambos receptores son expresados en el sistema reproductivo de ovejas de raza Texel en una distribución similar a lo encontrado en otras razas de ovejas quedando por definir si los niveles de expresión son similares en las distintas razas.

Reproductive performance of sheep varies between different races. Among the factors that affect the reproductive capacity, the level of expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the genital tract appears to have a relevant role. In the endometrium, oviduct and ovarian estrogen and progesterone regulate the expression of numerous proteins involved in morphofunctional development. Genetic factors such as race would be related to expression levels of these receptors. The Texel ewes have high fertility rates, are very prolific and have a high percentage of multiple births which could be related to the expression of these receptors in the reproductive tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the genital tract of ewes and Texel high prolificacy. The expression of the receptor protein of both receptors was detected by immunohistochemistry and the level of expression of the transcripts by Quantitative RT-PCR Real-Time. The results showed immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor mainly in areas of glandular and caruncular endometrium. It also highlights a lower expression of both receptors in ovarian tissue, epithelium of the oviduct and cervix. Expression of progesterone receptor immunohistochemical level is much lower with weaker signal in endometrium and ovaries. The expression level of transcripts remains the same distribution as immunohistochemical signals for both receptors. We conclude that both receptors are expressed in the reproductive system Texel ewes in a distribution similar to that found in other breeds of sheep, must be defined if the levels of expression are similar in different races.

Teores de glicina+ serina total em dietas de baixa proteína bruta para de frangos de corte de 22 a 35 dias de idade / Total glycine+serine level in low crude protein diets of broiler chickens from 22 to 35 days of age

O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes teores de glicina + serina (gli+ser) total em dietas de baixa proteína bruta (PB) sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte de 22 a 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 750 aves distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, cinco repetições e 30 aves por unidade experimental. As aves foram alimentadas até os 21 dias com uma dieta comum de acordo com as exigências. A partir do 21º dia, as dietas utilizadas continham 17 por cento de PB e níveis de gli+ser de 1,50; 1,75; 2,00 e 2,25 por cento; a dieta-controle continha 21 por cento de PB. O teor de gli+ser teve efeito linear sobre a conversão alimentar e não sobre as demais variáveis de desempenho. Não houve efeito de tratamento sobre os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes. Houve efeito linear decrescente do teor de gli+ser sobre a matéria seca da carcaça.

A completely randomized experimental design was carried out to evaluate the effects of total glycine+serine (gly+ser) levels in low crude protein (CP) diets on performance and body composition of male broiler from 22 to 35 days of age (growing phase). A total of 750 broilers were randomly allotted to five treatments and five replicates of 30 chickens per replication. The birds were fed from 1 to 21 days of age, a common diet formulated to meet bird requirements in all nutrients. From 21 days the diets contained 17 percent CP and gly+ser levels of 1.50; 1.75; 2.00 and 2.25 percent; and a control diet with 21 percentCP. The gly+ser levels showed linear effect on feed: weight gain ratio during the growing phase. There was no effect of gly+ser level on carcass or main carcass part yields. Increasing levels of gly+ser decreased linearly the carcass dry matter content.

Determinação da energia metabolizável e balanço de nitrogênio de dietas com diferentes teores de proteína bruta para frangos de corte / Nitrogen balance and metabolizable energy determination of diets with different crude protein levels for broiler chickens

Realizou-se um ensaio de metabolismo para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de proteína bruta (PB) sobre a digestibilidade de nutrientes e energia de dietas para frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 160 frangos de corte de linhagem comercial, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos - teor de PB - e quatro repetições com 10 aves por unidade experimental. As aves foram alojadas em gaiolas metálicas. A coleta de excretas foi feita nas aves dos 25 aos 29 dias de idade. Os teores de PB utilizados foram 21, 19, 17 e 15 por cento. A redução do teor de PB melhorou linearmente a digestibilidade da MS e da energia metabolizável (EB). A digestibilidade da PB foi influenciada quadraticamente pelos níveis de PB da dieta, sendo o nível de 15,3 por cento de PB o que proporcionou melhor digestibilidade da PB. Houve diminuição linear do consumo e excreção de nitrogênio com a redução proteica. O nitrogênio retido e a eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio apresentaram melhor resultado nos teores de 18,3 e 15,3 por cento, respectivamente. Não houve efeito do teor de PB sobre a energia metabolizável aparente e sobre a energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio.

A metabolism trial was carried out in metabolic cages in a completely randomized experimental design to evaluate the effect of CP reduction on nutrients and energy digestibility in the diets of broiler chickens. A hundred sixty male broiler chickens were randomly allotted to four treatments (CP levels) and four replicates of 10 birds each. The crude protein levels used in the diets were 21, 19, 17 and 15. The total excreta was colleted and recorded from 25 to 29 days of age. The CP reduction improved dry matter and energy digestibility linearly. A quadratic effect of the CP level on CP digestibility was observed. The maximum digestibility was estimated for broilers fed 15.3 percent CP diets. The nitrogen intake and excretion decreased linearly with the CP reduction. The maximum retained nitrogen and nitrogen efficiency utilization were estimated for broilers fed 18.3 and 15.3 percent CP diets, respectively. No effect of CP levels on ME was observed.

Ácido fumárico e sua combinação com ácido lático ou propionato de cálcio em dietas de leitões recém-desmamados / Fumaric acid associated with lactic acid or calcium propionate for weaning piglet diets

Avaliou-se o efeito da adição dos ácidos fumárico, lático e propionato de cálcio ou suas combinações sobre o desempenho, pH estomacal, pH duodenal, morfologia e morfometria do intestino delgado de leitões desmamados aos 15 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 180 leitões, 90 machos castrados e 90 fêmeas, com média de peso inicial de 4,78±1,19kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Utilizaram-se cinco tratamentos: T1 - ração controle (RC); T2 - RC + 0,5 por cento de ácido fumárico; T3 - RC + 0,5 por cento de ácido fumárico + 1,0 por cento de propionato de cálcio; T4 - RC + 0,5 por cento de ácido fumárico + 1,0 por cento de ácido lático; T5 - RC + 0,5 por cento de ácido fumárico + 0,5 por cento de propionato de cálcio + 0,5 por cento de ácido lático, com seis repetições e seis animais por unidade experimental. Não houve influência (P>0,05) dos tratamentos sobre o ganho de peso diário (GPD), consumo de dieta diário (CRD) e conversão alimentar (CA). Quanto ao epitélio intestinal, não houve diferenças (P>0,05) entre tratamentos em relação à altura do epitélio do duodeno, jejuno e íleo. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos (P>0,05) sobre o pH do estômago e do jejuno. A inclusão do ácido fumárico não influenciou o desempenho dos leitões.

This assay was carried out to evaluate the effect of fumaric acid; latic acid and calcium propionate on the performance and morphological and morphometric characteristics of small intestine in weaning piglets. A total of 180 weaning piglets were used (90 males and 90 females) with 15 days of age and an initial weight of 4.78 1.1 kg, distributed in a completely randomized block designed with five treatments: T1 - Control ration (CR); T2 - CR + 0.5 percentfumaric acid; T3 - CR + 0.5 percent fumaric acid + 1.0 percent calcium propionate; T4 - CR + 0.5 percent fumaric acid +1.0 percent lactic acid; T5 - CR + 0.5 percent fumaric acid + 0.5 percent calcium propionate + 0.5 percent lactic acid , six replicates of six animals. The performance, morphological and morphometric characteristics of small intestine were evaluated. Daily weight gain, daily feed intake, weight gain: feed intake ratio was not affected by treatments. Significant differences between treatments were not observed for intestinal epithelium height of duodenum, jejunum and ileum (P>0.05). No significant differences between treatments were observed (P<0.05) for the pH of stomach and jejunum. No effect of fumaric acid on piglets performance was observed.

Efeito da ractopamina e de métodos de formulação de ração sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de leitoas em terminação / Effect of ractopamine and methods of diet formulation on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing gilts

Avaliou-se o efeito da ractopamina e de diferentes métodos de formulação de dietas sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de leitoas em terminação. Foram utilizadas 60 leitoas, híbridas comerciais, distribuídas em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x3, sendo dois níveis de ractopamina e três métodos de formulação de dietas. Houve interação de métodos de formulação versus ractopamina para ganho de peso diário, peso corporal, conversão alimentar e taxa de deposição de carne magra (TDCM) na avaliação de carcaça in vivo por ultrassom. A dieta formulada com alta proteína bruta proporcionou maior consumo de dieta (CRD), de lisina (CLD), ganho de peso diário (GPD) e peso corporal final. A suplementação de ractopamina não influenciou o CRD e o CLD, entretanto aumentou o GPD. O método de formulação da dieta não influenciou as características de carcaça aos 28 dias, enquanto a suplementação de ractopamina reduziu a espessura de toucinho, aumentou a profundidade de lombo e o rendimento de carne magra. A dieta formulada com alta proteína bruta proporcionou melhores resultados de desempenho e taxa de deposição de carne magra na carcaça de leitoas em terminação, suplementadas com ractopamina.

The effect of ractopamine supplementation and feed formulation methods was evaluated on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing gilts. Sixty animals were allotted in a completely randomized block experimental design, in a 2x3 factorial scheme - ractopamine (0 and 5ppm) X three feed formulation methods. Interactions between feed formulation method and ractopamine for daily weight gain (DWG), body weight, feed:gain (DFG), and lean carcass meat deposition (LCMD) were by in vivo carcass evaluation using ultrasound observed. Daily feed intake (DFI), lysine intake (DLI), DWG, and final body weight were higher for diets with high protein level. Ractopamine supplementation did not affect feed intake, and lysine intake, but increased daily weight gain. Feed formulation method affected carcass characteristics recorded at 28 days, while ractopamine supplementation reduced backfat thickness, increased muscle depth, and lean carcass proportion of the gilts. Ractopamine improved performance and carcass characteristics of finishing gilts and feed formulation methods affected performance and carcass characteristics. Better performance and higher lean carcass deposition were observed for finishing gilts fed high protein level diets supplemented with ractopamine.

Efeito da redução da proteína bruta e da suplementação de aminoácidos para suínos machos castrados, dos 70 aos 100kg / Reduction of crude protein and supplementation of amino acids for barrows from 70 to 100kg

Estudou-se o efeito da redução da proteína bruta (PB) e da suplementação de aminoácidos em dietas para suínos, dos 70 aos 100kg. Foram utilizados 48 suínos machos, castrados, híbridos comerciais, com o peso inicial de 70,12±1,56kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro níveis de proteína bruta na dieta, 17,95; 16,45; 14,95; 13,45, seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Não foi observado efeito dos tratamentos sobre o ganho de peso diário e sobre o consumo de dieta diário. Houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de PB sobre a conversão alimentar, que melhorou até o nível estimado de 15,7 por cento de proteína bruta. Não houve influência dos níveis de PB sobre a espessura de toucinho e sobre o rendimento de carne magra. Conclui-se que a redução da proteína bruta na dieta de até 4,5 pontos percentuais, com suplementação de aminoácidos, para suínos na fase de terminação, não influi no consumo de dieta diário, no ganho de peso diário e nas características de carcaça. Melhor conversão alimentar foi estimada para suínos alimentados com dietas contendo 15,7 por cento de proteína bruta.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of crude protein (CP) reduction level of diet with amino acid supplementation on performance of barrows. A total of 48 crossbred barrows, with average initial weight of 70.12±1.56kg were used. The animals were allotted in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments, 17.95; 16.45; 14.95; 13.45 percentCP, six replicates and two animals per experimental unit. The barrows were fed ad libitum during the experiment. No effect of decreasing dietary CP level on feed intake and weight gain was observed. There was a quadratic effect of the CP levels on feed:gain ratio with minimum estimated value for barrows fed 15,70 percent CP diet. There was no effect of CP levels on backfat thickness and lean meat. Reducing CP level from 17.95 to 13.45 percent in barrows diet with amino acids supplementation has no harmful effect on the performance and carcass characteristics.

Estudio de la expresión de los receptores de progesterona y estrógeno en el endometrio de ovejas alimentadas con dieta normal y dieta suplementada / Study of the expression of progesterone receptors in the endometrium of ewes with normal and supplementary diet

La influencia de la nutrición sobre la reproducción en ovinos es compleja y los resultados observados son variables. Planes nutricionales bajos pueden ser causa de una reducción de la sensibilidad del endometrio a la progesterona lo que afecta el desarrollo morfofuncional del endometrio en estadios tempranos de la preñez y por lo tanto va en directo detrimento de la sobrevida del embrión. La progesterona y los estrógenos actúan a través de receptores intracelulares específicos que median su efecto fisiológico. Por lo tanto el nivel de expresión de estos receptores es fundamental para el efecto hormonal. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar en forma conjunta la expresión de receptores de progesterona (RP) y estrógeno (RE), en el endometrio de ovejas en ciclo alimentadas con dieta suplementada y dieta normal. La expresión de la proteína receptora como del transcrito de ambos receptores se detectó mediante análisis inmunohistoquímico y RT-PCR en Tiempo Real. Los resultados muestran expresión inmunohistoquímica contra ambos receptores en zonas glándulares y carunculares, destacándose una intensa inmunorreacción en núcleo de células estromales y del epitelio glandular. Se detectó mayor expresión del transcrito de ambos receptores en ovejas alimentadas con suplemento respecto a las que no recibieron suplemento alimenticio.

The influence of nutrition on reproduction in sheep is complex and the reported results are variable. Low nutritional programs can cause a reduction in the sensitivity of the endometrium to progesterone which affects morphofunctional development of the endometrium in early stages of pregnancy and therefore is in direct expense of the survival of the embryo. Progesterone and estrogens act through specific intracellular receptors that mediate its physiological effect. Therefore the level of expression of these receptors is essential for the hormonal effect. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of progesterone receptors (PR) and estrogen (ER) in the endometrium of sheep supplemented diet cycle and fed normal diet. The expression of the receptor protein and the transcript of both receptors was detected by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR Real Time. The results show immunohistochemical expression against both receptors in caruncular and glandular areas, highlighting an intense immunoreaction in the nucleus of stromal cells and glandular epithelium. Were detected increased expression of the transcript of both receptors in sheep fed on the supplement that did not receive food supplement. We discuss the possible use of this information for applications in breeding programs in sheep breeding.