Extra virgin coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L.) intake shows neurobehavioural and intestinal health effects in obesity-induced rats.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of E-VCO on the neurobehaviour and intestinal health parameters of obesity-induced rats, focusing on food consumption, body composition, bacterial and faecal organic acids and histological analyses in the hippocampus and colon. A total of 32 male Wistar rats were randomized into healthy (HG, n = 16) and obese groups (OG, n = 16), which consumed a control or cafeteria diet for eight weeks, respectively. After this period, they were subdivided into four groups: healthy (HG, n = 8); healthy treated with E-VCO (HGCO, n = 8); obese (OG, n = 8); obese treated with E-VCO (OGCO, n = 8), continuing for another eight weeks with their respective diets. The treated groups received 3000 mg kg-1 of E-VCO and control groups received water via gavage. Food preference, body weight gain, body composition, anxiety- and depression-like behaviour were evaluated. Bacteria and organic acids were evaluated in faeces, and histological analyses of the hippocampus and M1 and M2 macrophages in the colon were performed. E-VCO reduced energy intake (16.68%) and body weight gain (16%), although it did not reduce the fat mass of obese rats. E-VCO showed an antidepressant effect, increased lactic acid bacteria counts and modulated organic acids in obese rats. Furthermore, E-VCO protected the hippocampus from neuronal degeneration caused by the obesogenic diet, decreased the M1 macrophage and increased the M2 macrophage population in the gut. The results suggest neurobehavioural modulation and improved gut health by E-VCO, with promising effects against obesity-related comorbidities.

Repurposing some of the Well-known Non-steroid Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) for Cancer Treatment.

Drug repurposing is a strategy used to develop new treatments based on approved or investigational drugs outside the scope of their original clinical indication. Since this approach benefits from the original toxicity data of the repurposed drugs, the drug-repurposing strategy is timesaving, and inexpensive. It has a higher success rate compared to traditional drug discovery. Several repurposing candidates have been identified in silico screening and in vitro methodologies. One of the best examples is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Tumor-promoting inflammation is one of the hallmarks of cancer, revealing a connection between inflammatory processes and tumor progression and development. This explains why using NSAIDs in the context of neoplasia has become a topic of interest. Indeed, identifying NSAIDs with antitumor activity has become a promising strategy for finding novel cancer treatment opportunities. Indeed, several commercial anti-inflammatory drugs, including aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, celecoxib, tepoxalin and cyclovalone, naproxen, and indomethacin have presented antitumor activity, and some of them are already in clinical trials for cancer treatment. However, the benefits and complications of using NSAIDs for cancer treatment must be carefully evaluated, particularly for cancer patients with no further therapeutic options available. This review article provides insight into the drug repurposing strategy and describes some of the well-known NSAIDs that have been investigated as repurposed drugs with potential anticancer activity.

Probiotics and prebiotics: potential prevention and therapeutic target for nutritional management of COVID-19?

Scientists are working to identify prevention/treatment methods and clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nutritional status and diet have a major impact on the COVID-19 disease process, mainly because of the bidirectional interaction between gut microbiota and lung, that is, the gut-lung axis. Individuals with inadequate nutritional status have a pre-existing imbalance in the gut microbiota and immunity as seen in obesity, diabetes, hypertension and other chronic diseases. Communication between the gut microbiota and lungs or other organs and systems may trigger worse clinical outcomes in viral respiratory infections. Thus, this review addresses new insights into the use of probiotics and prebiotics as a preventive nutritional strategy in managing respiratory infections such as COVID-19 and highlighting their anti-inflammatory effects against the main signs and symptoms associated with COVID-19. Literature search was performed through PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Web of Science databases; relevant clinical articles were included. Significant randomised clinical trials suggest that specific probiotics and/or prebiotics reduce diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, cough, sore throat, fever, and viral infection complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. These beneficial effects are linked with modulation of the microbiota, products of microbial metabolism with antiviral activity, and immune-regulatory properties of specific probiotics and prebiotics through Treg cell production and function. There is a need to conduct clinical and pre-clinical trials to assess the combined effect of consuming these components and undergoing current therapies for COVID-19.

Pirfenidone Sensitizes NCI-H460 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells to Paclitaxel and to a Combination of Paclitaxel with Carboplatin.

Pirfenidone, an antifibrotic drug, has antitumor potential against different types of cancers. Our work explored whether pirfenidone sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines to chemotherapeutic treatments. The cytotoxic effect of paclitaxel in combination with pirfenidone against three NSCLC cell lines (A549, NCI-H322 and NCI-H460) was evaluated using the sulforhodamine B assay. The effects of this combination on cell viability (trypan blue exclusion assay), proliferation (BrdU incorporation assay), cell cycle (flow cytometry following PI staining) and cell death (Annexin V-FITC detection assay and Western blot) were analyzed on the most sensitive cell line (NCI-H460). The cytotoxic effect of this drug combination was also evaluated against two non-tumorigenic cell lines (MCF-10A and MCF-12A). Finally, the ability of pirfenidone to sensitize NCI-H460 cells to a combination of paclitaxel plus carboplatin was assessed. The results demonstrated that pirfenidone sensitized NCI-H460 cells to paclitaxel treatment, reducing cell growth, viability and proliferation, inducing alterations in the cell cycle profile and causing an increase in the % of cell death. Remarkably, this combination did not increase cytotoxicity in non-tumorigenic cells. Importantly, pirfenidone also sensitized NCI-H460 cells to paclitaxel plus carboplatin. This work highlights the possibility of repurposing pirfenidone in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of NSCLC.

Mucuna pruriens treatment shows anti-obesity and intestinal health effects in obese rats.

This study evaluated the anti-obesity effect and intestinal health of obese rats treated with Mucuna pruriens (MP), focusing on food consumption and somatic, biochemical, and histological parameters. A total of 32 adult male Wistar rats were initially randomized into a healthy group (HG, n = 16) which consumed a control diet and an obese group (OG, n = 16) which consumed a cafeteria diet for eight weeks. They were then subdivided into four groups: healthy (HG, n = 8); healthy treated with MP (HGMP, n = 8); obese (OG, n = 8); obese treated with MP (OGMP, n = 8), with consumption of their respective diets continuing for another eight weeks; the treated groups received 750 mg kg-1 of MP extract via gavage. Food consumption and body weight were monitored weekly. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed, and feces were collected for bacterial count and quantification of organic acids. The rats were euthanized, their blood was collected for biochemical analysis, organs and adipose tissue for histological analysis and carcasses for body composition. The obsese rats showed a preference for processed meat, stuffed biscuits, popcorn, hot dog sausages, Bologna and ham. The OGMP exhibited lower caloric intake (17%), body weight (14%), fat mass (44%), triglycerides (68%), insulin (58%), leptin (40%), C-reactive protein (75%) and alpha1-glycoprotein acid (62%) and increased HDL (45%) compared to the OG. Moreover, MP reversed changes in liver and adipose tissues induced by obesity and increased counts of lactic acid bacteria and organic acids in feces. The MP treatment demonstrated an anti-obesity effect with improvement in body composition, biochemical profile, and intestinal health of obese rats.

Potentially obesogenic diets alter metabolic and neurobehavioural parameters in Wistar rats: a comparison between two dietary models.

BACKGROUND: Clinical studies related to the obesity pandemic have intensified in recent years, being the animal studies are also considered of great relevance. However, despite the fact that many diets have been reported in the literature to induce obesity in animal models, there is still a gap regarding evidence of the efficacy of these models, considering not only changes in somatic parameters, but also the triggering of comorbidities associated with obesity. In this scenario, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of western and cafeteria diets as obesity-inducing protocols, focusing on the evaluation of metabolic, somatic, oxidative, histological and behavioural parameters of Wistar rats. METHODS: The rats were fed a control (CON), western (WTD) or cafeteria (CAF) diet for 16 weeks. RESULTS: The CAF diet caused anxiogenic-like behaviour. Body mass (BMI), Lee and adiposity indices increased in the CAF group. CAF and WTD diets reduced glucose and insulin tolerance, caused dyslipidemia, increased lipid peroxidation and decrease antioxidant capacity in the liver, kidneys and brain. The WTD and CAF groups shows greater IL-6 protein expression in adipose tissue, developed hepatic steatosis and ischaemic neurons, whereas interstitial nephritis was observed only in the CAF group. CONCLUSION: The CAF diet was most effective in inducing obesity, as shown both by the somatic parameters and by the greater number of obesity-related metabolic and neurobehavioural disorders in the evaluated rats.

Mucuna pruriens Administration Minimizes Neuroinflammation and Shows Anxiolytic, Antidepressant and Slimming Effects in Obese Rats.

This study evaluated the effect of Mucuna pruriens (MP) administration on neuroinflammation and behavioral and murinometric parameters in obese rats. Proximate composition, oligosaccharide and phenolic compound profile of MP were determined. Wistar adult male rats were randomized into healthy (HG) and obese group (OG). The HG consumed a control chow diet while OG consumed a cafeteria diet for eight weeks. Then, they were subdivided into: Healthy (HG); Healthy with MP administration (HGMP); Obese (OG); Obese with MP administration (OGMP), with the consumption of the respective diets remaining for another eight weeks, in addition to gavage with MP extract to supplemented groups (750 mg/kg weight). MP presented a composition rich in proteins and phenolic compounds, especially catechin, in addition to 1-kestose and levodopa. Supplementation reduced food intake, body weight, and thoracic and abdominal circumferences in obese rats. MP showed anxiolytic and antidepressant effects and reduced morphological damage and expression of interleukin 6 in the hippocampus of obese rats. MP treatment showed satietogenic, slimming, anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, besides to minimizing hippocampal neuroinflammation in obese rats. Our results demonstrated the potential anti-obesity of MP which are probably related to the high content of bioactive compounds present in this plant extract.

Questionário de Agressão de Buss-Perry versão reduzida (QA-R): análises estruturais / Cuestionario de Agresión de Buss-Perry Versión corta (CA-C): análisis estructural / Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire short version (AQ-S): structural analysis

Resumo: A agressão humana é qualquer comportamento dirigido a outro indivíduo que é executado com a intenção imediata de causar dano. Objetivou-se adaptar e validar o Questionário de Agressão Buss-Perry, versão reduzida, para o português testando estruturas fatoriais já propostas pela literatura. Realizou-se 2 estudos. O primeiro estudo, participaram 200 pessoas, majoritariamente residentes do Estado da Paraíba (88%). Os resultados indicaram que os itens carregaram em seus fatores de origem. No segundo estudo, participaram 207 respondentes, majoritariamente do Estado da Paraíba (96,6%). Os resultados indicaram que a agressão tanto pode ser avaliada de forma específica (agressão física, verbal, raiva e hostilidade), como em um fator geral (agressão geral), isto é, por meio do modelo hierárquico, o qual apresentou bons indicadores de ajuste ao modelo. Como também apresentaram consistência interna satisfatória nos fatores específicos no fator geral tanto no alfa como no Ômega de McDonald, comprovando a fidedignidade e validade de construto dessa escala. Portanto, os dados confirmam o modelo de segunda ordem hipotetizado pela literatura. Esta versão pode ser útil em pesquisas futuras com estudos acerca da agressão, bem como estudos transculturais.

Resumen: La agresión humana es cualquier comportamiento dirigido a otro individuo que se lleva a cabo con la intención inmediata de causar daño. El objetivo fue adaptar y validar el Cuestionario de Agresión de Buss-Perry, versión corta, para el portugués, probando estructuras factoriales ya propuestas por la literatura. Se realizaron dos estudios. En el primer estudio participaron 200 personas, en su mayoría residentes del Estado de Paraíba (88%). Los resultados indicaron que los ítems cargaron en sus factores de origen. En el segundo estudio, participaron 207 encuestados, en su mayoría del Estado de Paraíba (96,6%). Los resultados indicaron que la agresión se puede evaluar de una manera específica (agresión física, verbal, ira y hostilidad), así como en un factor general (agresión general), es decir, a través del modelo jerárquico, que presenta buenos indicadores de ajuste a la modelo Como también presentaron una consistencia interna satisfactoria en los factores específicos en el factor general tanto en el alfa como en el Omega de McDonald's, lo que demuestra la fiabilidad y la validez de constructo de esta escala. Por lo tanto, los datos confirman el modelo de segundo orden hipotetizado por la literatura. Esta versión puede ser útil en futuras investigaciones con estudios sobre agresión, así como en estudios transculturales.

Abstract: Human aggression is any behavior directed at another individual that is carried out with the immediate intention of causing harm. The objective was to adapt and validate the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, short version, for Portuguese, testing factorial structures already proposed by the literature. Two studies were carried out. The first study involved 200 people, mostly residents of the State of Paraíba (88%). The results indicated that the items loaded in their factors of origin. In the second study, 207 respondents participated, mostly from the State of Paraíba (96.6%). The results indicated that aggression can be assessed both in a specific way (physical, verbal aggression, anger and hostility) as well as in a general factor (general aggression), that is, through the hierarchical model, that presented good indicators of adjustment to the model. As they also presented satisfactory internal consistency in the specific factors in the general factor both in the alpha and in the McDonald's Omega, proving the reliability and construct validity of this scale. Therefore, the data confirm the second order model hypothesized by the literature. This version may be useful in future research with studies on aggression, as well as cross-cultural studies.

Radiographic study of mandibular third molars: evaluation of the position and root anatomy in Brazilian population.

OBJECTIVES: The root anatomy and position of mandibular third molars are important factors in assessing the level of difficulty of surgical removal procedures. In this light, this study aims to identify the most frequent position and the root anatomy of mandibular third molars. METHODS: The study sample comprised 1205 mandibular third molars from 710 panoramic radiographs evaluated. Regarding the position, all of them were based on Pell and Gregory's and Winter's classifications. The root anatomy was classified according to the type and number of roots, as well as the presence of laceration, fusion, or divergence. Gender and the quadrant were also considered. Following an interexaminer analysis, a statistical analysis was performed using the Kappa test. RESULTS: The results showed that the IA (40.3%) and mesioangular (53.8%) position was predominant in mandibular third molars. Regarding the anatomy, the most common were two roots (98.3%), of the conical simple type (88.9%), with absence of laceration (89.2%), divergence (84%), and fusion (80%). CONCLUSION: The present study showed that the most prevalent mandibular third molar type in Brazilian patients was the IA and mesioangular position, with simple root anatomy. The result of this study can assist oral surgeons to better plan and assess the level of difficulty of surgical removal procedures.

Intake of cookies made with buriti oil (Mauritia flexuosa) improves vitamin A status and lipid profiles in young rats.

The oil extracted from Mauritia flexuosa (buriti) is rich in vitamin A, tocopherols and unsaturated fatty acids. This study evaluated the retinol status, blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, food efficiency rates (FERs), food conversion rates (FCRs) and murine anthropometric parameters of Wistar rats fed cookies made with buriti oil (BOC). The content of ß-carotene and monounsaturated fatty acids in the cookies was enhanced (p < 0.05) using buriti oil. Rats fed BOC showed an increase (p < 0.05) in serum and hepatic retinol levels compared to rats fed cookies made with soy oil (SOC - control). Rats fed BOC showed lower (p < 0.05) total and LDL cholesterol than the control; however, no changes in blood glucose levels or murine anthropometric parameters were observed. Serum retinol contents showed a strong correlation (r > 0.8) with hepatic retinol, and both groups of rats showed moderate correlations (r > 0.6 < 0.5) with FERs, FCRs and weight gain. Taken together, these results indicated that buriti is an alternative to increase vitamin A in baked goods, particularly in cookies. Intake of BOC improves lipid profiles and retinol status without affecting blood glucose in young rats.

Curcumin: A Natural Lead for Potential New Drug Candidates.

Curcumin (1) is a secondary metabolite of turmeric, derived from Curcuma longa L. and was shown to have many biological activities. One of the most interesting properties of curcumin (1) is the antitumour activity allied with the ability to act as a multidrug resistance (MDR) modulator. Several curcumin derivatives have been synthesized with the purpose of discovering more information about the mechanisms of action, to establish structure-activity relationships (SAR), and to overcome pharmacokinetic problems. Over the past few decades, more potent and more stable curcumin derivatives have emerged with potential as drug candidates. Some important SAR studies pointed out that the unstable α,ß-unsaturated diketone linker present in curcumin (1) may not be necessary for the antitumour activity; generally, shorter linkers result in more potent compounds than curcumin (1); the type of substituents and their substitution pattern are crucial regarding the biological activities of interest. Overall, the structure of curcumin (1) may represent an important basis for the development of more effective therapeutic agents, particularly in chemotherapy, as reflected by ongoing clinical trials. This article aims to review the synthesis and biological activities of curcumin (1) and derivatives, highlighting the MDR modulation properties of curcumin (1), since these effects makes this natural product a promising lead compound for the development of new anticancer drugs.

Assessment of first molars sagittal and rotational position in Class II, division 1 malocclusion.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the anterior-posterior positioning of the upper and lower first molars, and the degree of rotation of the upper first molars in individuals with Class II, division 1, malocclusion. METHODS: Asymmetry I, an accurate device, was used to assess sixty sets of dental casts from 27 females and 33 males, aged between 12 and 21 years old, with bilateral Class II, division 1. The sagittal position of the molars was determined by positioning the casts onto the device, considering the midpalatal suture as a symmetry reference, and then measuring the distance between the mesial marginal ridge of the most distal molar and the mesial marginal ridge of its counterpart. With regard to the degree of rotation of the upper molar, the distance between landmarks on the mesial marginal ridge was measured. Chi-square test with a 5% significance level was used to verify the variation in molars position. Student's t test at 5% significance was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A great number of lower molars mesially positioned was registered, and the comparison between the right and left sides also demonstrated a higher number of mesially positioned molars on the right side of both arches. The average rotation of the molars was found to be 0.76 mm and 0.93 mm for the right and left sides, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: No statistically significant difference was detected between the mean values of molars mesialization regardless of the side and arch. Molars rotation, measured in millimeters, represented » of Class II.

Assessment of first molars sagittal and rotational position in Class II, division 1 malocclusion

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the anterior-posterior positioning of the upper and lower first molars, and the degree of rotation of the upper first molars in individuals with Class II, division 1, malocclusion. METHODS: Asymmetry I, an accurate device, was used to assess sixty sets of dental casts from 27 females and 33 males, aged between 12 and 21 years old, with bilateral Class II, division 1. The sagittal position of the molars was determined by positioning the casts onto the device, considering the midpalatal suture as a symmetry reference, and then measuring the distance between the mesial marginal ridge of the most distal molar and the mesial marginal ridge of its counterpart. With regard to the degree of rotation of the upper molar, the distance between landmarks on the mesial marginal ridge was measured. Chi-square test with a 5% significance level was used to verify the variation in molars position. Student's t test at 5% significance was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A great number of lower molars mesially positioned was registered, and the comparison between the right and left sides also demonstrated a higher number of mesially positioned molars on the right side of both arches. The average rotation of the molars was found to be 0.76 mm and 0.93 mm for the right and left sides, respectively. CONCLUSION: No statistically significant difference was detected between the mean values of molars mesialization regardless of the side and arch. Molars rotation, measured in millimeters, represented » of Class II.

OBJETIVO: esse estudo avaliou o posicionamento anteroposterior dos primeiros molares superiores (1º MS) e inferiores, e o grau de rotação dos 1º MS, em indivíduos com má oclusão de Classe II, divisão 1. MÉTODOS: mensuraram-se, em aparelho de precisão Assimetria I, 60 pares de modelos, de 27 indivíduos do sexo feminino e 33 do masculino, entre 12 e 21 anos de idade, com má oclusão de Classe II, divisão 1. Utilizando a sutura palatina mediana como referência de eixo de simetria, os modelos foram posicionados no aparelho para mensuração da distância entre a crista marginal mesial do molar mais distal e a crista marginal mesial do molar do lado oposto, a fim de verificar o posicionamento sagital dos molares. Em relação à giroversão, mediu-se a distância entre pontos na crista marginal mesial. O teste qui-quadrado a 5% foi utilizado para verificar a variação de posicionamento dos molares, por arcos e por lado. O teste t de Student a 5% foi utilizado para comparar esses valores. RESULTADOS: houve maior número de molares inferiores mesializados e, comparando os lados, maior número de molares mesializados no lado direito em ambas as arcadas. As rotações médias dos molares foram de 0,76mm do lado direito e 0,93mm do esquerdo. CONCLUSÃO: não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os valores médios das mesializações dos molares quanto a lado ou arco. Quando observada isoladamente, a rotação dos molares, quantificada em milímetros, representou uma situação de » de Classe II.

Evaluation of the dental arch asymmetry in natural normal occlusion and Class II malocclusion individuals

OBJECTIVE: To verify the presence and degree of asymmetry of dental arches in Brazilian individuals with natural normal occlusion and Class II, Divisions 1 and 2 malocclusions. METHODS: The study evaluated the symmetry of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches of 180 pairs of dental casts, divided into: Group I = 60 pairs of natural normal occlusion individuals; Group II = 60 pairs of Class II, Division 1 malocclusion individuals; and Group III = 60 pairs of Class II, Division 2 malocclusion individuals. A device was used to measure dental midline deviation and the canine tip in the dental arches (in degrees). It was also verified the distance of the upper canines from the palatal suture, intercanine distance, and anteroposterior upper and lower first molar position. RESULTS: Dental arches of individuals from all groups presented asymmetry, regardless of the presence of malocclusion. Group I showed a lower asymmetry degree in relation to Groups II and III. The asymmetry in Groups II and III was similar. CONCLUSION: The dental arches of individuals with natural normal occlusion and with Class II, Division 1 and Division 2 malocclusions showed asymmetry. The asymmetry degree was higher in the mandibular dental arches than in the maxillary dental arches in all 3 evaluated groups.

Sartoryglabrins, analogs of ardeemins, from Neosartorya glabra.

Chemical investigation of a collection of the fungus Neosartorya glabra from Thailand furnished sartoryglabins A-C (1a, 1b and 2) which are analogs of the reverse prenylated indole alkaloids known as (-) ardeemins. Structures of these compounds were established by NMR spectrometry and an X-ray analysis. Sartoryglabins A-C were evaluated for their in vitro growth inhibitory activity on three human tumor cell lines: MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), NCI-H460 (non-small cell lung cancer) and A375-C5 (melanoma). All the compounds exhibited strong to moderate activity against the MCF-7 cell line but weak or no activity against the NCI-H460 and A375-C5 cell lines. Sartoryglabin B was found to exhibit selectivity towards the MCF-7 cell line.

Estudo comparativo entre a análise facial subjetiva e a análise cefalométrica de tecidos moles no diagnóstico ortodôntico / Comparative study between the subjective facial analysis and the soft tissue cephalometric analysis on the orthodontic diagnosis

OBJETIVO: avaliar a concordância entre a análise facial subjetiva, proposta por Capelozza Filho, e a análise cefalométrica de tecidos moles, de Arnett e McLaughlin. MÉTODOS: fotografias de frente e de perfil e telerradiografias em norma lateral padronizadas de 50 indivíduos, com média de idade de 24 anos e 1 mês, foram utilizadas para essa avaliação. Verificou-se, também, nos indivíduos classificados como Padrão I, a correspondência dos valores médios e desvios-padrão das medidas obtidas com os valores normativos da análise cefalométrica de tecidos moles para os indivíduos com harmonia facial. RESULTADOS: constatou-se, em indivíduos do padrão I, que os lábios sempre se encontram à frente da linha vertical verdadeira e que, apesar de grandes variações do ponto pogônio, o equilíbrio facial ainda se mantinha. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados demonstraram que a análise facial subjetiva é um método eficiente na classificação do padrão facial.

AIM: To evaluate the agreement between the subjective facial analysis, proposed by Capelozza Filho, and the soft tissue cephalometric analysis, proposed by Arnett and McLaughlin. METHODS: Fifty standardized frontal and lateral photographs and fifty cephalometric x-rays were used, in a sample with a mean age of 24 years and 1 month. After that it was verified, on the pattern I patients, the correspondence of the values found on this sample with the ones proposed by the soft tissue cephalometric analysis normative values. RESULTS: It was demonstrated that the lips are always positioned ahead the true vertical line, and that, despite the variation of the pogonion point, the facial equilibrium is still maintained. CONCLUSION: The results related to the subjective facial analysis showed that this is a valid and efficient method of facial pattern classification.

Avaliação da influência do tipo facial nos tamanhos dos espaços aéreos nasofaríngeo e bucofaríngeo / Evaluation of the influence of facial growth on the sizes of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal spaces

INTRODUÇÃO: a diminuição no tamanho do espaço aéreo nasofaríngeo, causada pela hipertrofia da tonsila faríngea, tem sido associada a alterações no padrão normal de crescimento craniofacial e a efeitos deletérios na oclusão. OBJETIVOS: avaliar variações nos tamanhos dos espaços aéreos nasofaríngeo e bucofaríngeo de acordo com o padrão de crescimento craniofacial, a correlação entre os tamanhos dos espaços e o índice VERT, além de verificar um possível dimorfismo sexual. MÉTODOS: foi utilizado um total de 90 telerradiografias laterais de pacientes, divididos em três grupos: meso, braqui e dolicofacial, determinados por meio do índice VERT de Ricketts. Os pacientes da amostra, com idades entre 9 e 16 anos, apresentavam padrão respiratório nasal, sem qualquer tipo de obstrução. RESULTADOS: não foi verificada variação estatisticamente significante nos tamanhos dos espaços aéreos nasofaríngeo e bucofaríngeo, quando comparados os três tipos faciais. Também não foi encontrada correlação entre os tamanhos dos espaços aéreos e os valores do índice VERT de Ricketts dos pacientes e não houve dimorfismo sexual. CONCLUSÕES: pode-se descartar a influência do tipo facial nos tamanhos dos espaços aéreos nasofaríngeo e bucofaríngeo.

INTRODUCTION: The variation in sizes of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal space occurs due to genetic and/or environmental factors. The reduction in size of the nasopharyngeal space, caused by the hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsil, have been associated to alterations in facial growth pattern and to harmful effects in occlusion. AIM: To evaluate variations in size of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal space according to facial growth pattern, to correlate the size of these spaces to the VERT index and to verify a possible sexual dimorphism. METHODS: A total of 90 lateral cephalometric radiographs of patients, divided into three groups (mesofacial, dolichofacial and brachyfacial, determined by the VERT index) were used. The patients of the sample, with ages between 9 and 16 years old, had a nasal respiratory mode, without any kind of nasal obstruction. RESULTS: The results did not show statistically significant variation in the size of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal, when compared the three facial growth pattern. Besides, there was no correlation between the size of the spaces and the VERT index and a sexual dimorphism was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The conclusions discarded the influence of facial type in the sizes of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal spaces.

Abordagem multidisciplinar no tratamento ortodôntico do padrão face longa: relato de caso clínico / Multidisciplinary approach at Orthodontic treatment in a long face patient: case report

Este artigo descreve o tratamento ortodôntico de um paciente de nove anos de idade, padrão Face Longa, com prognatismo maxilar e biprotrusão dentária acentuada, relação molar de Classe I de Angle, enforcando a abordagem multidisciplinar. Foi utilizada a expansão rápida da maxila, seguida de aparelho ortopédico funcional associado ao aparelho extrabucal, com o objetivo de controlar o crescimento maxilar vertical, e aparelho fixo corretivo, segundo a técnica Bioprogressiva. Os resultados demonstraram a correção adequada da má oclusão e obtenção de uma estética facial aceitável.

Estudo comparativo da posição dos incisivos inferiores em tratamentos com extração de primeiros pré-molares, nas técnicas Straight-Wire e Edgwise / Comparative study of the anterior-posterior position of the lower incisor in Straight-Wire and Edgewise techniques, in cases with extraction of first premolars

Este estudo avaliou as alterações no posicionamento ântero-posterior dos incisivos inferiores, durante as etapas do tratamento ortodôntico, em dois grupos de pacientes apresentando má-oclusão de Classe I de Angle. Ambos os grupos foram tratados com extração dos primeiros pré-molares superiores e inferiores. O grupo 1 foi tratado com a técnica Edgewise, utilizando a placalabioativa, como acessório de ancoragem, além dos degraus distais, e o grupo 2 com a técnica Straight-Wire, utilizando o arco lingual. A amostra constou de 255 telerradiografias em norma lateral, obtidas de pacientes brasileiros, dos sexos feminino e masculino, com média de idade de 13 anos e seis meses, dólico e mesofaciais. Os resultados evidenciaram que o deslocamento ântero-posterior dos incisivos inferiores não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante para ambas as técnicas, nas etapas observadas. O ápice dos incisivos inferiores apresentou menor retrusão nos pacientes mesofaciais que nos pacientes dolicofaciais e foi observado dimorfismo sexual nas medições efetuadas.

This study evaluated the anterior-posterior position of the lower first molars, during the orthodontic treatment, in 2 Groups of patients with Class I malocclusion. The both Groups were treated with the extraction of upper and lower first premolars. The Group I were cases treated by the Edgewise technique, using PLA as an anchorage accessory. The Group 2 using a lingual arch as an anchorage accessory in the Straight- Wire technique. The sample consisted of 255 lateral cephalometric x-rays obtained from Brazilian patients. The patients were of both genders, with an average age between 13 years and 6 months and with different standards of facialgrowth. The results concluded that the anterior-posterior movement of the lower incisors did not shown any statistically significant difference for both techniques, in all phases of treatment. However; the sex factor shown statistically significant difference to the linear and angular measure of the lower incisors. Furthermore, the lower incisors apex shown less retrusion in the mesofacial patients than the dolicofacial patients.

Avaliação da perda de ancoragem nas técnicas Staight-Wire e Edgewise, em casos de extração de primeiros pré-molares / Evaluation of the lost of anchorage in Stright-Wire and Edgewise techniques, in cases with extraction of first premolars

Este estudo avaliou o posicionamento antero-posterior e coroa e raiz dos primeiros molares inferiores durante o tratamento ortodôntico, utilizando o arco lingual ou a PLA como acessório de ancoragem na técnica Straight-Wire, em comparação com casos tratados pela técnica Edgewise, sem a utilização do arco lingual. Dois grupos foram selecionados, ambos apresentando má-oclusão de Classe I, tratados com extração dos primeiros pré-molares superiores e inferiores. Foi utilizada uma amostra de 255 telerradiografias em norma lateral, de pacientes brasileiros, do sexo feminino e masculino, com média de idade de 13 anos e seis meses e com diferentes padrões de crescimento facial. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que: 1. Do início do tratamento ao fim da fase de nivelamento, a perda de ancoragem coronária do primeiro molar inferior foi maior nos casos tratados com a técnica Straight-Wire; 2. Do fim da fase de nivelamento ao fim do tratamento, a perda de ancoragem coronáriae radicular do primeiro molar inferior foi maior na técnica Edgewise; 3. Do inicio ao fim tratamento a perda de ancoragem radicular foi maior nos pacientes tratados com a técnica Edgewise.

This study evaluated the anterior-posterior position of the lower first molars, during the orthodontic treatment, using a lingual arch as an anchorage accessory in the Straight- Wire technique, in comparison to the cases treated by the Edgewise technique, without the use of a lingual arch. Two groups were selected, both presenting with Class I malocclusion, treated with the extraction of upper and lower first premolars. The sample consisted of 255 lateral cephalometric x-rays obtained from Brazilian patients. The patients were of both genders, with an average age between 13 years and 6 months and with different standards of facial growth. Based in the analysis and discussion of the results, it was concluded that: 1. From the start of treatment to theend of leveling phase, the lost of anchorage by mesial crown tipping of lower first molar was greater in the cases treated with Straight- Wire technique; 2. From the end of leveling phase to the end of treatment, the lost of anchorage by bodily movement of the lower first molar was greater in the Edgewise technique; and 3. From start to end of treatment the total anchorage loss was greater in the patients treated with Edgewise technique.