An Unusual Occurrence of Scaphoid Fracture Fragment in the Volar Compartment of the Forearm: A Case Report with Review of Literature.

Introduction: Scaphoid fractures are common wrist injuries and are commonly missed. Patients present with radial-sided wrist pain. Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging help in better planning, with analysis of comminution, torn ligaments, timely diagnosis, and intricate fixation prevent avascular necrosis, non-union, and carpal collapse. Case Presentation: We present a rare scenario of right hand dominant 42 years male with scaphoid waist fracture, where the fracture fragment was unusually displaced 4 cm proximal to the wrist in the volar compartment of the forearm. Urgent open reduction and internal fixation with a Herbert screw was done. At 1 year follow-up, fracture united, with satisfactory range of motion and functional outcomes of the wrist. Conclusion: Timely diagnosis and urgent operative intervention for unstable displaced scaphoid fractures with rigid fixation provides long-term satisfactory outcomes and prevents complications.

Guidelines for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with pelvi-acetabular trauma.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism is a dreaded complication leading to increased morbidity and mortality in patients having pelvi-acetabular fractures. OBJECTIVES: These evidence based guidelines aim to provide the decision making ability in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with pelvi-acetabular trauma planned for operative or non operative treatment. METHODS: The patients were subclassified into 5 categories. The PICO framework was used to devise research questions in each category. The systematic reviews were performed for each research question. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess outcomes of critical interest. The guideline panel consisting of expert members of different subspecialties, analyzed the evidence and made recommendations. RESULTS: The guideline panel proposed 21 recommendations. There are five recommendations in category 1 to 3, two recommendations in category 4 and four recommendations in category 5. CONCLUSION: In pelvi-acetabular fractures there is strong evidence to suggest that thromboprophylaxis should be given. It should be initiated as early as possible after control of hemorrhage. The chemical prophylaxis is the preferred mode and LMWH is the preferred agent of choice. The mechanical methods can be used as an adjunct. The routine prophylactic use of IVC filters is not recommended. However, the use of retrievable IVC filters in high risk patients with established VTE in preoperative period can be considered. The use of newer directly acting oral anticoagulants is gaining importance.

Combined Anterior Pelvic (CAP) approach for fracture acetabulum fixation - Functional outcome evaluation and predictors of outcome.

OBJECTIVE: Ilio-inguinal approach has been considered standard anterior approach for acetabulum fracture fixation. Different modifications of this approach have been described. This study analysed the patients treated using a Combined Anterior Pelvic (CAP) approach - minimal AIP (anterior intra-pelvic) with modified ilio-femoral along with 'anterior superior iliac spine' osteotomy. This combined approach provides wide exposure of pelvis to direct visualise the entire anterior column from sacroiliac joint to pubic symphysis, medial side of quadrilateral plate and entire iliac wing with minimal retraction of soft tissues required. METHODS: Data of patients treated from July 2014 to June 2018 for acetabulum fracture using CAP approach was retrieved from hospital record system. Inclusion criteria were - acetabulum fractures treated surgically using CAP approach. Exclusion criteria were - age less than 18 years, associated pelvis ring injury and incomplete peri-operative radiological record (pre-operative/post-operative antero-posterior, 45° obturator and 45° iliac oblique radiographs and pre-operative computed tomographic (CT) scans. 62 patients who met inclusion exclusion criteria were called in out-patient-department for final functional evaluation using Matta modified Merle d'aubigne score. RESULTS: Out of 62 patients 47 patients who turned up for final functional evaluation were included in study. 19 patients had excellent, 15 had good, 2 had fair and 11 had poor results. Age less than 40 years, anterior column fracture pattern, Pre-operative fracture displacement >20 mm, fracture comminution and post-operative fracture reduction within 3 mm were the predictors of the functional outcome. When analysed using logistic regression model, post-operative fracture reduction was found to be the only significant predictor of functional outcome. CONCLUSION: CAP approach is useful anterior approach to acetabulum. Fracture reduction is the independent predictor of functional outcome. Comparison of this approach with other anterior approaches to acetabulum can be area of further research.

Dysplasia Epiphysealis Hemimelica (Trevor Disease) of the Patella: A Case Report.

CASE: We report a rare case of dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica in an 11-year-old male child involving the patella. The patient noticed swelling in the right knee 6 months before presentation. On evaluation, there was a mass lesion originating from superior pole of the patella extending into the suprapatellar pouch. On opening the knee joint, it was found to be mainly cartilaginous in nature. Surgical excision of the mass was carried out. CONCLUSION: Trevor disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a mass originating from the patella in children. The recommended treatment is complete excision of the mass.

Results of the modified reverse step-cut osteotomy in paediatric cubitus varus.

PURPOSE: Cubitus varus deformity occurs in children as a late consequence of supracondylar fracture of the distal humerus. Different types of corrective osteotomies have been described, but a gold standard has not yet been established. The aim of this study is to report the clinical, radiological, and cosmetic outcome of the modified reverse step-cut osteotomy technique. METHODS: This study was conducted on 15 cases, which were operated during the period between July 2015 and June 2016. We used the technique modified reverse step-cut osteotomy with the calculated medial translation of the distal fragment to correct varus and sagittal plane deformity and to achieve anatomical alignment of the forearm axis with the axis of the humerus. Follow-up was done for two years. Pre-operative and post-operative clinical and radiological parameters were compared, and patient satisfaction was assessed. RESULTS: The mean pre-operative humerus-elbow-wrist (HEW) angle was - 22.4°; it improved to + 9.4° post-operatively. The pre-operative mean range of motion was 131.6°, and the post-operative mean was 132°. The clinico-radiological outcome was assessed according to Oppenheim criteria. There was an excellent result in nine patients (60%), a good result in five patients (33.3%), and poor results in one patient (6.6%). Cosmetic outcome was assessed as per Barrett's criteria, excellent result in thirteen patients (86.6%) and poor results in two patients (13.3%). Post-operative lateral condylar prominence index (LCPI) was compared with the normal side, and there was no significant difference. CONCLUSION: We have achieved satisfactory results with acceptable cosmetic appearance and functional outcomes with minimal complications. We recommend this technique as a safe, reliable, reproducible, technically easy procedure for correction of cubitus varus deformity.

Arthrogram assisted reduction of radial neck fracture in a child with unossified radial head - A case report and review of literature.

Radial neck fractures account for 1% of all paediatric fractures and constitute 5-10% of elbow injuries. Radial neck fractures rarely occur at age 2 or less. It is difficult to assess and reduce radial neck fractures in children with unossified radial head. We report a case of 2 years old female child presented to emergency with history of fall from stairs on an outstretched hand. Radiograph showed a metaphyseal spike in the proximal radius which prompted us to think of a radial neck fracture. Since the radial head was not ossified, the amount of displacement and angulation was not exactly quantifiable on radiographs only. Hence an arthrogram was planned. Intra operative use of radio opaque dye injection into elbow joint delineates the radial head and capitellum. It helps in identifying the fracture morphology and will also assist in reduction. We reduce radial head by K wire leverage technique and the intramedullary elastic titanium nail was added to assist in reduction and to improve fixation stability. We recommend arthrogram to be a safe and reliable option for proper assessment and reduction of radial neck fracture in an unossified radial head.

Functional outcome of 'LC-1 pelvic ring injury with incomplete sacral fracture' managed non-operatively.

OBJECTIVES: Standard guidelines regarding the management of un-displaced LC-1 type pelvic ring injury supported by data in literature are lacking, though it is considered to be stable and widely managed non-operatively. In our study we evaluated the functional outcome of LC-1 pelvic ring injury with incomplete sacral fracture managed non-operatively in patients having age more than 18 years and minimum follow-up of 6 months. METHODS: 46 patients having LC-1 pelvic ring injury with incomplete sacral fractures having age more than 18 years and minimum follow-up of 6 months were identified from the hospital record. All these patients were managed with non-weight bearing walking for first 3 weeks followed by weight bearing as tolerated. Patients were called in outpatient department for final evaluation of functional outcome measured according to Majeed score. RESULTS: Mean Majeed score was 82.59 ±â€¯6.77 (excellent in 27 patients and good in 19 patients). 8 patients had fractures in addition to pelvic ring injury and 3 patients had abdominal injuries (3 excellent, 8 good). 11 patients had follow-up less than 12 months (mean Majeed score 84.36 ±â€¯5.75; 8 excellent, 3 good) and 35 patients had follow-up more than 12 months (mean Majeed score 82.03 ±â€¯7.04; 19 excellent, 16 good). There was no mortality in any group. CONCLUSION: LC-1pelvic ring injury with incomplete sacrum fracture can be managed non-operatively with non-weight bearing walking for first 3 weeks followed by weight bearing as tolerated with excellent or good functional outcome. The best functional outcome for a patient is achieved within 12 months and does not change after that period. Also being a low energy trauma this injury has low mortality rate.

Post-traumatic thoracolumbar spinal epidural haematoma in a child: a rare clinical entity.

Post-traumatic spinal epidural haematoma (SEH) is a rare clinical entity in children. We are reporting the case of an 8-year-old child who presented with thoracolumbar SEH with neurological deficit. MRI confirmed SEH without bony disruption. Emergency evacuation of haematoma was done. There was an improvement in neurological status after removal of haematoma. Diagnosis of this rare condition is tricky in children owing to variable presenting symptoms, especially in an early stage with subtle neurological changes. There should be high clinical suspicion in children with atypical symptoms, and MRI should be done to confirm the diagnosis. Patients with acute neurological deficit should undergo urgent operative decompression. Conservative treatment has a limited role. Patients may be considered for non-operative management if they have medical contraindications, coagulation dysfunction or a small SEH without neurological deficit. These patients require serial MRI monitoring.

Lumbar artery pseudoaneurysm following blunt trauma: A case report and literature review.

Lumbar artery pseudoaneurysms following blunt trauma are very rare. We report a case of polytrauma patient having lumbar spine injury and pelvic fracture presenting with hemodynamic instability. The patient did not improve after aggressive resuscitation. There was no evidence of intraabdominal solid organ or visceral injury. We suspected injury to pelvic vessels as a source of bleeding. Computed tomography (CT) angiography was done. A small size (6 × 5 mm) lobulated hyperdense structure is seen in the territory of a left 4th lumbar branch of aorta suggestive of a pseudoaneurysm. Whenever there is a patient of blunt abdominal trauma with pelvic or spine injury and source of bleeding cannot be established, lumbar vessels as a source of bleeding should be kept in mind. CT angiography must be done for diagnosis and patient may subsequently need angioembolization of these vessels.

Intra-articular dislocation of the patella: a rare variant to an uncommon injury.

Horizontal intra-articular dislocation of the patella is a very rare traumatic entity. We present an unusual case of horizontal intra-articular dislocation in which the patellar articular surface was facing upwards besides having an avulsion of the quadriceps tendon from the superior pole. There was associated posterolateral knee subluxation, which has not been described with intra-articular dislocation of the patella. A 20-year-old man presented with open patellar dislocation and locked knee after a roadside accident. The patient was managed successfully by open reduction and repair of the quadriceps tendon. There was buttonholing of the medial femoral condyle through the medial retinaculum leading to irreducible dislocation. A special reduction manoeuvre was employed to bring the knee to its normal alignment. Knowledge of this injury pattern is of utmost importance for proper recognition and appropriate allocation of the surgical technique.