ABSTRACT
Ways for increasing the anthrax treatment efficacy by combined use of antibiotics, toxin neutralizing, immunomodulating, symptomatic and pathogenetic agents are considered. The dynamics of the infection development was studied on rabbits by the microbiological, cytochemical, biochemical and cytomorphologic criteria. The efficacy of monoantibacterial and complex schemes of the etiopathogenetic therapy of the disease at the early and late stages (phases) of the infection generalization was estimated.
Subject(s)
Anthrax/therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacillus Phages , Animals , Anthrax/blood , Anthrax/immunology , Bacillus anthracis/virology , Cricetinae , Humans , Mesocricetus , RabbitsABSTRACT
The virological, morphological, molecular biological and immunochemical study of the infective agent isolated from the patient with the symptoms of atypical pneumonia, hospitalized in the infectious department of the clinical hospital in Blagoveshchensk, was carried out. Thus the fact of the appearance of SARS virus on the territory of Russia was proved. The isolated infective agent, identified as coronavirus strain CoD, was partly characterized and deposited to the virus collection of the Center of Special Laboratory Diagnostics and Treatment of Quarantine and Exotic Infectious Diseases.
Subject(s)
Pneumonia, Viral , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/virology , Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/isolation & purification , Animals , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral , Humans , Male , RNA, Viral/analysis , RNA, Viral/blood , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/genetics , Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology , Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/ultrastructure , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosis , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/pathology , Vero CellsABSTRACT
Efficacy of drug therapy of Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF) was tested experimentally using cell culture and laboratory animals infected with the OHF virus strain Ondatra. Screening tests showed that high concentrations of Virazol or interferon inducers Larifan and Rifastin caused moderately pronounced suppression of virus reproduction in cell culture. Realdiron was found to be a high-efficacy preparation causing complete inhibition of virus reproduction in cell. Larifan demonstrated the highest antiviral efficacy against OHF virus in experiments with laboratory animals. This drug prevented the death of 65% infected mice and significantly decreased infection process severity in rabbits.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne , Hemorrhagic Fever, Omsk/drug therapy , Interferon Inducers/therapeutic use , Interferon Type I/therapeutic use , Ribavirin/therapeutic use , Animals , Cell Culture Techniques , Disease Models, Animal , Disease Progression , Hemorrhagic Fever, Omsk/pathology , Mice , Organic Chemicals , Rabbits , Recombinant Proteins , Virus Replication/drug effectsABSTRACT
The comparative study of the specimens of the morphological elements of exanthema obtained from 8 children with the clinical diagnosis of secondary exogenic vaccinia, dried smallpox vaccine and the cultures of other orthopoxviruses (rabbit pox, monkey pox and buffalo pox viruses) was made. The isolation and identification of the causative agents from the specimens was carried out with the use of modern virological, electron microscopic and molecular methods. The study proved the fact that 8 children had orthopoxvirus infection with its causative agent identified as vaccinia virus.
Subject(s)
Vaccinia/virology , Variola virus/isolation & purification , Child , Female , Humans , Iatrogenic Disease , Male , Microscopy, Electron , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Smallpox Vaccine , Vaccinia/diagnosis , Variola virus/geneticsABSTRACT
High therapeutic efficacy of aminoglycosides, quinolones, cephalosporins and rifampicins was demonstrated in experiments performed on monkeys, infected aerogenically by Yersinia pestis 1300. Antibacterials inhibited Y. pestis cells reproduction in the infected animals organisms evaluated by dynamics of bacterial cells isolated from the blood and fauces of the animals. It was shown that antibacterial therapy prevented infection transmission from the infected animals. The time of respiratory tract sanitation was in the range from 12 to 48 hours after the treatment and depended on drug efficacy.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Disease Outbreaks , Plague/drug therapy , Air Pollution , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Colony Count, Microbial , Mouth/microbiology , Papio , Plague/blood , Plague/microbiology , Yersinia pestis/drug effectsABSTRACT
The modelling of glandular plague and selection of the conditions for estimating the efficacy of new antibacterials for the treatment of the infection were performed on hamadryads (baboons). The experiments showed that the average LD50 of the culture of a highly virulent strain of Yersinia pestis on its subcutaneous administration to the animals was 2089 viable microbes. In 18 per cent of the episodes the experimental glandular plague in the animals was complicated by secondary plague pneumonia. Subcutaneous administration of 2 x 10(7) viable microbial cell of the plague pathogen caused acute sepsis and the animal death. The treatment of the experimental glandular plague in the hamadryads demonstrated that new antibacterials such as amikacin, netilmicin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, doxycycline, rifampicin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were not inferior in their efficacy to streptomycin and tetracycline successfully used in the therapy of patients with plague.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Disease Models, Animal , Plague/drug therapy , Animals , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Papio , Plague/microbiology , Yersinia pestis/drug effectsABSTRACT
The results of the isolation and identification of the causative agent of a haemorrhagic fever outbreak in the Stavropol Territory are presented. The virus isolated from blood of haemorrhagic fever patients by virological methods was identified in serological and molecular tests as Crimean haemorrhagic fever virus. This epidemiological analysis testify to increased activity of the natural focus of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in this area due to a number of natural and other factors leading to intensification of its epidemic realization.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/classification , Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/isolation & purification , Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/epidemiology , Animals , Animals, Suckling , Chlorocebus aethiops , Disease Vectors , Genotype , Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/genetics , Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/virology , Humans , Mice , Nucleoproteins/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Russia/epidemiology , Serotyping , Ticks/virology , Vero Cells , Viral Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
The results of the molecular biological detection of the etiologic agent of hemorrhagic fever in Rostov Province are presented. The role of the causative agents of Astrakhan rickettsial fever, hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome, Q fever, leptospirosis and listeriosis has been excluded by means of such immunochemical reactions as the direct and indirect immunofluorescent tests, the solid-phase immunoenzyme assay, the complement fixation test and the agglutination test. The relationship between the cases of hemorrhagic fever in the focus of the outbreak and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus has been demonstrated due to the use of the polymerase chain reaction with preliminary reverse transcription.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/isolation & purification , Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/diagnosis , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Antibody Specificity , Base Sequence , DNA Primers , Diagnosis, Differential , Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/genetics , Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/immunology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/epidemiology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/etiology , Humans , Molecular Sequence Data , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Russia/epidemiology , Serologic Tests/methodsABSTRACT
The results of the epidemiological analysis of the outbreak of hemorrhagic fever which was caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and occurred during the period of July 3-19, 1999, in the Oblivskaya district of Rostov Province are presented. The specific epidemiological features of the outbreak have been determined. The possible versions of the appearance of the focus of infection and the role of Ixodes ticks in the circulation of the infective agent are discussed.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Chi-Square Distribution , Child , Child, Preschool , Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data , Disease Reservoirs/statistics & numerical data , Female , Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/diagnosis , Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/etiology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/transmission , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Russia/epidemiology , Sex Distribution , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The signs of pneumonic plague in sacred baboons infected by aerosol are: fever, hurried breathing, depression and constantly increasing bacteremia. Some infected animals isolate the plague microbes while coughing and thus could be a source of the infection. By the clinical and pathomorphological signs, pneumonic plague in sacred baboons is similar to that in humans which makes it possible to use the animals in the development of schemes for special prophylaxis and treatment of the disease. In efficacy estimation of antibacterial drugs sacred baboons should be infected by aerosol by highly virulent strains of Y. pestis in doses of 1.10(4)-1.10(5) live microbes. The treatment of the animals should be started from the moment of the rectal temperature increase to 39.5 degrees C or higher after collecting the blood specimens for the bacteriological tests. It was shown that a two-day course of the treatment with antibacterial drugs was not efficient in the animals with pneumonic plague. The use of streptomycin, gentamicin, netilmicin or ciprofloxacin for 7 days cured all the infected animals. The use of streptomycin in the therapeutic doses was not efficient in the animals whose blood specimens of 1 cm3 contained 4.10(4) or more plague microbes by the moment when the treatment was started.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Lung Diseases/drug therapy , Monkey Diseases/drug therapy , Plague/drug therapy , Animals , Body Temperature Regulation/drug effects , Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/standards , Female , Gentamicins/therapeutic use , Male , Netilmicin/therapeutic use , Papio , Streptomycin/therapeutic useABSTRACT
The choice of efficient antibacterial drugs useful in special prophylaxis and treatment of plague includes the stage of the in vivo screening whose main disadvantages are long-term and hazardous tests. The paper presents the data showing that a useful chemotherapeutic for the treatment of plague could be safely screened within 48-72 hours. The methods are based on two-fold retrobulbar or intraperitoneal administration of a drug within 24 hours to albino mice infected with highly virulent strains of Y. pestis. The dose should not exceed 1.10(7) live microbes. It was shown that the administration of the plague microbes to albino mice simultaneously with ferrous sulfate lowered the time of the animal death and accelerated the efficacy estimation of the drug.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Plague/drug therapy , Plague/prevention & control , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Mice , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Efficacy of antibiotics in the treatment of experimental tularemia was studied comparatively on various biological models. It was shown that the antibiotics which proved active against the tularemia microbe in albino mice when studied by the rapid and routine methods were highly efficient in the treatment and prevention of experimental tularemia in rabbits and baboons (hamadryas). The experiments showed basic possibilities to perform rapid estimation (for at least 2 days) of drug efficacy in experimental glanders and melioidosis in golden hamsters. The rapid method developed by the authors was recommended for the use in primary estimation of the efficacy of new drugs in the treatment of tularemia, glanders and melioidosis.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Glanders/drug therapy , Melioidosis/drug therapy , Tularemia/drug therapy , Animals , Cricetinae , Glanders/mortality , Melioidosis/mortality , Mesocricetus , Mice , Papio , Rabbits , Species Specificity , Time Factors , Tularemia/mortalityABSTRACT
Rapid estimation of the protective effect of antibacterial drugs on Fransiella tularensis for not more than 2 days was shown possible in experiments on albino mice infected with tularemia. High efficacy of aminoglycosides (kanamycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, amikacin, netilmicin, tobramycin, sagamycin, ribostamycin and sisomicin), tetracyclines (tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline and methacycline), rifampicin, phosphomycin and oxolinic acid was determined with the recommended rapid method. Amoxycillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, carbenicillin, erythromycin, levomycetin, cefradine, cefmetazole, cefatrizine, cefoxitin, cefsulodin and bactrim (biseptol) proved to be inefficient against the tularemia causative agent.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Disease Models, Animal , Tularemia/drug therapy , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Mice , Time Factors , Tularemia/mortalityABSTRACT
Antibacterial activity of 32 chemotherapeutics against 15 strains of Yersinia ++pseudotuberculosis was studied in vitro. The majority of the strains or 80% were sensitive to penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclins , anzamycins, fluorine derivatives of quinolonecarboxylic acid, levomycetin and a combination of trimethoprim and ++sulfamethoxazole. It was shown that with respect to the Y. pseudotuberculosis strains with multiple antibiotic resistance, the fluorine derivatives of quinolonecarboxylic acid (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and enoxacin), tetracyclines, netilmicin, amikacin, cefotaxime and cefazolin were promising for in vivo studies.
