ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess cognition in major depressed (MD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and depression in AD elderly. METHOD: Subjects were evaluated by Mini Mental, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Rey Complex Figure, Digit Span, Similarities, Trail Making A/B, Verbal Fluency and Stroop. One-way ANOVA and multivariate models were used to compare the performance of each group on neuropsychological tests. RESULTS: We evaluated 212 subjects. Compared to MD, attention, working memory, processing speed and recall showed significantly better in controls. Controls showed significantly higher performance in all cognitive measures, except in attention compared to AD. Verbal fluency, memory, processing speed and abstract reasoning in MD was significantly higher compared to AD. AD was significantly better in general cognitive state than depression in AD. All other cognitive domains were similar. CONCLUSION: A decreasing gradient in cognition appeared from the control to depression in AD, with MD and AD in an intermediate position.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder, Major/physiopathology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Analysis of Variance , Attention/physiology , Case-Control Studies , Disease Progression , Female , Humans , Language Tests , Male , Memory, Short-Term/physiology , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , Reference Values , Severity of Illness Index , Verbal Learning/physiologyABSTRACT
Objective To assess cognition in major depressed (MD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and depression in AD elderly. Method Subjects were evaluated by Mini Mental, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Rey Complex Figure, Digit Span, Similarities, Trail Making A/B, Verbal Fluency and Stroop. One-way ANOVA and multivariate models were used to compare the performance of each group on neuropsychological tests. Results We evaluated 212 subjects. Compared to MD, attention, working memory, processing speed and recall showed significantly better in controls. Controls showed significantly higher performance in all cognitive measures, except in attention compared to AD. Verbal fluency, memory, processing speed and abstract reasoning in MD was significantly higher compared to AD. AD was significantly better in general cognitive state than depression in AD. All other cognitive domains were similar. Conclusion A decreasing gradient in cognition appeared from the control to depression in AD, with MD and AD in an intermediate position. .
Objetivo Avaliar a cognição em idosos com depressão Maior (DM), doença de Alzheimer (DA) e Depressão na DA. Método Utilizou-se o Mini Mental, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Figura de Rey, Dígitos, Semelhanças, Trail Making A/B, Fluência Verbal e Stroop. ANOVA one-way e modelos multivariados foram utilizados para comparar o desempenho dos grupos. Resultados Foram avaliados 212 sujeitos. Comparado com DM, controles apresentaram desempenho significativamente melhor na atenção, memória de trabalho, velocidade de processamento e evocação. Os controles apresentaram desempenho significativamente superior em todas as avaliações, exceto na atenção comparado com DA. Fluência verbal, memória, velocidade de processamento e raciocínio abstrato na DM foi significativamente maior comparado com DA. DA foi significativamente melhor no estado cognitivo geral comparado a depressão na DA, os outros domínios foram semelhantes. Conclusão Observou-se um gradiente decrescente na cognição dos controles até a Depressão na DA, com os grupos DM e DA com desempenhos intermediários. .
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder, Major/physiopathology , Analysis of Variance , Attention/physiology , Case-Control Studies , Disease Progression , Language Tests , Memory, Short-Term/physiology , Neuropsychological Tests , Reference Values , Severity of Illness Index , Verbal Learning/physiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of aerobic exercise on the cognition and functional capacity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. METHOD: Elderly (n=20) with mild dementia (NINCDS-ADRDA/CDR1) were randomly assigned to an exercise group (EG) on a treadmill (30 minutes, twice a week and moderate intensity of 60% VO2max) and control group (GC) 10 patients. The primary outcome measure was the cognitive function using Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG). Specifics instruments were also applied to evaluate executive function, memory, attention and concentration, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control and functional capacity. RESULTS: After 16 weeks, the EG showed improvement in cognition CAMCOG whereas the CG declined. Compared to the CG, the EG presented significant improvement on the functional capacity. The analysis of the effect size has shown a favorable response to the physical exercise in all dependent variables. CONCLUSION: Walking on treadmill may be recommended as an augmentation treatment for patients with AD.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/therapy , Exercise Test/methods , Exercise Therapy/methods , Activities of Daily Living , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Cognition/physiology , Executive Function/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Memory/physiology , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , Pilot Projects , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Walking/physiologyABSTRACT
Objective To assess the effect of aerobic exercise on the cognition and functional capacity in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Method Elderly (n=20) with mild dementia (NINCDS-ADRDA/CDR1) were randomly assigned to an exercise group (EG) on a treadmill (30 minutes, twice a week and moderate intensity of 60% VO2max) and control group (GC) 10 patients. The primary outcome measure was the cognitive function using Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG). Specifics instruments were also applied to evaluate executive function, memory, attention and concentration, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control and functional capacity. Results After 16 weeks, the EG showed improvement in cognition CAMCOG whereas the CG declined. Compared to the CG, the EG presented significant improvement on the functional capacity. The analysis of the effect size has shown a favorable response to the physical exercise in all dependent variables. Conclusion Walking on treadmill may be recommended as an augmentation treatment for patients with AD. .
Objetivo Avaliar o efeito do exercício aeróbio na cognição e na capacidade funcional em pacientes com Doença de Alzheimer (DA). Método Idosos (n=20) com demência leve ((NINCDS-ADRDA/CDR1) foram randomizados em grupo exercício (GE) na esteira (30 minutos, 2 vezes por semana e intensidade moderada de 60% VO2max)e grupo controle (GC) 10 pacientes. A medida principal foi a função cognitiva através do Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG). Instrumentos específicos também foram aplicados para avaliar a função executiva, atenção e concentração, flexibilidade cognitiva, controle inibitório e capacidade funcional. Resultados Após 16 semanas, o GE mostrou melhora na cognição CAMCOG enquanto o CG declinou. Comparado ao GC, o GE apresentou melhora significativa na capacidade funcional. A análise do tamanho de efeito mostrou resposta favorável do exercício físico em todas as variáveis dependentes. Conclusão Caminhar na esteira pode ser recomendado como um tratamento adicional para pacientes com doença de Alzheimer. .
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Alzheimer Disease/therapy , Exercise Test/methods , Exercise Therapy/methods , Activities of Daily Living , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Cognition/physiology , Executive Function/physiology , Memory/physiology , Neuropsychological Tests , Pilot Projects , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Walking/physiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess the acute effect of physical exercise on the cognitive function of depressed elderly patients in a dual-task experiment. INTRODUCTION: Physical exercise has a positive effect on the brain and may even act as a treatment for major depressive disorder. However, the effects of acute cardiovascular exercise on cognitive function during and after one session of aerobic training in elderly depressive patients are not known. METHODS: Ten elderly subjects diagnosed with major depressive disorder performed neuropsychological tests during and after a moderate physical exercise session (65-75%HR(max)). A Digit Span Test (Forward and Backward) and a Stroop Color-Word Test were used to assess cognitive function. The elderly participants walked on an electric treadmill for 30 minutes and underwent the same cognitive testing before, during, immediately after, and 15 minutes after the exercise session. In the control session, the same cognitive testing was conducted, but without exercise training. RESULTS: The results of the Digit Span Test did not change between the control and the exercise sessions. The results of the Stroop Color-Word Test improved after physical exercise, indicating a positive effect of exercise on cognition. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the cognitive functions of depressed elderly persons, especially attention and inhibitory control, are not impaired during and after an acute session of physical exercise. In contrast, the effect of dual-tasks showed beneficial results for these subjects, mainly after exercise. The dual-task may be a safe and useful tool for assessing cognitive function.
Subject(s)
Cognition/physiology , Depressive Disorder, Major/physiopathology , Exercise/physiology , Movement/physiology , Neuropsychological Tests , Task Performance and Analysis , Aged , HumansABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess the acute effect of physical exercise on the cognitive function of depressed elderly patients in a dual-task experiment. INTRODUCTION: Physical exercise has a positive effect on the brain and may even act as a treatment for major depressive disorder. However, the effects of acute cardiovascular exercise on cognitive function during and after one session of aerobic training in elderly depressive patients are not known. METHODS: Ten elderly subjects diagnosed with major depressive disorder performed neuropsychological tests during and after a moderate physical exercise session (65-75 percentHRmax). A Digit Span Test (Forward and Backward) and a Stroop Color-Word Test were used to assess cognitive function. The elderly participants walked on an electric treadmill for 30 minutes and underwent the same cognitive testing before, during, immediately after, and 15 minutes after the exercise session. In the control session, the same cognitive testing was conducted, but without exercise training. RESULTS: The results of the Digit Span Test did not change between the control and the exercise sessions. The results of the Stroop Color-Word Test improved after physical exercise, indicating a positive effect of exercise on cognition. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the cognitive functions of depressed elderly persons, especially attention and inhibitory control, are not impaired during and after an acute session of physical exercise. In contrast, the effect of dual-tasks showed beneficial results for these subjects, mainly after exercise. The dual-task may be a safe and useful tool for assessing cognitive function.
