Subject(s)
Apoptosis , Doxorubicin/pharmacology , Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Endothelial Cells/pathology , Endothelium, Vascular/cytology , Thalidomide/pharmacology , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology , Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Size/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Dimethyl Sulfoxide/pharmacology , Humans , SolventsABSTRACT
Continuous improvement of surgical techniques is needed in skull base surgery in order to decrease intraoperative complications during various operations. However, the basis of minimizing damage in the operative field is a comprehensive knowledge of microsurgical anatomy. This article provides a detailed description of the cribriform plate and adjacent areas, based on investigations of over one thousand dried skulls and 225 computerized tomography scans of the anterior skull base. The main anatomic structures and the different types of the cribriform plate are demonstrated on color photographs and identified on CT scans as well. The variations important in anterior skull base approaches are also discussed and compared with the data found in the literature. The surface anatomy and development of the cribriform plate is described.
Subject(s)
Ethmoid Bone/anatomy & histology , Adult , Aged , Body Weights and Measures , Cephalometry , Child , Child, Preschool , Cranial Fossa, Anterior/anatomy & histology , Cranial Fossa, Anterior/diagnostic imaging , Ethmoid Bone/diagnostic imaging , Ethmoid Sinus/anatomy & histology , Ethmoid Sinus/diagnostic imaging , Fetus , Frontal Lobe/anatomy & histology , Frontal Lobe/diagnostic imaging , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Olfactory Bulb/anatomy & histology , Olfactory Bulb/diagnostic imaging , Orbit/anatomy & histology , Orbit/diagnostic imaging , RadiographyABSTRACT
The luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of macrophages during the zymosan-stimulated respiratory burst has been studied both in the absence and in the presence of the radical inhibitor 3,5 di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid. In addition, the consumption of luminol and of the inhibitor has been followed analytically. Based on the rates of the consumption of the inhibitor, an iteration procedure yields a value of 2.2 x 10(-7) M for the steady-state concentration of radicals generated by cells at the maximum of the chemiluminescence in the presence of inhibitor. Approximate calculations have indicated that under the experimental conditions applied, additional formation of superoxide anion radicals by the oxidation of luminol is negligible. By assuming that in an inhibitor-free system the disappearance of radicals takes place via their combination process as well as by their interaction with luminol and/or with luminol-derived species, numerical integration yields a calculated curve of radical concentration versus time in fair agreement with experimental data and a rate-constant value for the combination of radicals of approximately 10(6) M-1 s-1, supporting literature findings according to which primarily superoxide anion radicals are formed.
Subject(s)
Butylated Hydroxytoluene/pharmacology , Macrophages, Peritoneal/physiology , Respiratory Burst , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Free Radicals/metabolism , Luminescent Measurements , Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred DBA , Models, Biological , Models, Chemical , Respiratory Burst/drug effects , Zymosan/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Chemiluminescence (CL) studies of the interaction between ground state hematoporphyrin photosensitizer (Hp) and peroxy radicals generated by the initiated oxidation of ethylbenzene at 60-80 degrees C revealed, that Hp is a singlet-singlet acceptor similarly to 9,10-diphenylanthracene. Furthermore, the fast decrease in the CL signal in the presence of Hp indicated that its consumption also took place due to chemical transformation, presumably by the attack of peroxy radicals on Hp. The rate constant of this attack has been calculated and it supports the view that such interaction can lead to an essential contribution to the bleaching processes in vivo.
