[The clinico-tomographic correlates in Alzheimer's disease]. / Kliniko-tomograficheskie korreliatsii pri bolezni Al'tsgeimera.

Brain computed tomographic scans of 43 patients with Alzheimer's disease (moderate and severe dementia) were compared to those of age-matched normal subjects (30 controls). Computed tomographic analysis included some linear and volume ventricular measurements. These indices correlated with relevant psychopathological and psychometric findings. Linear measurements of the ventricular size and the degree of cortical, central atrophy were significantly greater in patients with Alzheimer's disease than in the control group. In line with the disease progression and its development from moderate to severe dementia the degree of brain structural changes increased with the predominance of cortical atrophy in parietal lobes and central atrophy in mediobasal parts of the temporal lobes.

[A genetic analysis of the computed tomographic traits in schizophrenia]. / Geneticheskii analiz komp'iuterno-tomograficheskikh priznakov pri shizofrenii.

The authors analyze clinical and CT evidence obtained on schizophrenic families (42 probands, 70 parents and 23 siblings) versus 162 healthy volunteers. Heritability coefficients were estimated for CT-parameters. Positive and negative psychopathological symptoms and CT-parameters seem to be correlated. It was established that such CT parameters as width of the frontal horn of the left lateral ventricle in the area of nucleus caudatus, width of the central compartment of the left lateral ventricle, width of the frontal horn of the right lateral ventricle in the area of nucleus caudatus, width of the central compartment of the right lateral ventricle may be regarded as markers of predisposition to schizophrenia. The results support the hypothesis on the role of genetic predisposition in the development of neuropathological changes in schizophrenic patients. This may be utilized in medico-genetic consulting and for formulation of the disease prognostic criteria.

[Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of organic brain lesions in patients with schizophrenia]. / Komp'iuternaia tomografiia v diagnostike organicheskoi patologii golovnogo mozga u bol'nykh shizofreniei.

The authors retrospectively analyse CT data obtained in examinations of 1745 patients divided into three groups. Of these, 832 were male and 913 female patients. Group 1 consisted of 721 patients with schizophrenia, group 2 (reference) consisted of 855 mentally normal subjects directed to computer tomographic examination with suspected organic involvement of the brain, and group 3 (control) consisted of 169 mentally and neurologically normal subjects. On the whole the incidence of various organic brain lesions was 8% in group 1, 41.5% in group 2, and 6.5% in control group, whatever the of the examinees or any other factors. Vascular diseases of the nervous system predominated in group 2 as against group 1, being 3.5 times more incident. No intracranial tumors were detected in controls; in schizophrenics computer tomographic signs of volumic brain lesions were detected in 1.5% of cases, being diagnosed more than 10 times more frequently than in group 2 patients.

[Invasive interventions with computerized tomography guidance]. / Invazivnye vmeshatelstva pod kontrolem kompíuternoi tomografii.

Invasive interventions (diagnostic and therapeutic) were conducted on 125 patients. Fifty-six has diseases of the lungs, 16 of the mediastinum, 4 of the pleura, 17 of the liver, 2 of the pancreas, one of the spleen, 15 of the kidneys, 7 of the retroperineal space, two of the soft tissues, and 5 patients had diseases of the skeletal bones. Biopsy was combined with aspiration of the renal cyst content in 7 cases. The diagnostic value of biopsy under control of CT was 86% (106 cases); negative and pseudonegative results were recorded in 18 (14%) patients. The efficacy of biopsy is determined by such factors as the size of the lesion and the depth of its localization in the involved organ, the character of the pathological process and the region of its localization, the site from which the material is collected, and the needles used. Among 7 patients with therapeutic interventions, 5 had good and 2 had satisfactory immediate results. Complications were revealed in 4 (3.3%) patients, pneumothorax was encountered most frequently.

[Cerebral complications in cardiac myxomas]. / Tserebral'nye oslozhneniia pri miksomakh serdtsa.

The authors analyze injuries to the central nervous system in patients with heart myxomas due to tumorous embolism of brain vessels with the development of acute or "delayed" cerebral symptomatology. Stress the difficulty of correct interpretation of acute disorders of cerebral circulation with no other signs of intracavitary heart neoplasm and the possibility of the asymptomatic form of cerebrovascular embolism or its consequences in association with a remarkable clinical picture of heart myxoma. Emphasis is laid on the necessity of carrying out all-round examination of the brain to reveal injuries that may occur under such conditions, to determine the prognosis and treatment policy in the given patients' group, especially in the long-term period after resection of intracavitary heart neoplasm.

[The clinical and computed tomographic criteria of the diagnosis of multiple systemic cerebral atrophy with progressive autonomic insufficiency (the Shy-Drager syndrome)]. / Klinicheskie i komp'iuterno-tomograficheskie kriterii diagnostiki mnozhestvennoi sistemnoi atrofii mozga s progrssiruiushchei vegetativnoi nedostatochnost'iu (sindroma Shaia--Dreidzhera).

Based on clinical and CT examination of 3 patients with Shy-Drager syndrome and the reported data, differential diagnosis of the given diseases is under discussion. Shy-Drager syndrome is characterized by CT signs of progressive atrophy of the pons and cerebellum with no essential changes in the supratentorial brain structures. The authors support a proposal to use the term "multiple systemic atrophy" for designation of the disease entity that includes both Shy-Drager syndrome and sporadic patterns of olivopontocerebellar and strionigral degenerations in which the disease debuts by motor disorders of the extrapyramidal and cerebellar nature rather than by vegetative disturbances.

[Computerized tomography approaches in the study of dementia]. / Kompiuterno-tomograficheskie podkhody v izuchenii dementsii.

Computed tomography was used to study the prevalence rates of various types of intracranial pathology, hydrocephalus (HDC) and cortical atrophy (CA) in patients with late dementia (LD) and to comparatively assess the informative value of tomographic methods of cerebral morphometry. Computed tomographic data were obtained from 432 patients with LD. Despite the type of dementia, the authors revealed intracranial abnormalities of various etiology in 24.5%, postischemic foci being prevalent. Tumors, arachnoidal cysts, and chronic subdural hematomas were more infrequently diagnosed (in 2.6% of cases). HDC and CA were detected in 81.5 and 82.2% of patients with LD, respectively.

Clinico-tomographical aspects in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia.

This article discusses the role of some pathogenetical factors in the main morphological variants of vascular dementia and their correlation with certain clinical parameters. On the basis of computer-tomographical (CT) studies of 62 patients with dementia, it was possible to distinguish three groups of patients, according to the type of parenchymatous brain lesions: (1) 14 patients with "pure" leukoaraiosis (LA); (2) 23 patients with ischemic foci (IF), and (3) 25 patients with a combination of LA and IF. A comparative study of these groups confirmed the concept that in the development of LA and dementia related to it, a special role is being attributed to such factors as arterial hypertension and aging.

[Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of degenerative-dystrophic lesions of the spine and herniated intervertebral disk]. / Kompiuternaia tomografiia v diagnostike degenerativno-distroficheskikh porazhenii pozvonochnika--gryzhi mezpozvonkovogo diska.

Computed tomography (CT) examination was performed in 711 patients with various degenerative and dystrophic processes in the spine. The most numerous group (485 patients) included those with a posterior discal hernia associated in 54.3% of cases with other degenerative and dystrophic alterations in the vertebral column. The hernias were paramedial in 336 and central in 147 patients. In 98.4% of cases the lumbosacral portion was involved. The CT diagnosis was verified at surgery in 103 patients (21.3%) providing evidence for setting up the principal CT criteria of the hernia: deformity of the disk posterior margin in the form of its local prolapse, deformity of the epidural fat, presence of a soft tissue component, dislocation and deformity of the dural sac. It is established that CT is a safe and highly informative diagnostic procedure in discal hernias.

[Diagnosis of arachnoid cysts in young children]. / K diagnostike arakhnoidal'nykh kist u detei rannego vozrasta.

The authors present two rare cases of arachnoid cysts in infants. Discuss the characteristic features of the clinical course of the illness and computer-aided tomographic diagnostic criteria for congenital cerebral abnormalities.

[Clinical heterogeneity of dementia of the Alzheimer type]. / O klinicheskoi geterogennosti dementsii al'tsgeimerovskogo tipa.

Using clinico-psychopathological, clinico-neuropsychological and computer-aided tomography approaches, material differences were ascertained between groups of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and senile dementia (SD) in terms of the clinical parameters, including the age at which the disease sets in; the disease standing; the build-up features of the patients; the frequency of diverse exogenous and environmental actions at the premorbid stage and at the disease debut; the psychopathological structure of dementia and the initial disease manifestations. The clinical differences indicated were in agreement with different structures of the neuropsychological syndrome marked by the impairment of higher mental functions in AD and SD and with different structures and topography of alterations in the medulla, discovered by means of computer-aided studies. The differences in the clinical and morphofunctional characteristics of AD and SD allow a conclusion that AD and SD are clinically independent disease entities within the framework of the common group of the Alzheimer's type dementias.

[Value of computerized tomography methods in diagnosing various diseases of the spine and spinal cord]. / Znachenie metoda rentgenovskoi kom'piuternoi tomografii v diagnostike nekotorykh zabolevanii pozvonochnika i spinnogo mozga.

The authors generalize their 3-year experience in the employment of computer tomography at a multiprofile hospital and determine the diagnostic possibilities of this method in the treatment of degenerative and dystrophic diseases, primary and secondary tumours as well as some diseases of the spinal cord. The methods of improving the diagnostic efficiency of CT are discussed, particularly the employment of additional contrasting methods (CT epidurography and CT myelography). The indications for the employment of CT have been determined and the optimal sequence of performing the traditional X-ray methods of investigation, CT, CT epidurography and CT myelography in the lesions of the spinal column and the spinal cord has been worked out.

[Herpetic encephalitis: the clinico-virological aspect of its diagnosis]. / Gerpeticheskii éntsefalit: kliniko-virusologicheskii aspekt diagnostiki.

Eight patients with herpetic encephalitis (HE) and one patient with herpetic meningitis were investigated. The clinical and laboratory investigations (CR, EEG, and others) are described. In all the cases the diagnosis was corroborated with serological and virological tests unraveling the herpes simplex virus. A high-sensitive diagnose the atypical HE cases with subacute and chronic course that is important for correct treatment.

[Diagnosis of senile dementia using the method of computerized tomography]. / Diagnostika dementsii pozdnego vozrasta s ispo'lzovaniem metoda kom'piuternoi tomografii.

The authors investigated the impact of single CT investigation of senile dementia patients. CT was assessed visually. Investigated were 214 patients (23 with senile dementia, 29 with Alzheimer disease, 14 with Pick disease, 90 with vasculogenic dementia, 58 with other forms of dementia). The overall high efficiency of CT was shown in diagnosis of senile dementia. Depending on peculiar clinico-morphological relations different patterns of CT contribution to dementia diagnosis are determined: its verification, detection of concomitant (clinically latent) pathology, establishment of an alternative diagnosis, reduction of the number of diagnostic hypotheses, correction of a diagnostic error.

[Regional cerebral blood flow and the infarct volume in obstruction of the internal carotid artery in relationship to the source of the collateral circulation]. / Regionarnyi mozgovoi krovotok i ob''em infarkta pri zakuporke vnutrennei sonnoi arterii v sootnoshenii s istochnikom kollateral'nogo krovoobrashcheniia.

The cerebral blood flow was examined by means of Obrist's 133Xe-inhalational method, cerebral angiography, and computer-aided tomography of the head in 100 patients with occlusion of the internal carotid artery. The findings obtained have revealed a correlation between the level of the compensatory collateral blood supply of the bed of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and the source of collateral blood circulation. The authors have demonstrated the vulnerability of the MCA bed secondary to a low level of blood supply persisting despite the functioning of all pathways of the collateral circulation.

[Computed tomography in the diagnosis of intracranial meningiomas]. / Komp'iuternaia tomografiia v diagnostike vnutricherepnykh meningiom.

CT scans in 91 patients revealed the increased density ovoid or circular structures with sharply defined borders to be most characteristic of the intracranial meningiomas. However, these often had densities very low or indistinguishable against the background of the surrounding tissues' absorption coefficients. Irrespective of the initial tumor density CT will reveal the contrast media accumulating in it, diffuse as a rule. Perifocal edema is also typical of the meningiomas, manifested by the early detected shifts and compression fo different brain structures. CT and pathological data compared, the structural features of the meningiomas were identified which determine their density, borders and contrasting media accumulation.