Clinical efficacy of Colgate 360 degrees and three commercially available toothbrushes on the removal of desquamated epithelial cells.

A clinical study was done to evaluate the performance of four toothbrushes on the removal of desquamated epithelial cells after brushing according to the manufacturers' instructions for use. This randomized, crossover-design clinical study compared a new manual toothbrush (Colgate 360 degrees) to two commercially available manual toothbrushes (Oral-B CrossAction and Oral-B Indicator) and a commercially available battery-powered toothbrush (Crest SpinBrush PRO). Adult men and women subjects reported to the clinical facility after a 1-week "washout" period of brushing with a regular fluoride dentifrice and a soft-bristled toothbrush. Participants reported having refrained from oral hygiene procedures, eating, and drinking that morning. After providing a baseline rinse sample, subjects brushed their teeth for 1 minute with their assigned toothbrush and a commercially available fluoride toothpaste, then returned 30 minutes later to provide postuse rinse samples. Subjects refrained from dental hygiene, eating, and drinking during the 30-minute evaluation period. To provide the samples, subjects rinsed with 10 mL of sterile phosphate-buffered saline solution for 10 seconds. Each collected sample was centrifuged, resuspended, and run in a colorimetric assay to determine the level of desquamated epithelial cells found in the rinse as measured by the absorbance at 570 nm. Twenty adults completed the study. At baseline, the mean levels of desquamated epithelial cells for the 4 treatments were 0.70+/-0.27, 0.63+/-0.20, 0.69+/-0.30, and 0.62+/-0.31 for the Colgate 360 degrees, Oral-B Indicator, Crest SpinBrush PRO, and Oral-B CrossAction, respectively. Posttreatment, the mean levels of epithelial cells were 0.19, 0.38, 0.42, and 0.34, respectively. All of the treatments provided a statistically significant reduction compared to their respective baseline. In addition, the Colgate 360 degrees toothbrush was statistically significantly better than the other three toothbrushes in reducing desquamated epithelial cells. Therefore, the results of this randomized, crossover clinical study indicate that the newly designed Colgate 360 degrees manual toothbrush, with a tongue-cleaning implement on the back of the brush head, was statistically significantly more effective than the Oral-B Indicator, Crest SpinBrush PRO, and Oral-B CrossAction toothbrushes in removing desquamated epithelial cells.

Clinical comparison of a new manual toothbrush on the level of hydrogen-sulfide-forming bacteria on the tongue.

The objective of this randomized, crossover study was to compare the effectiveness of a newly designed manual toothbrush (Colgate 360 degrees) to two commercially available manual toothbrushes (Oral-B Indicator and Oral-B CrossAction) and a battery-powered toothbrush (Crest SpinBrush PRO) for their ability to reduce hydrogen-sulfide-forming bacteria on the tongue. After a washout period, subjects arrived at the clinical site for baseline sampling without performing dental hygiene, eating, or drinking. Subjects sampled the left side of their tongue with a cotton swab. Subjects brushed for 1 minute with the assigned test toothbrush and regular fluoride toothpaste. Those using the Colgate 360 degrees toothbrush were instructed to clean their tongue with the implement on the back of the brush head for 10 seconds. After 2 hours, the subjects returned to the clinical site having refrained from dental hygiene, eating, and drinking for posttreatment sampling, this time sampling the right side of their tongue. After a minimum 2-day washout period, subjects repeated the same regimen using the other toothbrushes. Collected tongue samples were dispersed in sterile water, serially diluted in sterile phosphate-buffered saline, and plated in duplicate onto lead acetate agar. When plated on this medium, bacteria that produce hydrogen sulfide appear as dark-pigmented colonies. After 72 hours of incubation, the dark colonies were counted, expressed as log colony-forming units/mL, and reduction from baseline was calculated. Thirty-one adult men and women completed the clinical study. There was no significant difference between baseline hydrogen-sulfide-forming bacteria levels. Posttreatment, the log reduction of bacteria was 0.80, 0.41, 0.33, and 0.44 for the Colgate 360 degrees, Oral-B Indicator, Crest SpinBrush PRO, and Oral-B CrossAction, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that the Colgate 360 toothbrush was statistically significantly better (P < .05) than the 3 commercial toothbrushes in reducing the levels of hydrogen-sulfide-forming bacteria on the tongue.

Clinical comparison of a new manual toothbrush on breath volatile sulfur compounds.

The objective of this randomized, crossover study was to compare the effectiveness of a newly designed manual toothbrush (Colgate 360 degrees) to two commercially available manual toothbrushes (Oral-B Indicator and Oral-B CrossAction) and a battery-powered toothbrush (Crest SpinBrush PRO) for their ability to reduce overnight volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) associated with oral malodor. The study followed a four-period crossover design. Following a washout period, prospective subjects arrived at the testing facility without eating, drinking, or performing oral hygiene for baseline evaluation of breath VSC levels. For each phase of the study, subjects were given one of the test tooth-brushes and a tube of regular toothpaste to take home, and they were instructed to brush their teeth in their customary manner for 1 minute. When using the Colgate 360 degrees toothbrush, subjects were instructed to clean their tongue with the implement on the back of the brush head for 10 seconds. The following morning, subjects reported to the testing facility, again without performing oral hygiene, eating, or drinking, for the overnight evaluation. After a minimum 2-day washout period, subjects repeated the same regimen using the other toothbrushes. The levels of breath VSC were evaluated instrumentally using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photometric detector. Measurements were taken in duplicate and then averaged. The levels of VSC were expressed as parts per billion (ppb) in mouth air. Sixteen men and women completed the study. At baseline, the mean levels of VSC in mouth air for the 4 toothbrushes were 719.8 ppb+/-318.4 ppb, 592.8 ppb+/-264.6 ppb, 673.8 ppb+/-405.9 ppb, and 656.2 ppb+/-310.2 ppb for the Colgate 360 degrees, Oral-B Indicator, Crest SpinBrush PRO, and Oral-B CrossAction, respectively. Overnight, the mean breath VSC levels after using the four toothbrushes were lower than those observed at baseline. The respective mean levels of breath VSC were 266.5 ppb+/-269.9 ppb, 545.2 ppb+/-346.1 ppb, 567 ppb+/-335.7 ppb, and 554.6 ppb+/-398.4 ppb. Only the Colgate 360 degrees toothbrush provided a statistically significant reduction (P < .05) in breath VSC vs baseline. Additionally, the Colgate 360 degrees toothbrush was statistically significantly better (P < .05) than the three commercial toothbrushes in reducing breath VSC. Therefore, the results of this randomized, crossover clinical study indicate that a newly designed manual toothbrush with a tongue-cleaning implement on the back of the brush head was significantly more effective than three commercially available toothbrushes in reducing morning breath VSC associated with oral malodor.

Clinical efficacy of Colgate Total Advanced Fresh and a commercially available breath-freshening dentifrice in reducing mouth-odor-causing bacteria.

The objective of this double-blind clinical study was to compare the long-lasting overnight (10- to 12-hour) and 4-hour effects of Colgate Total Advanced Fresh toothpaste to a commercial fluoridated breath-freshening dentifrice in controlling the level of mouth-odor-causing bacteria. Thirty-two adult men and women from New Jersey participated in the randomized, crossover design clinical study. After a 1-week "washout" period of brushing with a regular fluoride dentifrice, subjects refrained from dental hygiene, eating, and drinking in preparation for the morning visit. After providing a baseline salivary sample, subjects were issued a soft-bristled toothbrush and instructed to brush their teeth twice a day (once in the morning and once before bed) for 1 minute with the assigned test dentifrice. After a 7-day product use cycle, the subjects returned to the test site, having refrained from dental hygiene, eating, and drinking. Subjects provided an overnight salivary sample (10 to 12 hours postbrushing). Subjects then ate, brushed for 1 minute with the assigned dentifrice, and returned for 2- and 4-hour postbrushing evaluations. Subjects refrained from dental hygiene, eating, or drinking during the 4-hour evaluation period. To collect the oral microflora samples, subjects rinsed with 10 mL of sterile water for 10 seconds and deposited their samples into sterile tubes. Each collected sample was serially diluted in sterile phosphate-buffered saline and duplicate-plated onto lead acetate agar. When plated onto this medium, mouth-odor-causing bacteria that produce hydrogen sulfide appear as dark pigmented colonies. After 96 hours of incubation, hydrogen-sulfide-producing bacteria were counted, expressed as log colony-forming units per milliliter, and reduction from baseline was calculated. The results of this clinical study support the conclusion that Colgate Total Advanced Fresh provides a significantly greater reduction in mouth-odor-causing bacteria than a commercial fluoridated breath-freshening dentifrice (P < or = 0.05).

Breath-odor evaluation by detection of volatile sulfur compounds--correlation with organoleptic odor ratings.

Volatile sulfur compounds are known to be major contributors to oral malodor, and their detection by gas chromatography (GC) is a commonly used method for evaluating breath odor in clinical trials. A custom-designed breath-sampling GC system was developed for this purpose. A clinical study was performed to compare the performance of this instrumental method to organoleptic evaluation by trained odor judges. A statistically significant correlation was found between the measured levels of volatile sulfurs and the ratings of the odor judges. Both methods performed similarly in evaluating the breath-freshening effects of two test products. These results demonstrate the strength of the GC method for evaluating breath odor and predicting the breath-freshening effects of oral-care products.

Clinical comparison of Colgate Total Advanced Fresh vs a commercially available fluoride breath-freshening toothpaste in reducing breath odor overnight: a multiple-use study.

The objective of this randomized, crossover study was to compare the effectiveness of Colgate Total Advanced Fresh toothpaste to a commercially available breath-freshening dentifrice containing fluoride for its ability to reduce volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) responsible for breath odor overnight. The study followed a two-treatment, two-period crossover design. Subjects were given a test product, along with a soft-bristled toothbrush, and instructed to brush their teeth for 1 minute, twice daily (once in the morning and the evening) using the assigned dentifrice for 7 consecutive days. After their evening brushing on the seventh day, subjects reported to the testing facility without oral hygiene, eating, or drinking for the overnight evaluation. After a washout period, subjects repeated the same regimen, now using the other test product. The levels of breath VSC were evaluated instrumentally using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photometric detector.