ABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Pathological gambling (PG) is a potential complication related to the treatment of Parkinson disease (PD) with dopamine agonists (DA). The cause of this disorder is unknown, but altered dopamine neurotransmission may be involved. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of the opioid antagonist naltrexone in the treatment of PG in PD. METHODS: Our cases included 3 patients with PD who developed PG after DA treatment. RESULTS: Pathological gambling did not improve after reduction or discontinuation of DA. These patients responded poorly to serotonin reuptake inhibitors, whereas treatment with opioid antagonist naltrexone resulted in the remission of PG. Naltrexone treatment was well tolerated. In one patient, higher dose of naltrexone resulted in hepatic abnormalities, which resolved after dosage reduction. CONCLUSIONS: The opioid antagonist naltrexone could be an effective option for the treatment of PG in PD.
Subject(s)
Gambling/drug therapy , Naltrexone/therapeutic use , Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use , Parkinson Disease/drug therapy , Adult , Dopamine Agonists/adverse effects , Dopamine Agonists/therapeutic use , Gambling/chemically induced , Gambling/psychology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Parkinson Disease/psychology , Prospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Data on stroke morbidity are lacking in southern Italy, an area with about 20 million inhabitants and a mean income lower than the rest of the country. Therefore a population-based stroke register was established to determine incidence and case fatality in the Province of Vibo Valentia, Calabria. METHODS: The survey was conducted among the 179186 residents. Standard definitions and multiple case-finding procedures were employed. All identified cases of first-ever stroke were followed at 28 days, 3 and 12 months. The registration started on January 1, 1996, and ended on December 31, 1996. RESULTS: A total of 321 first-ever-in-a-lifetime strokes were identified. The crude annual incidence rate was 1.79 (95% CI 1.60-1.99) per 1000 inhabitants. Rates age-standardized to the 1996 Italian population and to the standard European population were, respectively, 1.99 (95% CI 1.79-2.20) and 1.36 (95% CI 1.19-1.53) per 1000 inhabitants. A subtype diagnosis was reached in 96% of patients. The crude annual incidence rates per 1000 inhabitants were 1.31 for cerebral infarction, 0.35 for intracerebral hemorrhage, 0.06 for subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 0.07 for unspecified stroke. Overall case fatality was 23.7% at 28 days, 27.4% at 3 months and 40.2% at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first prospective population-based stroke register established in southern Italy. Incidence and case fatality were comparable to those previously reported in northern and central Italy and other industrialized countries. Our estimates are useful for developing management services and allocating resources.
