ABSTRACT
Yellow mosaic disease (YMD), incited by mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV), is a primary viral disease that reduces mungbean production in South Asia, especially in India. There is no detailed knowledge regarding the genes and molecular mechanisms conferring resistance of mungbean to MYMV. Therefore, disclosing the genetic and molecular bases related to MYMV resistance helps to develop the mungbean genotypes with MYMV resistance. In this study, transcriptomes of mungbean genotypes, VGGRU-1 (resistant) and VRM (Gg) 1 (susceptible) infected with MYMV were compared to those of uninfected controls. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the resistant and susceptible genotypes was 896 and 506, respectively. Among them, 275 DEGs were common between the resistant and susceptible genotypes. Functional annotation of DEGs revealed that the DEGs belonged to the following categories defense and pathogenesis, receptor-like kinases; serine/threonine protein kinases, hormone signaling, transcription factors, and chaperons, and secondary metabolites. Further, we have confirmed the expression pattern of several DEGs by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Collectively, the information obtained in this study unveils the new insights into characterizing the MYMV resistance and paved the way for breeding MYMV resistant mungbean in the future.
ABSTRACT
STUDY DESIGN: A prospective genetic association study. PURPOSE: The etiology of Modic changes (MCs) is unclear. Recently, the role of genetic factors in the etiology of MCs has been evaluated. However, studies with a larger patient subset are lacking, and candidate genes involved in other disc degeneration phenotypes have not been evaluated. We studied the prevalence of MCs and genetic association of 41 candidate genes in a large Indian cohort. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: MCs are vertebral endplate signal changes predominantly observed in the lumbar spine. A significant association between MCs and lumbar disc degeneration and nonspecific low back pain has been described, with the etiopathogenesis implicating various mechanical, infective, and biochemical factors. METHODS: We studied 809 patients using 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging to determine the prevalence, patterns, distribution, and type of lumbar MCs. Genetic association analysis of 71 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 41 candidate genes was performed based on the presence or absence of MCs. SNPs were genotyped using the Sequenome platform, and an association test was performed using PLINK software. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population (n=809) was 36.7±10.8 years. Based on the presence of MCs, the cohort was divided into 702 controls and 107 cases (prevalence, 13%). MCs were more commonly present in the lower (149/251, 59.4%) than in the upper (102/251, 40.6%) endplates. L4–5 endplates were the most commonly affected levels (30.7%). Type 2 MCs were the most commonly observed pattern (n=206, 82%). The rs2228570 SNP of VDR (p=0.02) and rs17099008 SNP of MMP20 (p=0.03) were significantly associated with MCs. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic polymorphisms of SNPs of VDR and MMP20 were significantly associated with MCs. Understanding the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of MCs is important for planning preventive and therapeutic strategies.
