ABSTRACT
Objetivo: revisar el estado actual del conocimiento científico sobre la adicción y/o el uso abusivo de nuevas tecnologías por parte de adolescentes y jóvenes para describir y analizar los peligros que ello supone, así como mostrar el papel del profesional enfermero en la orientación psicoafectiva de los afectados por esta adicción. Método: revisión narrativa de la literatura. Las bases de datos y otros recursos web utilizados fueron Medline, SSCI, PsycInfo, CINAHL y CUIDEN, así como diversos portales de instituciones en el ámbito sanitario. Se seleccionaron artículos publicados entre 2006 y 2016, en castellano y en inglés, con los términos DeCS referenciados como «adolescente»; «ansiedad»; «conducta adictiva»; «multimedia», y que su lectura aportase información al tema de estudio. Resultados: se seleccionaron un total de 26 artículos. La televisión es la tecnología que genera mayor percepción del problema en los menores. En cuanto a posibles síntomas de adicción, se constató que las nuevas tecnologías generan conductas similares a las consideradas características en las adicciones establecidas. Entre ellas destaca la relajación producida por el uso o el malestar si no puede utilizarse. Se evidenció la presencia de otros comportamientos relativamente frecuentes exclusivos de este tipo de tecnologías, como la comprobación constante del teléfono móvil. Conclusiones: la aplicación de métodos psicoeducativos, con metodología de educación grupal, puede ser una herramienta útil para enfrentarse a la incertidumbre presente en los adolescentes con trastornos de conductas adictivas a las nuevas tecnologías. Aquí adquiere importancia el rol de los profesionales enfermeros, evidenciado por diferentes estudios en el tratamiento a este tipo de adicciones (AU)
Objectives: to review the current situation of scientific knowledge on addiction and/or abuse of new technologies by adolescents and young persons, in order to describe and analyze the dangers entailed, as well as to show the role of the nursing professional in psychoaffective orientation for those suffering this addiction. Method: a narrative review of literature. The following databases and other web resources were used: Medline, SSCI, PsycInfo, CINAHL and CUIDEN, as well as different websites by healthcare institutions. There was a selection of articles published between 2006 and 2016, in Spanish and in English, with the DeCS terms referenced as: «adolescente/adolescent»; «ansiedad/anxiety»; «conducta adictiva/addictive behaviour»; «multimedia», and which contributed information to the subject of the study. Results: in total, 27 articles were selected. Television is the technology that generates a higher perception of the problem in minors. In terms of potential addiction symptoms, it was confirmed that new technologies generate behaviours similar to those considered characteristic of established addictions. A behaviour that stands out is the relaxation caused by use, or the discomfort if it cannot be used. The presence of other behaviours relatively frequent was confirmed, which are exclusive to this type of technologies, such as constantly checking their mobile phone. Conclusions: the implementation of psychoeducational methods, with a group education methodology, can be a useful tool in order to face the uncertainty present in adolescents with behaviour disorders of addiction to new technologies. The role of nursing professional becomes important here, as demonstrated by different studies on the treatment for this type of addictions (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Young Adult , Behavior, Addictive/epidemiology , Multimedia/trends , Anxiety/epidemiology , Adolescent Behavior , Attitude to Computers , Nursing Diagnosis , Video Games/psychology , Cell PhoneABSTRACT
The effects of disasters on physical health tend to be well-known, with short, medium and long term sequelae. On the other hand, not always is have recognized in the same way the effects on mental health, despite having shown that, in situations of disaster or catastrophe there is a psychological signs of suffering increase and increases to a certain extent the psychiatric morbidity and other problem social. It is estimated that between a third and half of the exposed population, it suffers from some psychological manifestation. It has been erroneously thought that children and adolescents, not suffering with the same intensity of especially traumatic situations. In fact it was presumed, given their reactions so different from that of adults, had some protection. Currently, this has denied and minors are considered to be a group of high risk in cases of disasters and emergencies. Investigations carried out, demonstrate that in children and adolescents, the psychological sequels tend to be frequent and affect directly to the physical, mental and social development. Natural disasters are unexpected situations that will produce a serie of emotional reactions of diverse severity in their survivors, especially children, one of the most vulnerable groups due to a less understanding of what happened and difficulty expressing what they feel, having a personality still developing, and so directly affecting their physical, mental and social development. Therefore suffering the emotional scars, they will take longer to resolve and have a lifetime to live with them. These consequences should be treated by a corresponding community nurse and sometimes, depending on the severity and persistence (more than 3 months), a referral will be made to a qualified mental health professional, taking into account a number of recommendation and assesment canons. Parents or tutors with health professionals have an important role in the recovery of their children and their reactions will be very influenced by these firts. In recent years the interest has increased by the impact of the disaster on the mental health of affected populations and currently has become evident the need for a comprehensive approach that transcends disease care and repair of material damage.
Subject(s)
Disasters , Emotions , Mental Disorders/etiology , Mental Disorders/psychology , Adolescent , Child , HumansABSTRACT
Los efectos de los desastres sobre la salud física suelen ser bastante conocidos, con secuelas a corto, medio y largo plazo. En cambio, no siempre se han reconocido de igual manera los efectos sobre la salud mental, a pesar de haberse demostrado que, en situaciones de desastre o catástrofe se produce un incremento de los signos de sufrimiento psicológico y aumenta en cierta medida la morbilidad psiquiátrica y otros problemas sociales. Se estima que entre una tercera parte y la mitad de la población expuesta sufre alguna manifestación psicológica. Se ha pensado erróneamente que los niños y los adolescentes no sufren con la misma intensidad las consecuencias de situaciones especialmente traumáticas. De hecho, se presumía que, dadas sus reacciones tan diferentes a las de los adultos, tenían una cierta protección. En la actualidad esto se ha desmentido y los menores se consideran un grupo de alto riesgo en casos de desastres y emergencias. Algunas investigaciones realizadas demuestran que, en niños y adolescentes, las secuelas psicológicas suelen ser frecuentes y afectar de manera directa al desarrollo físico, mental y social. La enfermera de Atención Primaria correspondiente deberá tratar estas secuelas y, en ocasiones, dependiendo de su gravedad y persistencia (mayor de 3 meses), se realizará una derivación a un profesional de la salud mental, teniendo en cuenta una serie de recomendaciones y criterios de valoración. Los padres o tutores, junto con los profesionales sanitarios, desempeñan un papel muy importante en la recuperación de sus hijos, ya que las reacciones de los niños van a estar muy influenciadas por las de estos. En los últimos años, ha aumentado el interés por el impacto de los desastres en la salud mental de las poblaciones afectadas y actualmente se ha hecho evidente la necesidad de un abordaje integral, que trascienda la atención a la enfermedad y la reparación de los daños materiales (AU)
The effects of disasters on physical health tend to be well-known, with short, medium and long term sequelae. On the other hand, not always is have recognized in the same way the effects on mental health, despite having shown that, in situations of disaster or catastrophe there is a psychological signs of suffering increase and increases to a certain extent the psychiatric morbidity and other problem social. It is estimated that between a third and half of the exposed population, it suffers from some psychological manifestation. It has been erroneously thought that children and adolescents, not suffering with the same intensity of especially traumatic situations. In fact it was presumed, given their reactions so different from that of adults, had some protection. Currently, this has denied and minors are considered to be a group of high risk in cases of disasters and emergencies. Investigations carried out, demonstrate that in children and adolescents, the psychological sequels tend to be frequent and affect directly to the physical, mental and social development. Natural disasters are unexpected situations that will produce a serie of emotional reactions of diverse severity in their survivors, especially children, one of the most vulnerable groups due to a less understanding of what happened and difficulty expressing what they feel, having a personality still developing, and so directly affecting their physical, mental and social development. Therefore suffering the emotional scars, they will take longer to resolve and have a lifetime to live with them. These consequences should be treated by a corresponding community nurse and sometimes, depending on the severity and persistence (more than 3 months), a referral will be made to a qualified mental health professional, taking into account a number of recommendation and assesment canons. Parents or tutors with health professionals have an important role in the recovery of their children and their reactions will be very influenced by these firts. In recent years the interest has increased by the impact of the disaster on the mental health of affected populations and currently has become evident the need for a comprehensive approach that transcends disease care and repair of material damage (AU)
