ABSTRACT
Engagement of community participation is an innovative driver of modern research. However, to benefit the communities being studied, it is imperative to continuously evaluate ethical considerations, the relationship dynamic between researchers and community members, and the responsiveness of research teams to the needs and preferences of communities. Northwestern University's Center for Health Equity Transformation founded a community scientist program in 2018 that implemented a study using the Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) model. This project is an ongoing study of heavy metal exposure by geographic location in Chicago. Community scientists from various backgrounds, communities, and organizations formed an advisory panel, partnering with the cancer research team. This commentary describes lessons learned in structuring meaningful community involvement and benefit in CBPR, with a focus on three lessons learned that relate to ethics, relationships, and responsiveness. Our findings lay new groundwork for iteratively shaping best practices in CBPR.
Subject(s)
Community-Based Participatory Research , Physicians , Humans , Research Design , ChicagoABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Salmonella is one of the top causes for bacterial foodborne infections in the United States, emphasizing the importance of controlling this pathogen for protecting public health. Poultry and poultry products are commonly associated with Salmonella, and interventions during production and processing are necessary to manage the risk of infection due to consumption of poultry products. In recent times, the demand for organic and antibiotic-free poultry has increased owing to consumer perceptions and concerns of increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) pathogens. However, the microbiological effect of these management practices is not clear. This study was conducted to determine the difference in the AMR of Salmonella isolated from poultry processed conventionally and organically. Fecal samples, carcass rinses, and environmental samples were collected over 1 year and analyzed for the prevalence of Salmonella and AMR. Results of this experiment showed that organic chickens were associated with statistically higher levels of Salmonella during early processing steps. However, no difference in Salmonella prevalence was observed between organic and conventional carcasses postchill. In addition, for most antimicrobial agents tested, prevalence of AMR Salmonella in conventional processing was lower in this study than was reported by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for chickens at slaughter. These observations indicate that organic methods may introduce greater risk of Salmonella contamination; however, proper interventions during processing can abate this risk. In addition, this study supports the assertion that raising chickens without the use of antibiotics may result in lower prevalence of AMR Salmonella.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Chickens , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Food Handling/methods , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Consumer Product Safety , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Prevalence , Salmonella/drug effects , Salmonella/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Introduction: Mustelus higmani is one of the shark species most commonly caught in the Northeastern region of Venezuela; however, this species has been poorly studied. Objective: To evaluate the age and growth of M. higmani on the basis of the optical analysis of vertebrae. Methods: Between August 2016 and July 2017, the vertebral samples were collected in the fishing port of Juan Griego, Margarita Island. The growth study was based on a sample of 238 individuals, 86 males (24.1-59.5 cm TL) and 152 females (24.4-69.5 cm TL) and the use of VBGF modeling approach. Results: The RMI analysis suggested an annual periodicity for the deposition of growth rings. Ages assigned varied between 0 and 5 years in males, and between 0 and 6 years in females. The estimates of VBGF parameters were L ¥ = 60.4 cm TL, k = 0.53 years-1 and t 0 = -1.02 years in males; and L ¥ = 71.1 cm TL, k = 0.38 years-1 and t 0 = -1.17 years in females. The ages at maturity and longevities resulted respectively in 2.6 and 6.6 years for males; and in 2.1 and 9.0 years for females. Conclusions: In general, results indicate that M. higmani has a rapid growth, early maturity, short longevity, and annual reproductive cycle, characterizing it as a biologically productive species.
Introducción: Mustelushigmani es una de las especies de tiburones más comúnmente capturadas en el nororiente de Venezuela; sin embargo, ha sido poco estudiada. Objetivo: Examinar la edad y crecimiento de M. higmani con base en el análisis óptico de las vértebras. Métodos: Entre agosto 2016 y julio 2017, se recolectaron muestras de vertebras en el puerto pesquero de Juan Griego, Isla de Margarita. La asignación de las edades se realizó con base en 238 ejemplares, 86 machos (24.1-59.5 cm LT) y 152 hembras (24.4-69.5 cm LT). Resultados: El análisis de RMI sugiere una periodicidad anual en la formación de los anillos de crecimiento. Las edades estuvieron comprendidas entre 0 y 5 años en los machos, y entre 0 y 6 años en las hembras. A su vez, los valores de los parámetros VBGF fueron L ¥ = 60.4 cm LT, k = 0.53 años-1 y t 0 = -1.02 años en los machos, y L ¥ = 71.1 cm LT, k = 0.38 años-1 y t 0 = -1.17 años en las hembras. Las edades medias de madurez y las longevidades resultaron respectivamente en 2.6 y 6.6 años para los machos, y en 2.1 y 9.0 años para las hembras. Conclusiones: En general los resultados indican que M. higmani presenta un crecimiento rápido, madurez temprana, corta longevidad y ciclo reproductivo anual, caracterizándola como una especie productiva desde el punto de vista biológico.
Subject(s)
Animals , Sharks/growth & development , VenezuelaABSTRACT
Campylobacter is one of the leading cause of foodborne illness in the US and worldwide, especially linked to poultry and poultry products. In recent years, the increasing popularity of organic chicken products and chickens raised without antibiotics (RWA) has resulted in more companies adopting organic and antibiotic-free production and processing methods; however, it is not evident what effect these practices have on pathogens such as Campylobacter. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of RWA and organic methods on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Campylobacter. Samples were collected from a processing facility that used organic and conventional methods to process RWA broilers. Samples included fecal grab samples from incoming birds, carcass rinses at important steps throughout processing, and environmental samples including equipment swabs, water samples, and air samples. Samples were analyzed for prevalence of Campylobacter by enrichment, and populations of presumptive Campylobacter were quantified. Isolates collected in this study were analyzed for AMR according to the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) protocol. Results showed that organic birds had a lower prevalence (P < 0.05) of Campylobacter and lower populations of presumptive Campylobacter during early processing steps, but no differences (P > 0.05) between organic and conventional birds were seen post-chill, with the exception of a lower prevalence in post-water-chill organic birds. These observations show that organic methods can be associated with lower initial Campylobacter levels than conventional methods, although appropriate processing interventions result in similar Campylobacter populations post-chill, regardless of processing method. Prevalence of AMR Campylobacter in chickens at slaughter suggest that raising birds without the use of antimicrobials may not be effective in reducing the incidence of AMR Campylobacter in chicken.
Subject(s)
Abattoirs , Campylobacter/isolation & purification , Chickens/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Animal Husbandry/methods , Animals , Campylobacter/drug effects , Campylobacter Infections/microbiology , Campylobacter Infections/veterinary , Feces/microbiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Poultry Diseases/microbiology , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad a 3 y 6 meses de una intervención integral de tratamientos para caries dental en dientes permanentes, en escolares de 9 a 11 años atendidos en 5 Unidades Comunitarias de Salud Familiar durante el año 2017. Metodología: El estudio es cuasi experimental de intervención comunitaria con grupo control pre y post en una muestra de 150 escolares, a quienes se les realizó un diagnóstico, tratamientos y sus respectivos controles para determinar la efectividad de la intervención integral. La fase de campo se realizó en el período de marzo de 2017 a febrero de 2018; el vaciado, análisis e interpretación de resultados se realizó en el Set de Diagnóstico, Experiencia y Necesidades de Tratamiento por Caries Dental (S-DENT) y el Paquete Estadístico Para Ciencias Sociales (SPSS). Resultados: El Índice Simplificado de Higiene Oral (ISHO) en el nivel óptimo inicial fue de 42%, a tres meses fue de 72.41% y a los seis meses fue de 85.71%; la supervivencia de sellantes de fosas y fisuras a los 6 meses fue de 53% y de obturaciones 86%; reportando una pérdida de seguimiento del 12.67%. Conclusión: La intervención integral fue efectiva, pues se logró disminución en cuanto a los niveles de índice de placa bacteriana, se redujo el promedio de caries dental y la supervivencia de tratamientos fue mayor al 50%.
Objective: To determine the effectiveness at 3 and 6 months of an integral intervention of treatment for dental cavities in permanent dentition, in school children aged 9 to 11, diagnosed in 5 Family Health Community Centers during the year 2017. Methodology: The study is quasi-experimental of community intervention with pre and post control group in a sample of 150 school children, who were not only diagnosed, but also given treatment, and their respective check-ups to determine the effectiveness of the integral intervention. The field phase was carried out from March 2017 to February 2018. Data were stored, analyzed, and interpreted using the Dental Caries Experience and Treatment Needs Diagnostic Set (S-DENT) and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: The Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) at the initial optimal level was 42%, at 3 months it was 72.41%, and at 6 months it was 85.71%; the survival of the pits and fissure sealants at 6 months was 53% and the survival of the fillings was 86% reporting a loss of follow-up of 12.67%. Conclusion: The integral intervention was effective, since it managed to decrease the index levels of the bacterial plaque, the average of dental cavities was reduced, and the treatment survival was greater than 50%.
Subject(s)
Preventive Dentistry , Pathology, Oral , Pit and Fissure Sealants , Tooth Remineralization , El SalvadorABSTRACT
Decimal reduction time ( D-value) was calculated for six non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in a laboratory medium and ground beef. For the laboratory medium, an overnight culture of each strain of STEC was divided into 10-mL sample bags and heated in a water bath for a specific time on the basis of the temperatures. Survival curves were generated by plotting the surviving bacterial population against time, and a linear-log primary model was used to estimate the D-values from survival curves. The z-values (the temperature raised to reduce the D-value by one-tenth) were calculated by plotting the log D-values against temperature. Similarly, for ground beef, six fat contents, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% of ground beef were formulated for this study. Inoculated meat was divided into 5-g pouches and submerged in a water bath set at specific temperatures (55, 60, 65, 68, and 71.1°C). The average D-value for these strains in a laboratory medium was 17.96 min at 55°C, which reduced significantly ( P < 0.05) to 1.58 min at 60°C, and then further reduced ( P < 0.05) to 0.46 min at 65°C. In ground beef, a negative correlation ( P < 0.05) between fat content of ground beef and D-values was observed at 55°C. However, at temperatures greater than 60°C, there was no impact ( P > 0.05) of fat content of ground beef on the thermal resistance of non-O157 STECs. Irrespective of the fat content of ground beef, the D-values ranged from 15.93 to 11.69, 1.15 to 1.12, and 0.14 to 0.09 min and 0.05 at 55, 60, 65, and 68°C, respectively. The data generated from this study can be helpful for the meat industry to develop predictive models for thermal inactivation of non-O157 STECs in ground beef with varying fat content.
Subject(s)
Fats/analysis , Meat Products/microbiology , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli , Animals , Cattle , Colony Count, Microbial , Hot Temperature , Meat Products/analysis , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli/growth & development , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
La calidad científica y ética de los servicios de salud es un derecho de todos los pueblos; los profesionales de salud y los gobernantes están obligados a proporcionarlos. Esta calidad debe ser evaluada y mejorada técnica y periódicamente por los gestores de salud, considerando las opiniones de los usuarios. La presente investigación tiene la finalidad de evaluar la CALIDAD del Servicio de Emergencia de Adultos del HNERM-EsSALUD año 2005, desde e punto de vista de usuarios. La investigación se realizó en el los pisos de hospitalización y unidades criticas del HNERM para los usuarios externos (UE) procedentes del servicio de emergencia y para los usuarios internos del hospital (UIH) . Para los usuarios internos del servicio de emergencia (UIE) , se hizo en su propio servicio. Tipo de investigación: cuali-cuantitativa, prospectiva, transversal y comparativa. En esta investigación se estudio el INTORNO del servicio en estudio (estructura, proceso y resultado) la aplicación de la ETICA DEONTOLOGICA, considerando la opinión de los usuarios. Resultados obtenidos. INTORNO del servicio en estudio (2005): ESTRUCTURA, apreciación desfavorable: Infraestructura inadecuada para el: 62.7 por ciento (UE), 60 por ciento (UIE) y 94.5 por ciento (UIH). Infraestructura de emergencia no es segura frente a desastres naturales, salidas de emergencia y explosiones, para el 94.5 por ciento (UIE) y 87.9 por ciento (UIH). Número inadecuado de personal asistencial, para el 65.3 por ciento (UE), 89.1 por ciento (UIE) y 76.9 por ciento (UIH). Número inadecuado de monitores, insumos, medicamentos, para el 59.6 por ciento (UE). Falta de tecnología de punta y en número adecuado, para el 76.4 por ciento (UIE) y 79.1 por ciento (UIH). Falta de insumos adecuados, para el 74.5 por ciento (UIE) y 76.9 por ciento (UIH). Falta de medicamentos en cantidad y calidad adecuados, para el 83.6 por ciento (UIE) y 72.5 por ciento (UIH). Estructura, apreciación favorable: Según opinión de los UE, UIE y UIH la única cualidad que reconocen en la estructura del servicio en estudio es al personal asistencial capacitado. El 67.2 por ciento de UE se sintieron seguros en local y para el 68.9 por ciento de UE existe un sistema de comunicaciones en el servicio en estudio. PROCESO. Proceso asistencial (PA) médico según los UE. Oportunidad de la atención: 87.4 por ciento. Alivio de molestias de pacientes: 81 por ciento. Curación de su emergencia: en promedio 51.8 por ciento; considerando tópico de ingreso a emergencia hay diferencia significativa a favor del TCA (74 por ciento) y de la UST (69.9 por ciento), con porcentajes menores para el TMA (43.3 por ciento) y para el TTA (56. 6 por ciento). PA de enfermeros según los UE. Cumplimiento de las indicaciones médicas: 85.5 por ciento; explicaron por la demora de atención: 62.5 por ciento; acudieron oportunamente al llamado del paciente: 67.7 por ciento. PA de los técnicos de enfermería según los UE. Acudieron al llamado del paciente: 79.1 por ciento. Proceso administrativo: 63.6 por ciento de los UIE no están de acuerdo con el manejo administrativo y de gestión del servicio en estudio; 67.3 por ciento de UIE no están de acuerdo con los Iineamientos de gestión y política de la gerencia médica y la gerencia general en relación al manejo del servicio. Para el ,50.5 por ciento de UIH no existe buena coordinación y relación del servicio de emergencia con los otros servicios del hospital. Para el 65.9 por ciento de los UIH no existe trabajo en equipo entre el servicio de emergencia y los otros servicios del hospital en el manejo general del paciente. RESULTADO. Grado de satisfacción de UE. Con la atención médica; satisfechos: 83.4 por ciento, insatisfechos: 16.6 por ciento. Con enfermería; satisfechos: 75.5 por ciento. Con los técnicos de E; satisfechos: 80.8 por ciento. Se solucionó su emergencia para el 73.6 por ciento de UE (Según tópico ingreso; mayor porcentaje para TCA (...)
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Patient Acceptance of Health Care , Ambulatory Care , Total Quality Management , Outpatients , Inpatients , Quality of Health Care , Emergency Service, Hospital/organization & administration , Prospective Studies , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
La calidad científica y ética de los servicios de salud es un derecho de todos los pueblos; los profesionales de salud y los gobernantes están obligados a proporcionarlos. Esta calidad debe ser evaluada y mejorada técnica y periódicamente por los gestores de salud, considerando las opiniones de los usuarios. La presente investigación tiene la finalidad de evaluar la CALIDAD del Servicio de Emergencia de Adultos del HNERM-EsSALUD año 2005, desde e punto de vista de usuarios. La investigación se realizó en el los pisos de hospitalización y unidades criticas del HNERM para los usuarios externos (UE) procedentes del servicio de emergencia
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Ambulatory Care , Total Quality Management , Inpatients , Outpatients , Patient Acceptance of Health Care , Quality of Health Care , Emergency Service, Hospital/organization & administration , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in healthy postmenopausal women with normal sun exposure but without vitamin D fortification in their diets. DESIGN: We studied 90 healthy ambulatory women who were residents of Santiago, Chile (latitude 33 degrees S); 30 were premenopausal (32.6 +/- 7.4 y), and 60 were postmenopausal (63.7 +/- 9.7 y). Half of the women were studied during the winter and the other half during the following summer. Each provided a fasting blood sample to measure biochemical parameters, parathyroid hormone, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D and completed a questionnaire to estimate sunlight exposure. A first morning urine sample was collected in postmenopausal women to measure deoxypyridinoline. Various cutoff points of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were used to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<9, <15, and <20 ng/mL). RESULTS: All of the women had normal renal and liver parameters. Sunlight exposure was adequate in almost all of the volunteers (93% in both groups, P > 0.05). In postmenopausal women, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was less than 9 ng/mL in 12%, less than 15 ng/mL in 40%, and less than 20 ng/mL in 60%, compared with 0%, 13%, and 27%, respectively, in premenopausal women. Deoxypyridinoline was 75% higher during winter than summer (9.8 +/- 2.5 vs 5.6 +/- 1.4 nmol/mmol creatinine, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is very common in Chilean healthy postmenopausal women with normal sun exposure but without vitamin D fortification in their diets. This finding is associated with higher bone resorption during winter time and emphasizes the need to increase vitamin D intake in healthy postmenopausal women.
