Biological capacities of seven Chilean ferns.

Sticherus squamulosus, Hymenophyllum dentatum, Blechnum microphyllum, Polypodium Feuillei, Blechnum chilense, Lophosoria quadripinnata, and Lissopimpla excelsa are native fern species found in southern Chile and are often used in traditional medicine. However, their bioactive properties have not been confirmed. In this study, ethanolic extracts of ferns exhibited significant antibacterial capacity against human pathogens. H. dentatum and S. squamulosus were selected for further analysis owing to their antimicrobial and antioxidant capacities. The entire H. dentatum extract exhibited fungistatic and fungicidal capacity on Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum, with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 1.56 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentration values of 6.25 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. The S. squamulosus extract presented the highest rutin content (222.5 µg/g fern). In addition, the ethanolic extract of H. dentatum inhibited 91% of DPPH radicals. Therefore, both types of ferns can be used in the food industry.

Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Monofloral Honeys from Chile.

Honey is a mixture of compounds produced by bees that has been appreciated by humanity since the creation of the oldest civilizations. It has multiple uses and can be a highly nutritional and healing substance. It has been used in traditional medicine as a natural alternative for the treatment of diverse clinical conditions. This is due to its reported bioactive properties. The objective of this article is to exhibit and analyze the biological properties of different types of honey originating from Chile based on their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, focusing primarily on recompiling experimental studies made on monofloral honey of plant species present in the Chilean territory. The result of this bibliographical review shows that Chilean honey possesses remarkable bioactive properties, mainly antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, with a few studies on its anti-inflammatory activity. Most of these results were attributed to monofloral honey belonging to ulmo (Eucryphia cordifolia) and quillay (Quillaja saponaria Molina) plant species. These properties are related to the presence of several bioactive components, such as phenolic components (mainly flavonoids), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), enzymes, proteins, and carbohydrates. The biodiversity of the flora and the environmental conditions of the Chilean territory are responsible for the wide range of bioactive compounds and biological properties found in Chilean honey. Further studies must be made to uncover the medicinal potential of these native honeys.

Floral Pollen Bioactive Properties and Their Synergy in Honeybee Pollen.

Honeybee pollen (HBP) is a mixture of floral pollen collected by honeybees near the hive. It is characterized by a composition rich in phenolic compounds, carotenoids and vitamins that act as free radicals scavengers, conferring antioxidant and antibacterial capacity to the matrix. These bioactive properties are related to the botanical origin of the honeybee pollen. Honeybee pollen samples were collected from different geographical locations in central Chile, and their total carotenoid content, polyphenols profile by HPLC/MS/MS, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and antimicrobial capacity against S. pyogenes, E. coli, S. aureus, and P. auriginosa strains were evaluated. Our results showed a good carotenoids content and polyphenols composition, while antioxidant capacity presented values between 0-95 % for the scavenging effect related to the botanical origin of the samples. Inhibition diameter for the different strains presented less variability among the samples, Furthermore, binary mixtures representing the two most abundant species in each HBP were prepared to assess the synergy effect of the floral pollen (FP) present in the samples. Data shows an antagonist effect was observed when assessing the carotenoid content, and a synergy effect often presents for antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity for bee pollen samples. The bioactive capacities of the honeybee pollen and their synergy effect could apply to develop new functional ingredients for the food industry.

Biological activity of native Myrtaceae fruits from Chile as a potential functional food.

Myrtaceae fruits (Myrceugenia obtusa, Luma apiculata, and Luma chequen) were used as food and medicine by Chilean indigenous people. This study aimed to evaluate the bioactive properties of these berry-type fruits. The antioxidant capacity determined by the FRAP assay varied between 10.4 and 646.9 mmol Fe+2/g, while the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi was 0 - 33 mm and 0 - 7.33 mm, respectively. All the extracts were rich in polyphenols and showed low cytotoxicity. Overall, M. obtusa presented dissimilar results compared to those of L. apiculata and L. chequen, encouraging the use of these native fruits as food, nutraceutical, or pharmacological ingredients.

Participación de la familia en la estimulación psicomotriz de lactantes mayores en una zona urbano-marginal / Participação da família na estimulação psicomotora de crianças mais velhos em uma área urbana marginal / Family participation in the psychomotor stimulation of older infants in an marginal urban area

Introduction: The psychomotor development of the child depends on the parents, butmainly the brothers and grandparents participate. Objective: To describe the participation of thefamily in the early psychomotor stimulation of older infants living in a marginal urban area.Methods: Qualitative ethnographic study. The sample was represented by 15 mothers of olderinfants who attend the growth and development control at their local health center; The data werecollected in their homes through the interview, participant observation and field diary and wereprocessed through thematic analysis. Results: a) Stimulation of fine and gross motor skills, b)Stimulation of language and cognitive learning c) Socio-affective stimulation and learning ofvalues. Conclusions: In this study, the family members stimulate the older infant in their dailylives through play, using materials from the home, toys, technological equipment such astelevision, radio and cell phones. However, cell phone use should be controlled to avoid eye,cognitive and addictive problems. Therefore, it is recommended that the primary care nurse assesstheir practices at home before providing health education on infant stimulation.

Introducción: El desarrollo psicomotor del niño depende de los padres, pero participasobre todo los hermanos y abuelos. Objetivo: Describir la participación de la familia en laestimulación temprana psicomotriz de los lactantes mayores que viven en una zona urbanomarginal. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo etnográfico. La muestra estuvo representada por 15madres de lactantes mayores que asisten al control de crecimiento y desarrollo en el centro desalud de su localidad; los datos se recolectaron en sus hogares a través de la entrevista,observación participante y diario de campo y fueron procesados mediante análisis temático.Resultados: a) Estimulación de la motricidad fina y gruesa, b) Estimulación del lenguaje y elaprendizaje cognitivo c) La estimulación socioafectiva y el aprendizaje de valores. Conclusiones:En este estudio los miembros de la familia estimulan al lactante mayor en su cotidiano a travésdel juego, usan materiales propios del hogar, juguetes, equipos tecnológicos como el televisor, laradio y los teléfonos celulares. Sin embargo, se debe controlar el uso del celular para evitarproblemas oculares, cognoscitivos y adictivos. Por tanto, se recomienda que la enfermera deatención primaria valore las prácticas que tienen en el hogar antes de brindar la educación sanitariasobre estimulación infantil.

Introdução: O desenvolvimento psicomotor da criança depende dos pais, masprincipalmente dos irmãos e avós. Objetivo: Descrever a participação da família na estimulaçãopsicomotora precoce de crianças maiores de uma zona marginal urbana. Métodos: Estudoetnográfico qualitativo. A amostra foi representada por 15 mães de bebês maiores que frequentamo controle de crescimento e desenvolvimento em seu posto de saúde local; os dados foramcoletados em seus domicílios por meio de entrevista, observação participante e diário de campoe processados por meio de análise temática. Resultados: a) Estimulação das habilidades motorasfinas e grossas, b) Estimulação da linguagem e aprendizagem cognitiva c) Estimulaçãosocioafetiva e aprendizagem de valores. Conclusões: Neste estudo, os familiares estimulam olactente em seu cotidiano por meio de brincadeiras, utilizando materiais do lar, brinquedos,equipamentos tecnológicos como televisão, rádio e telefone celular. No entanto, o uso do telefone208Cultura de los Cuidados. 1º Cuatrimestre 2022. Año XXVI. nº 62celular deve ser controlado para evitar problemas oculares, cognitivos e viciantes. Por tanto,recomenda-se que o enfermeiro da atenção básica avalie suas práticas em casa antes de realizareducação em saúde sobre estimulação infantil.

Mayten Tree Seed Oil: Nutritional Value Evaluation According to Antioxidant Capacity and Bioactive Properties.

The Mayten tree (Maytenus boaria Mol.), a native plant of Chile that grows under environmentally limiting conditions, was historically harvested to extract an edible oil, and may represent an opportunity to expand current vegetable oil production. Seeds were collected from Mayten trees in north-central Chile, and seed oil was extracted by solvent extraction. The seed oil showed a reddish coloration, with quality parameters similar to those of other vegetable oils. The fatty acid composition revealed high levels of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oleic and linoleic acids, which are relevant to the human diet, were well represented in the extracted Mayten tree seed oil. The oil displayed an antioxidant capacity due to the high contents of antioxidant compounds (polyphenols and carotenoids) and may have potential health benefits for diseases associated with oxidative stress.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Incorporation in Edible Films.

Extracts rich in bioactive compounds added to edible films have allowed the development of active packaging that increases the shelf life of food. However, it is necessary to search for solvents that are nontoxic and not harmful to the environment, with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) being an attractive and easily synthesized alternative. This research aimed to design NADES by lyophilization to be used in the extraction of anthocyanins from the Chilean Luma chequen (Molina) A. Gray berry, and subsequently adding them to the matrix of edible ƙ-carrageenan films. For this purpose, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used and the anthocyanin content was evaluated with the pH differential method. The antioxidant capacity of extracts was determined by DPPH assay and the antibacterial capacity by diffusion agar tests. The results obtained indicate that the designed NADES are efficient at extracting anthocyanins, reaching concentrations between 81.1 and 327.6 mg eq cyanidin 3-glucoside/100 g dw of L. chequen (Molina) A. Gray. The extracts reached inhibition diameters between 5 and 34 mm against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhi strains. Once the extracts were incorporated into ƙ-carrageenan films, active edible films with antioxidant and antibacterial capacities were obtained.

Antibacterial potential assessment of Nalca (Gunnera tinctoria Mol.) ethanolic extracts.

Nalca is an edible rhubarb-type plant from the southern of Chile; with studies focussing on petiole chemical and biological properties. This work evaluated for the first time the antibacterial capacities of three organs of nalca against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Petiole (P), root (R) and flower (F) ethanolic extracts at three different concentrations (25, 50, 100 mg/mL) were evaluated by means of agar diffusion assay and MIC. The result showed that antibacterial activities are bacteria and concentration dependent, with root having the highest antimicrobial activity of the organs plant studied. Compared to commercial antibiotics, nalca extracts show promising control over Ps. aeruginosa. The main polyphenolics of the extracts were identified by UPLC-MS/MS, observing for the first time caffeic, coumaric and gallic acids presence in all samples, with quercetin and rutin determined in petiole and flower extracts only. Our results contribute to better understanding of nalca attributes as potential source of antibacterial compounds to be used in nutraceutical, cosmetic and food industry.

Periodontitis y Alzheimer: posibles mecanismos de vinculación: revisión de la literatura / Periodontitis and Alzheimer: possible linking mechanisms: a review of the literature

La periodontitis es una enfermedad inflamatoria, crónica que afecta a los tejidos de soporte de los dientes y puede repercutir en la salud general, afectando la calidad de vida del paciente. La enfermedad de Alzheimer es una condición neurodegenerativa y progresiva que va disminuyendo la memoria, el lenguaje y aprendizaje de los pacientes. El objetivo de la investigación es realizar una revisión bibliográfica para comprender la posible vinculación entre la periodontitis y el Alzheimer. Los microorganismos periodontopatógenos producen una respuesta inflamatoria que, por vía sistémica, puede desencadenar un mecanismo inflamatorio dentro del sistema nervioso central. La respuesta del hospedero es liberar gran cantidad de moléculas proinflamatorias que comprometen la barrera hematoencefálica sobreestimulando a las células microgliales, esto conduce a la destrucción de neuronas vitales y al mantenimiento de la inflamación crónica que contribuye a la progresión del Alzheimer. Por otra parte, la periodontitis puede favorecer la formación de placas ateromatosas que afectan la integridad vascular siendo éste un factor a considerar en el desarrollo de la patología cerebrovascular. A pesar que son pocos los estudios clínicos experimentales, ya se puede sugerir la correlación entre ambas enfermedades (AU)

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the supporting tissues of teeth, affecting the systemic health and quality of life of the patient. Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative and progressive condition that decreases memory, speech and learning of patients. The objective of this literature review was to report the possible link between periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease. Periodontopathogens produce an inflammatory response that, systemically, can trigger an inflammatory mechanism within the central nervous system. Due to this attack, the host releases a great quantity of proinflammatory molecules that compromise the blood-brain barrier by over- stimulation microglial cells, this produces destruction of vital neurons and maintenance the chronic inflammation in CNS and that contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease. On the other hand, periodontitis can favor the formation of atheromatous plaques that affect vascular integrity, being a factor to consider in the development of the cerebrovascular disease. Although there are few experimental clinical studies, the correlation between both diseases can already be suggested (AU)

High frequency equipment promotes antibacterial effects dependent on intensity and exposure time.

BACKGROUND: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has caused bacteria to develop mechanisms of resistance to antibacterial agents, limiting treatment options. Therefore, there is a great need for alternative methods to control infections, especially those related to skin. One of the alternative methods is the high frequency equipment (HFE), which is used on skin conditions as an analgesic, an anti-inflammatory, and mainly to accelerate cicatricial processes and have a bactericidal effect through the formation of ozone. This research investigated the antibacterial effect of HFE on standard cultures of bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dilutions (104 colony forming unit mL-1) were performed for Enterobacter aerogenes and Staphylococcus aureus with 24-hour growth bacteria. Then, 1 µL of each dilution was pipetted into suitable medium and the HFE flashing technique was used at intensities of 6, 8 and 10 mA for 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 seconds. The control group received no treatment. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and then read. RESULTS: The spark at intensity of 6 mA had no bactericidal effect on the E. aerogenes; however, a significant bacterial growth reduction occurred at intensity of 8 mA after 120 and 180 seconds, and at 10 mA, reduction in bacterial growth could already be verified at 30 seconds and total bacterial growth inhibition occurred in 180 seconds. For S. aureus, there was a strong bacterial growth inhibition at all intensities used; however, at 6 mA, absence of bacterium growth after 120 and 180 seconds was observed. By increasing the flashing intensity to 8 and 10 mA, it was observed that the bacterium growth was inhibited after only 30 seconds of irradiation. CONCLUSION: The HFE has time-dependent antibacterial effects against E. aerogenes and S. aureus bacteria that have several resistance mechanisms.

Características epidemiológicas e clínicas da sepse em um hospital público do Paraná / Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of sepse in a public hospital of Paraná / Características epidemiológicas y clínicas de sepse em un hospital público del Paraná

Justificativa e Objetivos: A sepse é um problema de saúde pública que gera impacto clínico e econômico. O estudo objetiva descrever as características epidemiológicas e clínicas da sepse em um hospital público do Paraná. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo exploratória, documental, retrospectiva, com abordagem quantitativa. Os dados foram coletados de prontuários de pacientes admitidos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva adulto de janeiro de 2012 a janeiro de 2017, para isso utilizou-se um checklist com variáveis clínicas e demográficas. Foram inclusos todos os prontuários de pacientes internados no setor que apresentaram sepse no momento da internação ou desenvolvida após a admissão. Foi realizada análise de frequência descritiva, distribuição das variáveis independentes e significância pelo teste de Qui-quadrado. Resultados: De um total de 1.557 prontuários, foram incluídos 1112 (71,4%), os quais foram classificados com síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (13,9%), sepse (39,1 %) ou choque séptico (47,0 %). Houve predominância de pacientes do sexo masculino (55,8%), faixa etária maior de 70 anos (36,3%) e cor branca (92,6%). O tempo de internação foi de até uma semana (50,4%). Prevaleceram pacientes clínicos (42,4%), com infecção nosocomial encontrada em 50,2% dos casos. As principais fontes de infecção foram pulmão (32,9%) e ferida cirúrgica (23,5%). Entre as causas de admissão, complicações respiratórias (19,5%) e politrauma (9,3%) foram as mais frequentes. As culturas foram positivas em 29,7% dos casos, em sua maioria bacilos gram negativos (12,1%). A mortalidade na SIRS, na sepse e no choque séptico foi de 0,3%, 30,1%, 33,0%, respectivamente. Conclusão: O estudo evidenciou que a sepse acometeu em sua maioria idosos do sexo masculino, e que o foco infecioso foi de origem pulmonar em âmbito nosocomial. Observou-se ainda elevadas taxas de mortalidade, principalmente em casos de choque séptico.(AU)

Background and Objectives: Sepsis is a public health problem that causes clinical and economic impact. The objective of this study was to identify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of sepsis in a public hospital. Methods: This is an exploratory field research, documental, retrospective, with quantitative approach. Data were collected from patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit from January 2012 to January 2017, for which a checklist with clinical and demographic variables was used. We included all patients from hospitalized patients who had sepsis at the time of admission or after admission. Descriptive frequency analysis, Distribution of previous variables and significance were obtained by the Chi-square test. Results: Of a total of 1,557 medical records, 1112 (71,4%) were included in the study, which were classified as Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (13,9%) sepsis (39,1%) or septic shock (47,0%). There was a predominance of male patients (55.8%), older than 70 years (36.3%) and white (92.6%). The prevalence of hospitalization was up to one week (50.4%). Prevalence of clinical patients (42.4%), with nosocomial infection found in 50.2% of the cases. The main sources of infection were lung (32.9%) and surgical wound (23.5%). Among the causes of admission, respiratory complications (19.5%) and polytrauma (9.3%) prevailed. Cultures were positive in 29.7% of the cases, mostly gram negative bacilli (12.1%). Mortality in SIRS, sepsis and septic shock was 0.3%, 30.1%, 33.0%, respectively. Conclusion: The study evidenced that sepsis affected mostly male elderly, and that the infectious focus was of pulmonary origin in the nosocomial scope. There were still high mortality rates, especially in cases of septic shock.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: La sepsis es un problema de salud públicaque genera impacto clínico y económico. El estudio pretende describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de lasepsis en un hospital público. Métodos: Se trata de una retrospectiva documental de investigación, de campo exploratorio, con enfoque cuantitativo. Los datos sere colectaron de las historias clínicas de pacientes ingresadosen la unidad de cuidados intensivos adultos de enero de 2012 a enero de 2017, para esto utilizamos una lista con las variables clínicas y demográficas. Se incluyeron todos los registros médicos de pacientes admitieron en el sector de lasepsis en el momento de admisión o desarrollada después de la admisión. Análisis de frecuencia se llevó a descriptiva, distribución de variables independientes y significancia porprueba de Chi cuadrado . Resultados: Un total de 1.557 cartas, incluidos 1112 (71,4%), que fueron clasificados con síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (13,9%), sepsis(39,1%) o shock séptico (47.0%). Hubo un predominio depacientes masculinos (55,8%), edad superior a 70 años(36.3%) y el Cáucaso (92.6%). La duración de la estancia fue hasta una semana (50.4%). Prevaleció (42.4%), clínicos pacientes con infección nosocomial encontraron en el 50,2% de los casos. Las principales fuentes de infección fueron pulmón (32.9%) y herida quirúrgica (23,5%). Entre las causas de ingreso, complicaciones respiratorias (19,5%) y politrauma (9,3%) fueron las más frecuentes. Los cultivos fueron positivos en 29,7% de los casos, en sus bacilos gram negativos más (12,1%). La mortalidad en señores, ensepsis y choque séptico fue 0.3%, 30.1% 33.0%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: El estudio demostrado lamayoría recupera la sepsis en sus varones mayores, y que elfoco infecioso origen pulmonar nosocomial. Había todavía altas tasas de mortalidad, especialmente en casos de shockséptico.(AU)

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated factors in 11- to 17-year-old adolescents / Prevalência de síndrome metabólica e fatores associados em adolescentes de 11 a 17 anos

Abstract The adoption of health risk behaviors (low level of habitual physical activity and inadequate food and nutrient intake) has increased the prevalence of overweight/ obesity, particularly among adolescents. Thus, the prevalence of disorders and metabolic diseases has increased in this population. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and to analyze its association with sport participation and overweight in adolescents aged 11 to 17 years. A total of 683 adolescents (301 boys and 382 girls) were randomly selected to compose the sample. The prevalence of MS was established based on fasting glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c), waist circumference, and blood pressure according to the cut-offs recommended by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (2005). Nutritional status, sport participation, socioeconomic status, and alcohol consumption were analyzed as risk factors associated with MS. The presence of one or more risk factors was identified in 39.5% and 22.5% of the sample, respectively. The most prevalent MS components were low HDL-c (44.7%), high systolic blood pressure (32.4%), and elevated triglycerides (18.6%). The presence of MS was associated with both overweight and the lack of participation in sport ( P < 0.05). The results indicated an overall prevalence of MS of 5.4% in adolescent boys and girls. Furthermore, overweight and lack of sport participation were the main factors associated with MS.

Resumo A adoção de comportamentos de risco à saúde (reduzido nível de atividade física habitual, consumo inadequado de alimentos e nutrientes, entre outros) tem aumentado a prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade, particularmente, em adolescentes. Assim, o número de disfunções e doenças metabólicas tem crescido nesta população. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a prevalência de Síndrome Metabólica (SM) e analisar a sua associação com a prática esportiva e excesso de peso em adolescentes de 11 a 17 anos. Seiscentos e oitenta e três meninos (n = 301) e meninas (n = 382) foram selecionados aleatoriamente para comporem a amostra. A prevalência de SM foi estabelecida com base nos valores de glicose em jejum, triglicerídeos, lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL-c), circunferência de cintura e pressão arterial, de acordo com os pontos de corte recomendados pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (2005). O estado nutricional, prática de esporte, nível socioeconômico e consumo de álcool foram analisados como fatores de risco associados a SM. A presença de um ou mais fatores de risco foi identificada em 39,5% e 22,5% da amostra, respectivamente. Os componentes da SM mais prevalentes foram HDL-c reduzida (44,7%), pressão arterial sistólica elevada (32,4%) e triglicérides elevado (18,6%). A presença de SM foi associada ao excesso de peso e a ausência da prática de esportes (P < 0,05). Os resultados indicaram uma prevalência total de SM na ordem de 5,4% em adolescentes de ambos os sexos. Adicionalmente, o excesso de peso e ausência da prática de esportes foram os principais fatores associados com a SM.

Avaliação antibacteriana do extrato de melaleuca (Melaleuca alternifolia) frente à cepa de Staphylococcus aureus / Antibacterial evaluation of melaleuca (Melaleuca alternifolia) extract in face of Staphylococcus aureus strain

O uso de óleos essenciais para o tratamento de patologias de pele vem crescendo a cada dia, são facilmente comercializados para diferentes fins. Este trabalho visou a comparação e comprovação do efeito antimicrobiano do óleo essencial comercial de Melaleuca alternifolia e do óleo extraído direto da planta frente a cepa de Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-25923). Para os testes foram escolhidos dois óleos comerciais tratados neste estudo como A e B e a extração do óleo da planta nas diferentes sazonalidades. A técnica utilizada para os testes foi a do poço por Pour Plate. A cultura bacteriana foi inoculada em placas de meio Ágar Mueller Hinton (MHA). A inoculação se deu com uma suspensão de colônias seguindo a escala de McFarland em salina estéril com concentração de 0,9 %. A cada placa contendo o meio de cultura adicionou-se 1ml dessa suspensão do inoculo, em seguida foram realizados os poços com adição de 20 µl de óleo, estes conservados em estufa a 37°C por 24 horas. Como controle positivo foi utilizado discos do antibiótico Eritromicina comercial. Todos os testes foram realizados e analisados em duplicata. Para a análise foram medidos o diâmetro dos halos de todas as amostras, os quais apresentaram uma discreta inibição. Conclui-se que o óleo essencial extraído em junho obteve maior inibição, sendo mais efetivo em Staphylococcus aureus do que os óleos comerciais A e B.

The use of essential oils for the treatment of skin diseases is growing. They are easily marketed for different purposes. This study sought to compare and prove the antimicrobial effect of the commercial essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia and oil directly extracted from the plant with the strain of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). For the tests, two commercial oils were chosen, treated in this study as A and B, and the oil extracted from the plant in the different seasonalities. The technique used for the tests was the Pour Plate well. The bacterial culture was inoculated onto plates with Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA). Inoculation took place with the suspension of colonies following the McFarland scale in 0.9% sterile saline solution. A total of 1 ml of this inoculum suspension was added to each plate containing the culture medium, then the wells were used with the addition of 20 µl of oil. These were stored at 37 °C for 24 hours. Antibiotic erythromycin commercial discs were used as positive control. All tests were performed and analyzed in duplicate. For the analysis, the diameters of all samples were measured, which showed a slight inhibition. It can be concluded that the essential oil extracted in June presented higher inhibition, being more efficient against Staphylococcus aureus than commercial oils A and B.

Análise comparaiiva das diferentes diluições paa avaliação da velocidade de heemossedimentação-vhs / Comparative aalyysis of differents dilutions for assessment o erythrocyte seedimentation rate (esr)

A velocidade de hemossedimentação (VHS) é um exame realizado em laboratórios de análises clínicas há mais de nove décadas. Utilizada na prática médica com poucas indicações precisas, mas auxiliar nas indicações das atividades inflamatórias ou infecciosas e acompanhamento de doenças graves. O exame consiste em colocar sangue humano em uma pipeta de 200 mm, fixar em suporte próprio e esperar uma hora para sedimentação eritrocitária, utilizando como referência a metodologia de Westergren. Entretanto, os laboratórios de análises clínicas, usualmente, utilizam três formas distintas de preparar o exame: diluído com soro fisiológico, diluído com citrato de sódio e sem nenhuma diluição. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar o resultado da VHS das três formas de diluição do exame com a mesma amostra de sangue de 104 pacientes. A análise dos resultados de todos os testes hematológicos mostrou aumento estatisticamente significativo do teste, sem diluição em comparação aos testes com diluição em citrato e em solução salina. Esses dados indicam que novos estudos deveriam ser realizados, no sentido de definir realmente qual diluição é a mais correta e ideal e ainda, estabelecer uma nova padronização dos valores de referência para cada diluição, no sentido de facilitar a comparação dos resultados entre os laboratórios e a interpretação dos mesmos pelos médicos.

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is an examination that has been done in clinical laboratories for over nine decades. It is used in medical practice with a little precise indications, but it is auxiliary to indications of inflammatory or infectious activities and monitoring of serious diseases. The test consists of placing human blood in a 200 mm pipette, fix it in a proper support and wait for an hour for erythrocyte sedimentation, using as reference the Westergren method. However, clinical laboratories usually use three different ways of preparing the test: diluted with saline, diluted with sodium citrate and without any dilution. This study aimed to compare the ESR of the three forms of dilution for the exam with the same blood sample from 104 patients. The results of all hematological tests showed a statistically significant increase of the undiluted test compared to the tests with dilution in citrate and saline. These data indicate that new studies should be performed to actually define which dilution is the most correct and most ideal, and also establish new standardized reference values for each dilution in order to facilitate comparison of results among laboratories and the interpretation of test results by doctors.

Hemoglobina Glicada como ferramenta na avaliação do controle glicêmico de pacientes / The Glycated Hemoglobin as an evaluation tool on glycemic control of diabetic patients

Diabetes mellitus é uma síndrome de etiologia múltipla, caracterizada por hiperglicemia crônica que pode levara alterações estruturais de tecidos e funções através da promoção da glicação de proteínas, entre elas a hemoglobina. Adeterminação da hemoglobina glicada é parâmetro de escolha para a monitorização do controle glicêmico do paciente diabético e sua dosagem deve ser feita, pelo menos, duas vezes por ano, uma vez que está ligada à evolução das complicações da doença. Após aprovação junto ao Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos, foram analisados os resultados das dosagens de hemoglobina glicada e dados como idade e gênero dos pacientes atendidos no primeiro semestre de 2006, no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da UNIPAR, Umuarama, Paraná. As dosagens foram realizadas pela técnica de cromatografia de troca iônica em minicoluna. Foram atendidos 183 pacientes e 38% estavam com o controle glicêmico comprometido, não havendo diferença significativa entre gênero e idade dos pacientes. Trintapacientes realizaram duas dosagens neste período e pôde-se notar diminuição significativa na concentração de hemoglobina glicada. A manutenção do nível de hemoglobina glicada nos valores de referência é considerada a principal meta no controle do diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome of multiple etiologies, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia which can leadto any functional and tissue alteration throughout the protein gaining, among them, the hemoglobin. The glycatedhemoglobin determination is considered a model of choice to control the level of glycemia on patients who suffers of diabetes and its dosage must be done, at least, twice a year, once it is closely connected to the disease evolution. Right after the research approval on the ethics committee envolving human beings, it was made an analysis on the results of glycated hemoglobin dosages as well as on datas as age and gender of existing patients on the first semester of 2006, at Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade Paranaense-UNIPAR. The dosages were executed through a chromatographic ionic technique in minicolumns. An amount composed by 183 patients had, as result, a glycemic endanger of 38%, without anyrelevant difference once considering age and gender. Thirty patients have taken two dosages by this period and it was able to realize that there was a presence of a significant reduction on glycated hemoglobin concentration. The maintenance of glycated hemoglobin on references level is considered the most important goal on diabetes control.

High prevalence of children colonized with penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in public day-care centers.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci) in the nasopharynx of healthy children enrolled in public day-care centers of the municipality of Umuarama, state of Paraná, Brazil. The susceptibility of the pneumococcal strains to antimicrobial agents was also studied. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal specimens from 212 children were collected from April to October 2008. After the specimens were seeded in blood agar and incubated at 37 degrees C for 24-48 hours, the colonies suspected of belonging to S. pneumoniae were identified using alpha-hemolysis, optochin sensitivity, and bile solubility test. Penicillin susceptibility was investigated using the disk diffusion and dilution tests. Susceptibility to the other antimicrobial agents indicated for the treatment of pneumococcal infections was investigated using the disk diffusion test. RESULTS: The prevalence of nasopharyngeal pneumococci was 43.4% (92/212), with higher rates in children between 2 and 5 years old (p = 0.0005). There was no significant difference between sexes. Intermediate and full resistance to penicillin were found in 34.8 (32/92) and 22.8% (21/92) isolates, respectively. Sixty-seven strains (72.8%) were resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, eight (8.7%) were resistant to erythromycin, and six (6.5%) to tetracycline. One strain was resistant to clindamycin (1.1%) and another was resistant to chloramphenicol (1.1%). All strains were sensitive to levofloxacin, ofloxacin, rifampicin, telithromycin, linezolid, and vancomycin. Nine strains were considered multiresistant because they were resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobial agents. CONCLUSIONS: The present study detected a high prevalence of healthy children colonized with penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae strains who may be important reservoirs of this pathogen in the community.

Alta prevalência de crianças portadoras de Streptococcus pneumoniae resistentes à penicilina em creches públicas / High prevalence of children colonized with penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in public day-care centers

OBJETIVOS: Investigar a prevalência de Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococos) na nasofaringe de crianças sadias atendidas em creches municipais da cidade de Umuarama (PR). Avaliar a susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos dos pneumococos isolados. MÉTODOS: Secreção da nasofaringe de 212 crianças foi coletada no período de abril a outubro de 2008. Após semeadura dos espécimes em ágar sangue e incubação a 37 °C por 24-48 horas, as colônias suspeitas de pertencerem a S. pneumoniae foram identificadas pela α-hemólise, sensibilidade à optoquina e bile solubilidade. A susceptibilidade à penicilina foi investigada pelos testes de disco-difusão e de diluição. A susceptibilidade aos demais antimicrobianos indicados no tratamento das infecções pneumocócicas foi realizada por disco-difusão RESULTADOS: A prevalência de pneumococos na nasofaringe foi de 43,4 por cento (92/212), sendo maior em crianças com idade entre 2 e 5 anos (p = 0,0005). Não houve diferença significativa entre os sexos. Resistência intermediária e resistência plena à penicilina foram encontradas respectivamente em 34,8 (32/92) e 22,8 por cento (21/92) dos isolados. Sessenta e sete amostras (72,8 por cento) foram resistentes ao sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim, oito (8,7 por cento) à eritromicina e seis (6,5 por cento) à tetraciclina. Uma amostra apresentou resistência à clindamicina (1,1 por cento), e outra ao cloranfenicol (1,1 por cento). Todas as amostras foram sensíveis a levofloxacina, ofloxacina, rifampicina, telitromicina, linezolide e vancomicina. Nove amostras foram consideradas multirresistentes, por apresentarem resistência a três ou mais classes de antimicrobianos. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo registrou uma alta prevalência de crianças portadoras sadias de amostras de S. pneumoniae resistentes à penicilina que podem constituir importantes reservatórios desse patógeno na comunidade.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci) in the nasopharynx of healthy children enrolled in public day-care centers of the municipality of Umuarama, state of Paraná, Brazil. The susceptibility of the pneumococcal strains to antimicrobial agents was also studied. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal specimens from 212 children were collected from April to October 2008. After the specimens were seeded in blood agar and incubated at 37 °C for 24-48 hours, the colonies suspected of belonging to S. pneumoniae were identified using α-hemolysis, optochin sensitivity, and bile solubility test. Penicillin susceptibility was investigated using the disk diffusion and dilution tests. Susceptibility to the other antimicrobial agents indicated for the treatment of pneumococcal infections was investigated using the disk diffusion test. RESULTS: The prevalence of nasopharyngeal pneumococci was 43.4 percent (92/212), with higher rates in children between 2 and 5 years old (p = 0.0005). There was no significant difference between sexes. Intermediate and full resistance to penicillin were found in 34.8 (32/92) and 22.8 percent (21/92) isolates, respectively. Sixty-seven strains (72.8 percent) were resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, eight (8.7 percent) were resistant to erythromycin, and six (6.5 percent) to tetracycline. One strain was resistant to clindamycin (1.1 percent) and another was resistant to chloramphenicol (1.1 percent). All strains were sensitive to levofloxacin, ofloxacin, rifampicin, telithromycin, linezolid, and vancomycin. Nine strains were considered multiresistant because they were resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobial agents. CONCLUSIONS: The present study detected a high prevalence of healthy children colonized with penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae strains who may be important reservoirs of this pathogen in the community.

[Umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry and adverse perinatal outcome in severe pre-eclampsia]. / Velocimetría Doppler de la arteria umbilical y resultado perinatal adverso en preeclampsia severa.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal placentation is a main preeclampsia characteristic. Its cause is a maternal spiral veins trophoblastic invasion failure, which conditions vascular resistances raise and uterus-placental perfusion decrease. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between umbilical artery Doppler waveform and adverse perinatal outcome in patients with severe preeclampsia. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A prospective, observational and transversal study was done to analyze patients between 27 to 33 weeks of gestation with expectant management of severe preeclampsia from January 2004 to January 2006. Umbilical artery velocimetry studies were performed at least once a week by means of pulsed Doppler equipment with a 3.5 MHz transducer. Only the results of the last Doppler examination performed within 7 days of delivery were considered in the correlation with perinatal outcomes. The indications for delivery were maternal or fetal (non reassuring nonstress test or biophysical profile < or = 4). An abnormal Doppler velocimetry was defined as pulsatility index being higher than percentile 95 for gestational age, or absent or reversed end diastolic velocity waveforms in umbilical artery. The statistical analysis was done with chi2 test and Student t test. RESULTS: There were included 43 patients in this study. Twenty-two (52%) had an abnormal Doppler umbilical artery pulsatility index and 21 (49%) obtained a normal umbilical artery waveform. In the first group 13 (59%) had a positive end diastolic velocities with elevated pulsatility index values, end diastolic velocities were absent in seven cases (32%) and reversed in two cases (9%). Neonates with abnormal pulsatility index had a lower birth weight (1,174 vs 1,728 g), lower Apgar score at 5 minutes, higher admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (86.4 vs 43%), and significant neonatal morbidity compared with those with normal velocimetry (p < 0.05). There were no perinatal deaths with normal umbilical Doppler waveform. There were six perinatal deaths in the abnormal Doppler velocimetry. Two cases occurred with positive end diastolic velocity (15%), two cases with absent end diastolic velocity (28%) and two deaths with reversed flow of the umbilical artery (100%). CONCLUSION: An abnormal Doppler umbilical artery waveform is associated with poor perinatal outcome and is a strong predictor of perinatal mortality.

[Antiphospholipid syndrome and pregnancy]. / Sindrome antifosfolipídico asociado con embarazo.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the maternal and perinatal outcome of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A descriptive and retrospective analysis of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy was made from January 2000 to June 2005. RESULTS: We analyzed 35 patients. Primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome occurred in 25 (71%) and 10 (29%) women, respectively. Nine cases were associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and one with scleroderma. Approximately, 48% of women had history of thrombosis, 23% recurrent pregnancy loss, and 15% early onset preeclampsia in previous pregnancies. Twenty-seven patients had positive anticardiolipin antibodies, 6 lupus anticoagulant, and 2 both of them. About 80% of the patients were delivered by cesarean section. There was one spontaneous embryo loss before seven weeks. Eleven (32%) patients had preeclampsia. There were no maternal deaths. All women began treatment since the first trimester of pregnancy. Twenty-three patients (66%) received heparin and low dose aspirin, 8 cases (22%) heparin, low dose aspirin and prednisone, for presenting systemic lupus erythematosus, and the remaining 4 cases (12%) were treated with prednisone and aspirin. Ninety four percent of the cases got a live newborn. There were two neonatal deaths secondary to extreme prematurity and associated with preeclampsia. There was one fetal death related to maternal lupus renal activity. Fifty-eight percent of the newborns were premature. Intrauterine growth restriction was present in 20% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment combined with close maternal-fetal surveillance was associated with a 90% chance of a live birth rate. However, prematurity, preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction were common.

Equidad, eficacia y eficiencia de las Jornadas Nacionales de Vacunación, Distrito de Paucarpata, 1991 a 1993

Los objetivos específicos fueron: identificar la prioridad de vacunación según normas establecidas por el PAI, evaluar el avance de objetivos y metas de lo programado en relación a lo ejecutado en las Jornadas Nacionales de Vacunación, valorar el costo de recursos materiales de vacunación, biológicos, recursos humanos, capacitación, difusión, transporte y refrigerio en las jornadas nacionales de vacunación. En la recolección de información se utilizó 4 formularios estructurados aplicados en los establecimientos de Salud, se procedió al análisis y procesamiento de datos obtenidos mediante uso de indicadores, y prueba estadística de Ji², llegándose a los siguientes resultados: en cuanto a equidad no brinda protección a los grupos de mayor riesgo (menor de 1 año y mujeres gestantes); no es eficaz para incrementar significativamente la cobertura de protección del sub-programa ampliado de inmunizaciones, no cumpliendo así con el 10 por ciento de cobertura anual programado por la Dirección Regional de Salud y no son eficientes porque los resultados obtenidos son menores en relación al costo elevado de las Jornadas Nacionales de Vacunación