Effect of spontaneous arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in bread wheat varieties on the incidence of foliar diseases and grain yield.

This study aimed to determine the ability of different wheat genotypes to form a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) present in the field and the effect of such a symbiosis on disease severity and grain yield. A bioassay was performed during an agricultural cycle under field conditions in a randomized block factorial design. The factors used were application of fungicide (two levels: with and without fungicide) and wheat genotypes (six levels). Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, green leaf area index, and severity of foliar diseases were evaluated in the tillering and early dough stages. At maturity, the number of spikes per square metre the number of grains per spike, and the thousand-kernel weight were determined to estimate grain yield. In addition, the spores of Glomeromycota present in the soil were identified by morphological techniques. Spores belonging to 12 fungal species were recovered. Genotypic variability was found for arbuscular mycorrhization, with the cultivars Klein Liebre and Opata exhibiting the highest colonization values. The results obtained show a beneficial effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis on foliar disease resistance and grain yield in the controls, but the results varied in the case of fungicide treatment. A greater understanding of the ecological role of these microorganisms in agricultural systems can lead to more sustainable agronomic practices.

Diseño y validación de material didáctico para una intervención educativa de enfermería en cuidadores primarios / Design and validation of didactic materials for a nursing educational intervention to primary caregivers / Desenho e validação de material didático para uma intervenção educativa de enfermagem em cuidadores primários

Resumen Introducción: El cuidador es una persona que en sí misma requiere cuidado, existe poca evidencia sobre la validación de material dirigido a cuidadores primarios de adultos en el domicilio. Objetivo: Diseñar y validar el material didáctico de apoyo en una propuesta de intervención educativa de enfermería para mejorar el autocuidado de cuidadores primarios de personas con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Material y Métodos: Investigación metodológica para validación de diez carteles. Evaluación por cuatro expertos y diez cuidadores primarios. La investigación se desarrolló en cuatro fases: a) valoración de las necesidades en salud y determinación de los contenidos, b) elaboración de material didáctico, c) jueceo y validación técnica, d) validación con población. Se evaluaron los aspectos de atracción, comprensión, involucramiento y aceptación con un cuestionario dicotómico de ocho preguntas por cartel. Se calculó el coeficiente V de Aiken como indicador de aprobación. Se tomó el valor de 0.7 y superior como punto para la validación. Resultados: En la primera ronda de evaluación por los expertos se modificaron tres carteles por su bajo coeficiente de comprensión-atracción y se reelaboró un cartel. En la segunda versión de los carteles se alcanzaron coeficientes superiores a 0.81. Sin embargo, los cuidadores puntuaron dos carteles con valores inferiores al estándar, por lo que luego de tomar su opinión al respecto se modificaron aspectos de diseño. Discusión: Las recomendaciones de los expertos en el área y particularmente los intereses de los cuidadores primarios fueron la base para mejorar el diseño del material didáctico. Conclusiones: Tras ajustar elementos de la atracción y comprensión de los carteles se concluyó que el Material Didáctico (MD) es adecuado para su implementación en una Intervención Educativa (IE) dirigida a mejorar el autocuidado de cuidadores primarios.

Abstract Introduction: Caregivers are persons who themselves also need care, and there is few evidence regarding the validation of educational materials for caregivers of adult home care. Objective: To design and validate supporting didactic materials for a nursing educational intervention proposal in order to improve self-care among primary caregivers attending patients with non-transmissible chronic illnesses. Materials and Methods: This is a validating research study using 10 educational materials which were assessed by 4 field experts and 10 primary caregivers. The research study was developed in four stages: a) assessment of the health needs and determination of the contents for the education materials, b) elaboration of the education materials, c) technical validation, d) assessment on the use in a population. Features of attractiveness, comprehension, involvement, and acceptance were estimated using a dichotomous questionnaire of 8 questions for each educational material. The Aiken V coefficient of approval was calculated. Values greater than 0.7 were considered as valid results. Results: In the first round of assessment by the experts, three educational materials were modified due to their low coefficient of comprehension-attractiveness and one education material was redesigned. The subsequent version of the education materials showed coefficients higher than 0.81, however, caregivers gave two materials scores below the standard, and these materials were further redesigned. Discussion: The recommendations from the experts in the field, along with the interests of the primary caregivers, were the base to improve the design of the didactic materials. Conclusions: After adjusting elements related to the attractiveness and comprehension of the didactic materials, it was concluded that the redesigned materials were adequate for an educational intervention aimed at improving self-care among primary caregivers.

Resumo Introdução: O cuidador é uma pessoa que em si mesmo requer de cuidado, há pouca evidência sobre a validação de material dirigido aos cuidadores primários de adultos no domicílio. Objetivo: Desenhar e validar o material didático de apoio em uma proposta de intervenção educativa de enfermagem para melhorar o autocuidado de cuidadores primários de pessoas com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Material e Métodos: Pesquisa metodológica para validação de dez pôsteres. Avaliação por quatro especialistas e dez cuidadores primários. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se em quatro fases: a) avaliação das necessidades de saúde e determinação dos conteúdos, b) elaboração do material didático, c) julgamento e validação técnica, d) validação com população. Avaliaram-se os aspectos de atração, compreensão, envolvimento e aceitação com um questionário dicotômico de oito perguntas por pôster. Foi calculado o coeficiente V de Aiken como indicador de aprovação. Tomou-se o valor de 0.7 e superior como ponto para a validação. Resultados: Na primeira rodada de avaliação dos especialistas modificaram-se três pôsteres por seu baixo coeficiente de compreensão-atração e foi reelaborado um pôster. Na segunda versão dos pôsteres foram alcançados coeficientes superiores a 0.81. Porém, os cuidadores pontuaram dois pôsteres com valores inferiores ao padrão, portanto, após se manifestarem sobre o assunto modificaram-se aspectos de desenho. Discussão: As recomendações dos especialistas da área e particularmente, os interesses dos cuidadores primários foram a base para melhorar o desenho do material didático. Conclusões: Após ajustar elementos da atração e compreensão dos pôsteres foi concluído que o MD é adequado para sua implementação em uma IE dirigida a melhorar o autocuidado de cuidadores primários.

Variability in colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and its effect on mycorrhizal dependency of improved and unimproved soybean cultivars.

Breeding selection of germplasm under fertilized conditions may reduce the frequency of genes that promote mycorrhizal associations. This study was developed to compare variability in mycorrhizal colonization and its effect on mycorrhizal dependency (MD) in improved soybean genotypes (I-1 and I-2) with differential tolerance to drought stress, and in unimproved soybean genotypes (UI-3 and UI-4). As inoculum, a mixed native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was isolated from soybean roots, showing spores mostly of the species Funneliformis mosseae. At 20 days, unimproved genotypes followed by I-2, showed an increase in arbuscule formation, but not in I-1. At 40 days, mycorrhizal plants showed an increase in nodulation, this effect being more evident in unimproved genotypes. Mycorrhizal dependency, evaluated as growth and biochemical parameters from oxidative stress was increased in unimproved and I-2 since 20 days, whereas in I-1, MD increased at 40 days. We cannot distinguish significant differences in AMF colonization and MD between unimproved and I-2. However, variability among improved genotypes was observed. Our results suggest that selection for improved soybean genotypes with good and rapid AMF colonization, particularly high arbuscule/hyphae ratio could be a useful strategy for the development of genotypes that optimize AMF contribution to cropping systems.

Perfil de ingreso de los alumnos de Enfermería, Facultades de Estudios Superiores Iztacala y Zaragoza, UNAM / Nursing student's enrollment profile, Iztacala and Zaragoza Superior Studies Faculties, UNAM

Introducción: La Universidad tiene como una de sus tareas conocer a los estudiantes, ya que en la medida que nuestro sistema de educación logre tener mayor información sobre el perfil de éstos y sus trayectorias escolares, se podrán diseñar e implementar políticas novedosas y funcionales que atiendan las necesidades específicas de su población. Objetivo: Analizar el perfil de los estudiantes que ingresan a la Licenciatura en Enfermería de México. Las Facultades de Estudios Superiores (FES) Iztacala y Zaragoza. Método: Estudio descriptivo-transversal, con estudiantes de primer ingreso de la generación 2011-I de la FES Zaragoza e Iztacala. La población de estudio fueron 600 alumnos. La recolección de la información fue a través de un cuestionario. La confiabilidad del instrumento fue de 0.875 con la prueba de Alfa de Cronbach. Para el manejo de la información se elaboró una base de datos con el programa SPSS® y se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: El 49% de alumnos proviene de pase reglamentado, el promedio de ingreso es de 8.1 a 9.0; en el 61% Enfermería fue primera elección; el nivel socioeconómico de los alumnos es bajo; en el 74% el promedio durante el primer año fue de 8.0 a 10.0. Discusión: A diferencia de otras Carreras de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), la de Enfermería da cabida a casi el 50% de los aspirantes de escuelas externas a ella. Los alumnos aún cuando son de nivel socioeconómico bajo, reúnen características favorables para su trayectoria escolar, entre ellas, un buen promedio y que fueron admitidos en la Carrera que seleccionaron.

Introduction: The University has as one of its tasks to better know the profiles and trajectories of students, so that supporting innovative and functional policies can be designed and implemented. Objective: To analyze the profile of students enrolling into the Nursing Undergraduate System at the Iztacala and Zaragoza Superior Studies Faculty. Method: Basic-descriptive study with freshmen students of the 2011-I generation of the Nursing Bachelors Degree program at the FES Zaragoza and Iztacala. the population was 600 alumni. A questionnaire was used to gather data. the instrument reliability was equivalent to a 0.875 Cronbach Alpha score. A SPSS® database was created and data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. Results: The 49% of the students came from the "automatic pass" format. The enrollment grade point average went from 8.1 to 9.0. For the 61% of the students, nursing was their first choice of major. The socioeconomic level of the students was low. The 76% of the students obtained a grade point average between 8.0 and 10.0 during all their freshman year. Discussion: Unlike other careers at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Nursing accepts almost 50% of the prospects from external schools, situation which does not occur in other careers. Although the majority of students who entered have a low social-economical level, they have other favorable characteristics for their school trajectory such as a good grade point average and that they were accepted in the career that they chose.

Percepción de empleadores sobre el Licenciado en Enfermería de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza / Collection of employers on the degree of nursing school of graduate studies Zaragoza

Introducción: Actualmente el mundo se enfrenta a una situación de mayor competencia comercial y económica entre los países, lo cual crea una necesidad de responder a las demandas que esta situación exige. Esta investigación nos permitió identificar la opinión de los empleadores sobre la formación y el desempeño profesional del egresado de la licenciatura en Enfermería. Objetivo:Determinar la percepción de los empleadores sobre el perfil del Licenciado en Enfermería e identificar en que aspectos es necesario reforzar su formación y facilitar su inserción laboral. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, transversal donde se utilizó un cuestionario dirigido a los empleadores del sector salud y el cual se calificó en base a la escala de Likert. Para la captura y elaboración de la base de datos se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS versión 11.5. Resultados: El 43.5% de los empleadores califican el desempeño laboral del licenciado como muy bueno; 93% de los empleadores consideran que es muy importante reforzar las habilidades en la toma de decisiones, 86% en técnicas y trabajo en equipo, 81.5% en conocimientos generales y proceso enfermero, 79% en conocimientos especializados, 76.8% en investigación y 58.2% en conocimientos básicos en ciencias biomédicas, sociales y de la conducta. Conclusiones: Los empleadores opinaron que el desempeño laboral del licenciado es muy bueno y están satisfechos con los conocimientos especializados, sin embargo, hacen énfasis en profundizar más en los mismos, así como reforzar la habilidad en la toma de decisiones, en técnicas, trabajo en equipo, conocimientos generales, aplicación del proceso enfermero y modelos y teorías de Enfermería.

Introduction: The world is currently facing a situation of greater trade and economic competition among countries, thus creating a need to respond to the demands that this situation requires. This research allowed us to identify the views of employers on training and performance of the graduate degree in nursing. Objectives: To determine the views of employers on the profile of Bachelor of Nursing and identify areas where there is a need to strengthen their training and facilitating their employability. Methodology: This is a descriptive study, and cross prolectivo where we used a questionnaire to employers in the health sector; scored based on the Likert scale. To capture and development of the database was used statistical program SPSS version 11.5. Results: 43.5% of employers describe the job performance of licensed as very good, 93% of employers consider it very important to strengthen skills in decision-making, 86% in techniques and teamwork, 81.5% in general knowledge process and nurses, 79% in expertise, 76.8% and 58.2% in research in basic knowledge in biomedical sciences, and social behavior. Conclusions: The employers felt that the degree of job performance is very good and are satisfied with the expertise, however, emphasize deeper into the same, as well as strengthen the ability in decision-making skills, teamwork, general knowledge, implementation of the process nurses and nursing theories and models.

[Endoscopic-pathologic correlation of rectocolonic lesions less than 10 mm]. / Correlción endoscópico-patológica de lesiones rectocolónicas menores de 10 mm.

Ninety eight rectocolonic lesions up to 10 mm in diameter found in 50 patients were analyzed. The relationship between endoscopic and pathologic diagnosis was established. Emphasis was made on the detection of adenomas based in the following: Yamada III or IV lateral vision, Yamada I and II with smooth but erythematous surface, and in pale with irregular surface lesions. The sensitivity of the method was 92% and the specificity was 72% for adenomas. Six percent of adenomas were pale, with mucous hypersecretion on histopathology, and can be mistaken for hyperplastic polyps. This mucous hypersecretion correlates with low grade dysplasia, which supposedly indicates a lower evolutive risk.

[Immuno-epidemiologic considerations on the prevention of measles in Mexico]. / Consideraciones inmuno-epidemiológicas en la prevención del sarampión en México.

Study results of passive natural immunity anti-measles, and immune response to measles vaccine from different strains in Mexican children under one year old, are described in this paper. Mexican infants in these studies ended their maternal immunity at 8-10 months of age. Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) vaccine strain had higher seroconversion rates comparing to Schwarz strain. Dose response effect was more closely related to Schwarz strain than EZ, since difference in seroconversion rates with standard, medium and high doses were statistically significant. However geometric mean post-vaccination titers were higher in children vaccinated with Schwarz strain, than EZ receptors.

[Evaluation of the cold chain and follow-up of the potency of the antimeasles vaccine in the field]. / Evaluación de la cadena de frío y seguimiento de la potencia de la vacuna antisarampión en campo.

In order to evaluate the quality of the measles vaccine, it was carried out a study in three states of Mexico (Durango, San Luis Potosi and Yucatan) during the intensive vaccination campaign in 1986. Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine vials were obtained from the different administrative-sanitary levels of the Ministry of Health in Mexico. Interviews were performed to the vaccine responsibles. Questionnaires had the following aspects of the cold chain: storage, preservation, control and transport of measles vaccine. Answers were evaluated through a system, where 100% indicated the necessary and sufficient level to get a good operating of the cold chain. The vaccine potency did not have variations under the minimum titre recommended for the World Health Organization (W.H.O.). The three states had the following compliment of the cold chain norms: 1) Central state level: 83% in storage, 80% in preservation, 100% in control and 100% in transport norms; 2) Regional level (jurisdiction): 87% in storage, 51% in preservation, 93% in control and 100% in transport norms; 3) Local level: 83% in storage, 64% in preservation, 83% in control and 33% in transport norms.

[Evaluation of the cold chain during the national antipoliomyelitis vaccination days. Mexico, 1987-1988]. / Evaluación de la cadena de frío en los días nacionales de vacunación antipoliomielítica México, 1987-1988.

An evaluation of the cold chain used during the "National Vaccination Days Against Poliomyelitis" in January and March of 1987 and 1988 was performed in 32 states of Mexico, both the potency of the trivalent Sabin vaccine and completion of requirements for the maintenance of the cold chain were evaluated at each level in the Ministry of Health's structure. Only 56 percent of the refrigeration units exclusively stored vaccines, more than 10 percent of refrigerators were broken, and 44 percent of the persons responsible for the cold chain system considered the storage capacity inadequate. A correlation was found between non-fulfillment of maintenance requirements for cold chain and a decreased in vaccine potency.

Evaluación del sistema asistencial uruguayo en el tratamiento del traumatizado grave de cráneo / Evaluation of the assistance system of Uruguay in the treatment of acute brain injuries

En este trabajo retrospectivo se señala la importancia de los accidentes de tránsito y de su consecuencia más severa: el traumatismo grave de cráneo. Se analiza una casuística nacional (que recoge la experiencia de la mayoría de los centros asistenciales del país, públicos y privados) y las deficiencias y errores cometidos en nuestro sistema asistencial actual y su directa vinculación en muertes evitables y potencialmente evitables. Se esquematizan las condiciones básicas para mejorar la atención del traumatizado grave de cráneo